A pesquisa aqui apresentada trata do estudo da cultura material lítica do sambaqui Mar Casado. Este sambaqui situava-se na cidade de Guarujá, estado de São Paulo. O sambaqui Mar Casado foi pesquisado entre os anos de 1961 e 1962 e juntamente com outros sítios litorâneos paulistas, pesquisados no mesmo período, faz parte da história da Arqueologia brasileira. Este trabalho desenvolveu-se de modo a melhor compreender as pesquisas empreendidas em um contexto arqueológico diferente do vivido atualmente, além de revalorizar antigos acervos conservados no museu. A cultura material lítica encontrada nos sambaquis brasileiros é bastante diversificada e apresenta suas especificidades. Os artefatos brutos e polidos, particularmente, receberam pouca atenção no decorrer da pesquisa arqueológica. Este estudo pretendeu analisar os artefatos líticos por meio da abordagem tecnológica, buscando observar as marcas de uso deixadas nos artefatos. A análise demonstrou que a população de Mar Casado encontrou um modo eficaz de administrar o uso de seus objetos líticos: usando várias superfícies do mesmo artefato para diversos fins. Isto significa dizer que esses artefatos tinham como característica a multifuncionalidade. Os sambaquieiros de Mar Casado provavelmente fizeram uso desses artefatos para processar vegetais, grãos, sementes e outros alimentos, além de usá-los para triturar pigmentos ou ainda como abrasivos em materiais como osso, madeira, concha. / The research presented here deals with the study of lithic material culture of the shell mound Mar Casado. This shell mound was located in the city of Guarujá, São Paulo. The shell mound was searched between the years 1961 to 1962 and along with other coastal sites in São Paulo surveyed in the same period, part of the history of Brazilian Archaeology. This work was developed in order to better understand the archaeological research undertaken in a context different from that experienced today, and upgrade old preserved in museum collections. The lithic material culture found in shell mounds in Brazil is very diverse and has its specificities. The rough and polished artifacts, particularly, have received little attention in the course of archaeological research. This study sought to examine the lithic artifacts through technological approach, seeking to observe the use-wear of artifacts. The analysis showed that the population of Mar Casado found an effective way to manage the use of their lithic objects, using various surfaces of the same artifact for various purposes. This means that these artifacts had the characteristic of multifunctionality. The population of Mar Casado probably did use these artifacts to process vegetables, grains, seeds and other foods, and use them for grinding pigments or abrasive materials such as bone, wood, shell.

Living in a time where mobility and wireless information are of great interest when developing new computer artifacts, but paper and pen, which are the most used artifacts of today for taking brief notes and scheduling, are easy not to consider even though we have seen that they are very mobile. In this report we are discussing the use of both paper and mobile computer artifacts and their properties to see where mobile computer artifacts can support or replace paper artifacts in connection to brief notes and schedules. We believe that the work toward a design is just as important as the design it self, which is why this report also includes the methods and the results from it. Our research question is how different designs affect the possibilities of taking notes, planning and also what paper artifacts mediate to you, which digital do not do today. The question resulted in ideas of how the properties of paper and digital artifacts should be considered in the developing of computer artifacts for taking brief notes and scheduling, design ideas and a mock-up of our Digital Interactive Organizer.

To produce high quality software both software developers and testers need continuous improvement in their work methodologies and processes. So, far much work has been done in the effective ways of eliciting and documenting the requirements. However important aspect is to make sure that whatever is documented in specifications actually works correctly in the developed software. Software testing is done to ensure this phenomenon. Aim of this thesis is to develop a software test case work flow strategy that helps in identification and selection of suitable test paths that can be used as an input to acceptance testing and as a pre-requisite to start actual testing of the system. This thesis focuses on organizing system test artifacts by closely specifying them with system requirements and use cases. In this perspective focus of this thesis is on requirement writing by use cases, requirements traceability, test case prioritization and application acceptance criteria. A structured way to design test cases is proposed with the help of use cases. Some work is done to trace user needs to system requirements and use cases and benefits of using use case modeling approach in structuring the relationships among test cases is analyzed. As test cases are subject to changes in future so, challenges imposed due to traceability among requirements, use cases and test cases are main subjects of this work along with the challenges faced by software testers to perform application acceptance testing. A green path scheme is proposed to help testers define application acceptance criteria and weight assignment approach is used to prioritize the test cases and to determine the percentage of application running successfully.

