Os videogames são hoje uma das formas de entretenimento mais populares em todo o mundo. Muito desse sucesso só foi possível graças à tradução, a qual, por meio de versões localizadas para os mais diversos idiomas, contribuiu decisivamente para que os videogames alcançassem um número cada vez maior de mercados e chegassem a milhões de lares ao redor do planeta. Esta dissertação, de caráter eminentemente historiográfico, tem por objetivo examinar a relação entre a tradução/localização e os videogames desde seu início até os dias de hoje. Além disso, pretende também, por meio da análise de alguns jogos, traçar um panorama acerca de como se dá esta relação sob o contexto brasileiro, abordando as características e especificidades que a localização de games tem apresentado no Brasil ao longo do tempo. A análise desses jogos está fundamentada sob duas perspectivas: a) uma perspectiva histórica, em que se buscará situar as épocas em que foram lançados às etapas de evolução dos videogames e sua relação com a tradução/localização em cada momento; e b) uma perspectiva descritiva, em que se realizará uma análise dos aspectos acerca da tradução/localização observados nesses jogos, fundamentada sob as bases teóricas utilizadas nesta dissertação: o conceito de domesticação/estrangeirização (Venuti, 1995), a teoria funcionalista do Skopos (Vermeer, 1986) e o conceito de Gameplay Experience (Souza, R.V.F., 2014). / Video games are today one of the most important forms of entertainment worldwide. Much of this success was only made possible due to translation, which, through localized versions into various languages, contributed decisively for video games to achieve a growing number of markets and reach millions of homes across the globe. This dissertation, of an eminently historiographical nature, aims to examine the relation between translation/localization and video games from their beginning until the present day. Furthermore, it also intends, through the analyses of a number of games, to provide an overview on how this relation works under the Brazilian context, addressing the characteristics and specificities that video game localization has been showing over time. The analysis of such games is founded upon two perspectives:a) a historical perspective, which will seek to situate the times when they were released to the stages of evolution of video games and their relation with translation/localization in each moment; and b) a descriptive perspective, which will undertake an analysis of translation/localization aspects observed in such games, founded upon the theorical basis utilized in this dissertation: the concept of domestication/foreignization (Venuti, 1995), the functionalist Skopos theory (Vermeer, 1986) and the concept of Gameplay Experience (Souza, R. V. F., 2014).

Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de ses documents visuels. / Cette recherche propose d’identifier comment les jeux vidéo narratifs peuvent susciter l’émoi de leurs joueurs en empruntant des moyens qui sont propres à leurs potentiels d’expression. Ainsi, en se positionnant à la suite des travaux de Bernard Perron, il s’agit d’étudier comment, à travers le contrôle et le gameplay, les émotions vidéoludiques viennent trouver leur place aux côtés des émotions fictionnelles et artistiques pour former une expérience que le joueur pourra appréhender avec sa sensibilité d’agent, et non seulement à travers l’histoire pré-scriptée par les développeurs. Pour ce faire, divers jeux sont analysés: Heavy Rain, Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons, The Walking Dead, Life is Strange et Papo & Yo. En prolongement des travaux de Roger Odin, ce mémoire offre une ouverture vers un nouveau type de mise en phase : la mise en phase émotionnelle. / This master’s thesis analyzes how story-driven video games can trigger players’ emotions in their own way. Following Bernard Perron’s research on emotion in video games, our purpose is to explore how, through player control and gameplay, gameplay emotions find their place along fictional and artifact emotions. We will observe how all these contribute to an experience for the player to understand through his sensibility and agency, and not exclusively through the high-level story written by the game developers. To this end, a range of videogames are analyzed: Heavy Rain, Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons, The Walking Dead, Life is Strange and Papo & Yo. Prolonging Roger Odin’s work, the thesis opens up a new type of attunement: emotional attunement.

