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<p>  To improve cardiometabolic health, omnivores are often recommended to simultaneously adopt a healthy dietary pattern with an emphasis on increasing intakes of plant-based proteins and decreasing intakes of red and processed meats. However, the totality of observational and experimental results inconsistently supports relations between red meat intake and risks of cardiometabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Red meat is often not clearly or consistently defined within nutrition and health research and is consumed within healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns. These issues contribute to the conflicting findings. Observational data, which assess red meat (both unprocessed and processed) within an unrestricted Western-style dietary pattern, typically support positive associations with cardiometabolic disease incidence and mortality outcomes. Whereas experimental randomized controlled trial data consistently show that consuming healthy dietary patterns with or without the inclusion of lean unprocessed red meat, improve cardiometabolic disease risk factors. These discordant findings have left laymen, researchers,and policymakers alike to question whether a high intake of red meat is causally related to cardiometabolic disease outcomes. The results of the single blinded crossover randomized controlled feeding trial (Study 1, Chapter 3) support that consuming a U.S.-style healthy dietary pattern that included two 3oz servings/day of lean unprocessed beef did not adversely affect cardiometabolic disease risk factors. Based on observational and experimental research, the umbrella systematic review described in Chapter4, led to the inference that red and processed meats are not causally related with cardiovascular disease. However, relations between processed meat and mixed unprocessed and processed meat and type 2 diabetes were inferred to be potentially causal. Overall, the results described in this dissertation support that lean and unprocessed red meats consumed within healthy dietary patterns do not adversely affect cardiometabolic health</p>

Housing bubbles could have a great impact on the economy of a country, especially for a country as large as China. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the housing bubble situation of a region. Based on the classification of cities, this research has selected Yangzhou as the main research sample to predict the overall situation of housing bubble in third-level cities in China. The paper integrates the relevant theories and methods of the housing bubble research mentioned in the literature, and seeks out a set of suitable real estate bubble research methods: using ADF test, EG cointegration analysis to see whether the indicators are suitable as variables in the Granger causality test and regression analysis, and then perform regression analysis on the appropriate variables and housing prices to judge the real estate bubble. Also, the result of Yangzhou is applied to compare with that of Beijing and Shanghai so as to get the difference of real estate markets between first- and third-level cities. / Bostadsbubblor kan ge allvarlig inverkan på ett lands ekonomi, särskilt för ett så stort land som Kina. Därför är det nödvändigt att utvärdera om eventuella bostadsbubblor förekommer i olika regioner. I detta arbete analyseras förekomsten av en bostadsbubbla i en av Kinas städer i den tredje storleksklassen enligt det kinesiska klassificeringssystemet. Studieobjektet som valts är Yangzhou. I uppsatsen diskuteras de relevanta teorier och metoder som förekommer i litteraturen för analys av bostadsbubblor och ett antal metoder tillämpas. ADF-test och Engel-Grainer-kointegration används för att avgöra vilka av de tillgängliga marknadsindikatorerna som är lämpliga att använda vid test av Granger-kausalitet och i regressionsanalyser. Regressioner med de utvalda variablerna görs sedan mot bostadspriser för att erhålla mått på förekomsten av en bostadsbubbla. De empiriska resultaten från studien jämförs också med resultat för Beijing and Shanghai för att påvisa skillnader mellan marknaderna i städer av första respektive tredje storleksklassen.

In 2020 the European Court of Human Rights received applications KlimaSeniorinnen and Others v Switzerland and Duarte Agostinho and Others v Portugal and 32 Others. Verein KlimaSerioninnen Schweiz is an association of some 2500 elderly Swiss women experiencing health issues due to rising temperatures. Applicants in the Duarte case are six Portuguese children and young people experiencing especially the mental health implications of the insufficient European climate policies. The applications claimed for the respondent governments to violate their human rights under Articles 2 (right to life) and 8 (right to respect for private- and family life) of the European Convention of Human Rights. The Grand Chamber of judges delivered decisions for these cases on April 9th 2024. The Court ruled in favor of the Swiss association KlimaSeniorinnen and rejected the rest of the climate change applicants on grounds of admissibility.  In my thesis project, I examine the 2024 decisions focusing especially on questions of victim status and causality. By discussing the rulings this thesis will map out criteria the potential climate change applicants must meet when seeking climate justice from the European Court of Human Rights.

As an indirect consequence of increased heat cooling requirements, personal computers (PC) have become noisier due to the increased use of fans. Hard disk drives also contribute to the annoying noise radiated by personal computers, creating a need for the control of computer noise. Due to size constraints, the implementation of passive noise control techniques in PC is difficult. Alternatively, active noise control (ANC) may provide a compact solution to the noise problems discussed above, which is the subject of this work. First, the computer noise sources were characterized. The structure-borne path was altered passively through the decoupling of the vibrating sources from the chassis. Global noise control strategy was then investigated with a hybrid passive/active noise control technique based on folded lined ducts, integrating microphones and speakers, that were added to the PC air inlet and outlet. While the ducts were effective above 1000Hz, the use of a MIMO adaptive feedforward digital controller lead to significant noise reduction at the ducts outlets below 1000Hz. However, global performance was limited due to important airborne flanking paths. Finally, the same type of controller was used to create a zone of quiet around the PC user head location. It was implemented using multimedia speakers and microphones, while the computer was placed in a semi-reverberant environment. A large zone of quiet surrounding the head was created at low frequencies (250Hz), and its size would reduce with increasing frequency (up to 1000Hz). / Master of Science