The purpose of this study is to explore how and which communicative tools five different pre-school teachers use to communicate with children in the ages of one to two years old, and in that way contribute to the area of knowledge about how to use communicative tools in pre-school. To answer the purpose and the questions of issue I used non-participating observations as my method, which means that I kept myself in the background to influence the situation as little as possible. The result shows that pre-school teachers use different artifacts, ACC and the pre-school environment to communicate with children. ACC was for example used in connection to food situations. / Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka hur och vilka kommunikativa redskap fem olika förskollärare använder sig av för att kommunicera med barn i åldrarna ett till två år, och på så sätt bidra till kunskapsfältet om hur kommunikativa redskap kan användas i verksamheten. För att få svar på syftet och frågeställningarna använde jag mig av icke-deltagande observationer, vilket innebär att jag höll mig i bakgrunden för att påverka situationen så lite som möjligt. Resultatet visar på att förskollärare använder sig av artefakter av olika slag, TAKK och förskolans miljö när de kommunicerar med barn, TAKK användes till exempelvis i samband med matsituationer.

Persons with intellectual disability have been found to perform more poorly on tasks, demanding the use of executive functions like planning, than their peers. This study investigated difficulties with planning, and how problems with planning ability can be supported by using cognitive artifacts to help performance on activities in everyday life, for adolescents with intellectual disability. The approach taken is one of situated cognition, where the natural environment plays a big role, to see if the same difficulties arise as results from traditional research has shown. The traditional view focuses a lot on executive functions, and experimental studies in controlled settings and often suggests interventions and practice of certain functions to get better abilities. Another way is to focus on the use of cognitive artifact, to support problematic abilities, and to get a well-rounded understanding of how the problems actually appear in everyday life, the alternative view of situated cognition is a way to go. The data was gathered through interviews and surveys with the individual’s parents and analyzed through categorization and a repeated measures ANOVA, with a bonferroni corrected post hoc test. Results show several problematic areas, and that there is a difference in how problematic these areas are estimated to be when it comes to planning in everyday situations. It is discussed how the natural contexts helps knowing what planning really means for the group, as well as how it can help finding properties in cognitive artifacts that can help raise the level of independence in planning related tasks.

Persons with intellectual disability have been found to perform more poorly on tasks, demanding the use of executive functions like planning, than their peers. This study investigated difficulties with planning, and how problems with planning ability can be supported by using cognitive artifacts to help performance on activities in everyday life, for adolescents with intellectual disability. The approach taken is one of situated cognition, where the natural environment plays a big role, to see if the same difficulties arise as results from traditional research has shown. The traditional view focuses a lot on executive functions, and experimental studies in controlled settings and often suggests interventions and practice of certain functions to get better abilities. Another way is to focus on the use of cognitive artifact, to support problematic abilities, and to get a well-rounded understanding of how the problems actually appear in everyday life, the alternative view of situated cognition is a way to go. The data was gathered through interviews and surveys with the individual’s parents and analyzed through categorization and a repeated measures ANOVA, with a bonferroni corrected post hoc test. Results show several problematic areas, and that there is a difference in how problematic these areas are estimated to be when it comes to planning in everyday situations. It is discussed how the natural contexts helps knowing what planning really means for the group, as well as how it can help finding properties in cognitive artifacts that can help raise the level of independence in planning related tasks.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / While applications and software systems have evolved and becoming more complex, mainly due to the increasing demands of customers and users, organizations that produce or acquire have sought alternatives to reduce costs and deliveries without affect the final product quality. However, in order to make the evaluation of these products more effective, it is important to use a quality model that allows structure it in a way that satisfies, among other requirements, the heterogeneous expectations of stakeholders. At same time, it is recommended starting this evaluation as soon as possible since the early stages of a development process in order to detect and fix any problems before they propagate. In this sense, this work presents a study on quality models used in the evaluation of software products, proposing at the same time the assessment of software artifacts, generated and/or transformed by activities throughout the lifecycle of a software process. The proposal is based on a quality framework, structured from a metamodel, which relates the process of evaluating the several characteristics that involve the artifacts, such as their purposes, stakeholders, methods and corresponding metrics. The work is also composed by a supporting tool which purpose is to guide evaluators in defining a plan for assessing the quality of those artifacts. Finally, the proposal was submitted to validation through a case study involving graduate students of Federal University of Santa Maria. / Ao mesmo tempo em que as aplicações e os sistemas de software vêm evoluindo e tornando-se mais complexos, devido, principalmente, à crescente exigência dos clientes e usuários, as organizações que os produzem ou os adquirem têm buscado alternativas para reduzir custos e prazos de entrega sem que a qualidade do produto final seja afetada. Contudo, para que a avaliação desses produtos seja mais eficaz, é importante utilizar um modelo de qualidade que permita estruturá-la de forma que satisfaça, entre outros requisitos, as expectativas heterogêneas dos interessados. Paralelamente, recomenda-se iniciar essa avaliação o mais cedo possível, já nos primeiros estágios de um processo de desenvolvimento com o objetivo de detectar e corrigir os problemas encontrados antes que se propaguem. Neste sentido, este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre modelos de qualidade empregados na avaliação de produtos de software ao mesmo tempo em que propõe a avaliação dos artefatos, gerados e/ou transformados pelas atividades, ao longo do ciclo de vida de um processo de desenvolvimento. A proposta é baseada em um framework de qualidade, estruturado a partir de um metamodelo, que relaciona o processo de avaliação às diversas características que envolvem os artefatos, tais como seus propósitos, interessados, métodos e métricas correspondentes. O trabalho é composto, ainda, por uma ferramenta de apoio cujo objetivo é guiar os avaliadores na definição de um plano de avaliação da qualidade de tais artefatos. Por fim, a proposta foi avaliada e validada por meio de um estudo de caso envolvendo estudantes de pós-graduação em informática na avaliação de três aplicações reais desenvolvidas por acadêmicos de graduação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria.