Ce mémoire vise à établir les bases d’une théorie des mondes possibles vidéoludiques qui soit à même de rendre compte des particularités du jeu vidéo, soit de sa nature artéfactuelle, interactive et ludique. Le premier chapitre offrira un aperçu des théories telles qu’elles ont été développées en philosophie et en littérature et, de la même manière, sur les concepts de monde alternatif (ou historique) et de monde fictionnel. Au second chapitre, il sera question de bien définir la notion de monde vidéoludique afin de cerner les mécanismes par lesquels la joueuse pourra interagir avec celui-ci. Au troisième chapitre, nous nous concentrerons sur les différents modes d’existence des éléments qui composent ces mondes du jeu vidéo, ainsi que sur l’impact qu’auront ces « états d’être » sur la relation entre la joueuse et le système de jeu. Nous terminerons, toujours au troisième chapitre, en définissant la notion de parcours exploratoire pour désigner l’ensemble des éléments nécessaires, possibles et virtuels tels qu’ils se manifestent (et se sont manifestés) au travers de sa pratique de jeu : ils sont l’état du monde tel qu’elle l’a actualisé en tant qu’agente au sein du système. C’est en appliquant ce modèle à divers jeux vidéo, dont Undertale (Toby Fox, 2015) et FTL: Faster Than Light (SubsetGames, 2012), que nous montrerons sa pertinence afin de décrire et d’analyser l’expérience vidéoludique de la joueuse. / This master’s thesis mobilizes the possible worlds theoretical framework in order to develop the core notions of a videoludic possible worlds theory which would account for the medium’s artifactuality, interactivity and ludicity. The first chapter offers an overview of possible worlds theory both in the philosophical and literary traditions, thus defining the notions of alternative (or historical) worlds and fictional worlds. The second chapter is centered around the notion of videogame worlds: we will both define videoludic worlds and examine the mechanisms through which the player can interact with it. The third chapter is dedicated to these ontological states in which the main components of the videogame worlds exist, as well as on their impact on the relationship between the player and the system. We end this third chapter by defining the notion of a player’s “exploratory journey”, that is, all of the necessary, possible and virtual elements as they have manifested themselves throughout her gaming experience. The player’s exploratory journey, thus, represents a state of the videoludic world as it was actualized by a specific player.

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This dissertation is an exploration of the practice of social digital gaming, using a mixed methods approach with complementary data and analytical methods. The main themes are the prevalence and meaning of gamers’ experiences of social gaming and the underlying structures limiting or assisting social gaming, both material and social. Applying an everyday perspective, focus is on gamers’ day-to-day practices and experiences. Studies I and II enquire into relational aspects of social gaming based on interviews and survey data. Study III investigates the relationship between game design and gamer agency and its importance for social interaction with strangers, using in-game participant observation. Lastly in Study IV, building on interviews, female gamers come to the fore as their gender construction in an online game is examined with the aim of understanding the connection between online and offline. The main result concerns how social gaming takes place in various social relations. How gaming comes to be―what it means―is dependent on the relations between gamers, be they family members, real life friends, Internet friends or strangers. In these interactions, gender and sexual identity are realized; in the relations between gamers, physical proximate or online. Finally, virtuality is shown to be a social accomplishment of the people engaging in games rather than a property of the games themselves. Focus on the relational unveils how gaming comes to be in the process of interaction, a process at the same time dependent on underlying structures, i.e. games as designed platforms with certain affordances for social behaviour. We are able, thus, to reconcile the social constructivist position that (social) gaming is created in the relations between gamers engaging in games with the more formalist approach that games are rule based structures. Games create a foundation for interaction that can further develop into the creation/maintenance of relationships and identity. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.</p>

This thesis seeks to explore the commonalities between religion and video games, ultimately making the argument that video games employ religion as a tool to make some deeper commentary on (in this case) American society and culture. This will be done through a detailed analysis of the game play, narrative, and religious elements at work in three different video games, as seen through the lenses of Queer Theory and Civil Religion. Furthermore, it will attempt to show that, just as gamers are struggling with their previously insular community opening up to the outside world, America has also not yet figured out what role video games can fulfill in society. This thesis seeks to provide one possible answer: the potential for video games to become tools of inquiry, sites of disruption, and, like film and books, provide commentary on our values as a society.

This creative project explores some major issues about visual communication in digital games. The project will continue to address new questions and invite questions from my visual and communication design colleagues. My hope is that, through this document, designers will see digital games like photography was seen around the turn of the century, and movies in the 1950's and 60's. In other words, as a rich new medium that offers creative people a virtually unexplored environment in which to work and create.&#0;

The topic of this thesis is virtual death in video games. In theoretical part, the concept of avatar (player's agent in the game world) is defined, concerning the relationship between player and avatar as well as the main characteristics of the avatar. The aim of the theoretical core of this thesis is to introduce virtual death; because of various expressions of death in many games, it is difficult to describe virtual death generally. Virtual death, which is compared also to the real death, is revealed as a communication of player's failure. What can not be separated from virtual death is the instant resurrection of the avatar, and also the means how to avoid virtual death. The practical part of the thesis offers a close reading of the computer role-playing game Planescape: Torment, focusing on the theme of death. Unlike most mainstream games, Torment presents the player with sophisticated perspectives on the matters of life, death, immortality and responsibility. Even the high-order goal of the main character (which becomes the goal of the player as well) is to gain knowledge about himself and then willingly die. This stands in a sharp contrast to usual narratives, forcing the player to suppress the life-saving reflex and let his avatar die in the end. The comparative method is used to identify...