COVID-19 pandemic has exposed both strengths and weaknesses in world communities and particularly put a severe strain on health care. It is widely accepted that lifestyle factors are an important piece of the puzzle in preventive work against infectious diseases. One of these lifestyle factors is physical activity (FA) that positively affects people's well-being and has a strengthening effect on, among other things, the immune system. The purpose of the study was to investigate how people that have had SARS-CoV-2 infection describe their FA level and general state of health before the illness and how they feel that it has affected their disease course. A total of 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted during the period FebruaryMarch, which were then interpreted using content analysis as a tool. During the analysis work three main categories were identified: Well-balanced FA level, Relatively good general health, Experience of COVID-19 and FA significance. Most respondents perceived themselves as physically active to a greater or lesser extent. Respondents' perception indicates that FA has an important role in facing COVID-19 disease. Results indicate an increasingly accepted view in research that FA can act as a protective factor against SARS-CoV-2 virus / <p>Betyg i Ladok 220613.</p>

Pinhole leaks in copper plumbing pipes are a big concern for the homeowners. The problem is spread across the nation and remains a threat to plumbing systems of all ages. Due to the absence of a single acceptable mechanistic theory no preventive measure is available to date. Most of the present mechanistic theories are based on analysis of failed pipe samples however an objective comparison with other pipes that did not fail is seldom made. The variability in hydraulic and water quality parameters has made the problem complex and unquantifiable in terms of plumbing susceptibility to pinhole leaks. The present work determines the spatial and temporal spread of pinhole leaks across United States. The hotspot communities are identified based on repair histories and surveys. An assessment of variability in water quality is presented based on nationwide water quality data. A synthesis of causal factors is presented and a scoring system for copper pitting is developed using goal programming. A probabilistic model is presented to evaluate optimal replacement time for plumbing systems. Methodologies for mechanistic modeling based on corrosion thermodynamics and kinetics are presented. / Master of Science

Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht theoretisch und empirisch gesundheitliche Selektionsprozesse auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt und wie diese durch soziale Kontextfaktoren beeinflusst werden. Aufbauend auf der Humankaiptaltheorie werden eine reihe von Hypothesen aufgestellt über den kausalen Effekt der subjektiven Gesundheit und der krankheitsbedingten Fehltage auf den Jobstatus. Die Humankapitaltheorie wird so erweitert, dass der Effekt der Gesundheit mit dem Grad der Benachteiligung einer Person und dem Grad der sozialen Schließung des Jobs variieren kann. Konkret werden die moderierenden Einflüsse des Geschlechts und des öffentlichen versus privaten Sektors sowie der Geschlechteranteile im Beruf untersucht. Die empirische Analysen werden auf Basis des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels (SOEP) durchgeführt. Verschiedene Methoden werden angewandt, um kausale Effekte der subjektiven Gesundheit auf den Jobstatus zu schätzen. Weiterhin wird eine Dekomposition der gesamten gesundheitlichen Ungleichheit in zeit-konstante und zeit-variante Faktoren und auf gesundheitlicher Selektion basierende Prozesse durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass gesundheitliche Selektion für Frauen im privaten Sektor gefunden werden kann, nicht aber im öffentlichen Sektor und auch nicht für Männer. Für krankheitsbedingte Fehltage kann ein kausaler Effekt für Männer im privaten Sektor gefunden werden, nicht aber im öffentlichen Sektor oder für Frauen. Unter den gewählten Bedingungen der Studie, sind gesundheitliche Selektionsprozesse daher eher in offenen Positionen und für Gruppen, die einer Benachteiligung gegenüber stehen zu finden. / In this PhD-thesis the social context of health selection processes on the German labor market are investigated theoretically and empirically. Based on human capital theory a number of hypotheses about the causal effect of subjective health and sickness absence on job status are derived. The theory is modified to allow the effect of health to vary with the degree of disadvantage a person faces and the degree of social closure of the job. In concrete terms, the moderating effect of gender and public versus private sector are investigated, as well as the occupational gender composition. The empirical analyses are based on the Socio-economic panel study (SOEP) using different methods to estimate causal effects of subjective health on subsequent job status. A decomposition of overall health inequalities into effects attributable to time-constant, time-varying confounders and into health selection processes is presented. The results show that health selection is present for women in the private sector, but not for men nor in the public sector. Sickness absence shows the strongest effects for men in the private sector, but not for women nor in the public sector. For the chosen setting, health selection processes are strongest in open positions and for groups that are disadvantaged.

Die verschiedenen Konzepte fahrlässiger Mittäterschaft werden dargestellt und als nicht überzeugend befunden. Der Hauptteil der Arbeit analysiert nach der kursorischen Feststel-lung, dass das Analogieverbot der Figur nicht entgegensteht, konkret die Unbegründbarkeit fahrlässiger Mittäterschaft auf der Grundlage des höchstpersönlichen Schuldprinzips, das als verfassungsrechtlicher Grundsatz die Grundlage des gesamten Strafrechtssystems bildet. Die richtige Lösung bei fahrlässigem Zusammenwirken besteht in einer Vorverlagerung des Fahrlässigkeitsschuldvorwurfs unter Annahme eines psychischen Beitrags zum Erfolgseintritt. Dies entspricht sowohl dem Wesen der Fahrlässigkeitsdelikte als auch dem Schuldprinzip. / This study critically analyzes the various ideas for negligent co-perpetration and concludes that this legal idea is not convincing. The main part of this study is to analyze that negligent co-perpetration lacks justification based on the guilt principle, which is the foundation of the entire criminal justice system, although negligent co-perpetration could be established, since this does not violate the prohibition of analogy. And the desirable solution for cases of neg-ligent cooperation is concretely presented.: To advance the accusation of negligence in ac-cordance with the nature of the criminal negligence and the guilt principle. The criminal negligence is based on the single concept of perpetrator and the psychological contribution could establish the illegality of behaviour. In order to apply this solution, the illegality of neg-ligent behavior must always be proven. Then there is no need for negligent co-perpetration.