Bakgrund: Sammanslagningar är vanligt förekommande och görs bland annat av ekonomiska skäl. Det är vanligt att sammanslagningar inte ger önskat resultat och skapar sämre moral och arbetskultur. Den mänskliga faktorn och organisationskulturen förbises då fokus ofta ligger på ekonomi. Kulturella skillnader är en stor utmaning vid sammanslagningar och inverkar stort på sammanslagningens resultat. Kulturer som är samstämmiga ökar chanserna att medlemmarna i organisationerna eller enheterna är mer positiva och bidrar till att göra sammanslagningen lyckad. Människors sociala identitet spelar in för hur en individ känner samhörighet och tillhörighet till en organisation eller enhet. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka och beskriva hur organisationskultur inverkar vid sammanslagningar genom att undersöka artefakters betydelse. Studien ämnar göras utifrån aspekten organisationskultur och specifikt artefakter i förhållande till social identitet, samhörighet- och lojalitetskänsla då en längre tid passerat sedan en sammanslagning genomförts. Metod: Kvalitativ metod valdes för att svara på studiens syfte och få en så rättvis och sanningsenlig bild som möjligt. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med åtta medarbetare som är berörda av sammanslagningen. Även dokument från den studerade organisationen har legat till grund då de anses viktiga vid historiskt inriktad forskning och kan vara bra när kulturella skillnader och anställdas beteende studeras. Slutsats: Studien visar att människan som artefakt har stor betydelse för var de anställda lägger sin lojalitet och känner samhörighet. Studiens resultat visar även att flera andra typer av artefakter, såsom aktiviteter och arbetskläder har betydelse för detta. Det visade sig att chefens sätt att vara och kommunicera reflekteras i de olika enheterna och även ses som en symbol för organisationen. Det framkommer att i stort sett allt som sker i en organisation har en symbolisk betydelse och att artefakter kan användas för att implementera önskade värderingar och beteenden i en organisation. Ett medvetet arbete med organisationskultur och artefakter kan användas som ett verktyg för att uppnå en lyckad sammanslagning. / Background: Mergers are common and financial issues are one reason. It is common that mergers do not produce the desired results and often create poorer morals and work culture. The human factor and organizational culture are often disregarded as the focus is on finances. Cultural differences are a major challenge in mergers and have a major impact on the merger's results. Cultures that are consistent increase the chances that members of organizations or units are more positive and contributes to make the merger successful. People's social identity plays a role in how an individual feels about belonging to an organization or entity. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to research and describe how organizational culture affects mergers by researching the significance of artifacts. The study aims to make, based on the aspect of organizational culture and specific artifacts in relation to social identity, sense of belonging and loyalty after a long time has passed since the merger. Method: The qualitative method was chosen to respond to the study and get as fair and truthful picture as possible. Documents from the studied organization have also been used as they are considered important in historically oriented research and can be good when studying cultural differences and employee behaviour. Conclusion: The study shows that human as an artifact is of great importance for where the employees place their loyalty and feel togetherness. The results also show that several other types of artifacts, such as activities and work clothes have significance for this. It appears that the manager's way of conducting and communicating is reflected in the various units and seen as a symbol for the organization. It appears that almost everything that happens in an organization has a symbolic significance and that artifacts can be used to implement desired values and behaviours in an organization. A conscious work with organizational culture and artifacts can be used as a tool for achieving a successful merger.

La thèse porte sur l’étude de la formation de convergences et de tensions dans les choix stratégiques opérés par les partenaires public et privé engagés dans la valorisation des activités collaboratives de R&D. Il s’agit d’en caractériser les déterminants et d’identifier également les moyens permettant de les dépasser. L'originalité de l'approche consiste à mobiliser l'outil conceptuel du business model pour en évaluer la portée en tant qu'artefact cognitif d'analyse de cette situation de gestion et en tant qu'instrument de management stratégique de celles-ci. Le travail s'appuie sur deux études de cas longitudinales élaborées dans le cadre de deux recherche-interventions dans les pôles de compétitivité dédiés à la conception dans l'industrie automobile (Movéo) et des systèmes embarqués (Systematic). Les résultats sont présents à trois niveaux: au niveau du contexte, l'importance des mécanismes d'appropriation à partir des capacités d'absorption des organisations; au niveau du processus, le rôle des trajectoires et du leadership des acteurs et au niveau du contenu, les limites spécifiques liées aux incertitudes du mode projet. / The main objective of the thesis consists into the study of convergences and tensions in the interplay between value co-creation and strategic planning in public private R&D partnerships. Two in-depth longitudinal case studies are used to investigate the usefulness of the business model as a cognitive artifact enhancing the partners to collaborate on designing, articulating and implementing collective strategic choices of R&D outcomes. Data were gathered on two collaborative partnerships among two French Clusters (pôles de compétitivité) Movéo and Systematic. Methodology design employed a triangulation strategy based on both qualitative and quantitative methods (interviews and survey-based, structured methods of scenarios screening, participatory and qualitative methods of information gathering – project’s journals and meeting analysis). Based on internal validity, we have pointed out some issues in the management of inter-organizational relationships and networks regarding the process of how value can be created in strategic project management practices in public private R&D partnerships with these innovative clusters.

Tématem práce je použití konvolučních neuronových sítí pro obecnou restauraci obrazu. Ta se typicky provádí za pomoci specializovaných metod pro konkrétní typ poškození. Model konvoluční sítě zde představuje jednotný přístup, který je aplikován na dva různé typy degradace obrazu, pohybem rozmazané snímky registračních značek a artefakty vznikající vysokou kompresí. Na modely konvolučních sítí je nahlíženo ze dvou úhlů. A to jak dobře si konvoluční sítě vedou v porovnání se současnými metodami pro restauraci konkrétního typu poškození a jak velký rozsah poškození je právě jeden model ještě schopen zpracovat. Klasické metody jsou charakteristické svým úzkým zaměřením na konkrétní typ poškození. Díky své specializaci tyto metody dosahují velmi dobrých výsledků a reprezentují tak dosažené poznání v oboru. Naproti tomu je představena myšlenka jednotného přístupu, tedy mapování poškozeného obrazu přímo na restaurovaný obraz. Ta je primárně ovlivněna současným vývojem konvolučních neuronových sítí a jejich hlubokého učení v počítačovém vidění. Právě učením konvoluční sítě lze jednoduše získat model zaměřený na konkrétní typ poškození. Ten je současně nezřídka schopen pokrýt širokou škálu úrovní konkrétního poškození. V práci je představena metoda přímého mapování z rozmazaného na ostrý obraz pro restauraci pohybem rozmazaných snímků. Ta je odvozena od modelů využívaných v počítačovém vidění pro sémantickou segmentaci obrazu. V případě odstranění kompresních artefaktů je tento přístup rozšířen o specifické učení modelu a různé modifikace samotné architektury sítě. Modely konvolučních sítí v porovnání s tradičními metodami dosahují kvalitativně lepších výsledků. Zároveň se zde představené modely jednoduše vypořádají s širokým rozsahem konkrétního poškození. Ukazuje se tak, že právě modely konvolučních sítí by mohly reprezentovat jednotný přístup pro restauraci různých typů poškozeni.