This thesis explores the imagery of underworld justice, and its associated beliefs and practices, as they developed throughout Chinese imperial history. Certain elements of the Chinese imperial legal system, including judges and trials, and laws and codes, were borrowed by the Daoists and applied to their construct of the afterlife. Underworld justice beliefs and practices flourished throughout China's imperial past, and are still influential to some devotees in today's Hong Kong. Among the various questions that are explored, this thesis examines the place of underworld justice in the legal consciousness, or everyday law, of the devotees in contemporary Hong Kong. There are two dimensions to this thesis: historical and empirical. In the historical part, I trace the development of underworld justice beliefs and practices in imperial China. I analyse some of the characteristics and rituals of underworld justice, and relate them to the imperial laws and procedures upon which they were modelled. Such tracing allows us to discern the considerable overlap between the imperial legal system and underworld justice beliefs and practices. In the empirical part, I present data gathered at mainly three City God temples in Hong Kong. Such data involve conversations with Daoist and Buddhist priests, temple keepers and devotees. The data gathered not only shed light on the general state of City God veneration in contemporary Hong Kong, but also the influence of underworld justice on the devotees' understanding of law. The data reveal that the studied devotees regard underworld justice, which administers the law of karma, as superior to the state legal system. Hence, underworld justice is not considered as an informal dispute resolution process alternative to that of the state, but as a mechanism that can intervene in court cases, due to its being more authoritative.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar ferramentas que fomentem a implementação de uma espécie de controle de constitucionalidade dialógico no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, de forma a mitigar a supremacia judicial ostentada pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Para isso, foi organizado em três capítulos. Os dois primeiros dirigem-se a realizar uma abordagem comparada, por meio de um breve apanhado histórico e análise jurisprudencial, entre os sistemas constitucionais dos Estados Unidos, da Colômbia, da Costa Rica e do Brasil e entre os seus respetivos Tribunais imbuídos da função da realização do controle de constitucionalidade. Com isto, busca-se demonstrar o assentamento da supremacia judicial em uma visão mais ampla, bem como em uma realidade latino-americana. O terceiro capítulo, por sua vez, tem o escopo de explorar as diversas vertentes da teoria dos diálogos constitucionais, elaborar um conceito de diálogo substancial e, por fim, elaborar proposições de instrumentos dialógicos ainda não existentes no ordenamento jurídico pátrio, bem como sugerir a reformulação de alguns já existentes. O intuito primordial da parte final da dissertação é a busca da promoção de uma ressignificação do controle de constitucionalidade, de forma a democratiza-lo, mitigando a supremacia judicial, incluindo no debate sobre o significado da Constituição, além do Poder Judiciário, os Poderes Executivo e Legislativo, e a sociedade como um todo. / This master’s dissertation aims do present tools that provide the implementation of a kind of dialogic judicial review in the Brazilian legal framework, so as to mitigate the judicial supremacy displayed by the Supremo Tribunal Federal. In order to do that, it was organized in three chapters. The first two chapters carry out a comparative approach, through a short historical description e and jurisprudential analyses, between the American, the Colombian, the Costa Rican and the Brazilian constitutional systems and its respective Courts that perform judicial review. In that manner, it is the objective to demonstrate the settlement of judicial supremacy in a broad vision, and also in a Latin American reality. The third chapter, by its turn, aims to explore the different aspects of the constitutional dialogue theory, elaborate a concept of substantial dialogue and, in conclusion, elaborate propositions of dialogical instruments not yet existent in the native legal order, and also suggest a reformulation of others that already exist. The paramount intention of dissertation’s final part is the promotion of a resignification of judicial review, so as to democratize it, mitigating judicial supremacy, incorporating in the debate about the significance of the Constitution, other than the Judicial power, the Executive and the Legislative powers, and the society as a hole.

Este trabalho analisa a disciplina da remuneração dos administradores de sociedades por ações no direito brasileiro em cotejo com aquela do Reino Unido, sob a perspectiva da estrutura de propriedade do capital predominante em cada um desses países. Após um escorço histórico que ilustra o papel da sociedade por ações em mobilizar poupança popular, exploram-se os fatores que levaram à fragmentação da propriedade acionária no Reino Unido e analisa-se a ocorrência de tal fatores no Brasil. A seguir destacam-se as relações entre distribuição do capital (se concentrada ou dispersa) e administração societária, com especial ênfase a seus reflexos sobre a remuneração. Por fim investiga-se a disciplina da remuneração dos administradores de companhias no direito britânico e brasileiro, atentando-se para a adequação deste a um cenário em que sociedades de capital disperso passam a disputar espaço no mercado com sociedades de capital concentrado. Conclui-se que as mudanças pelas quais vem passando o mercado de capitais brasileiro nos últimos anos podem vir a exigir alterações no direito. / This thesis analyses the discipline of executive remuneration in Brazilian law as compared to that of British law and under the perspective of the prevailing capital ownership structure in each of these countries. After a brief historical illustration of the role of corporations in the mobilisation of public savings, the factors that produced the dispersion of shareholding in the United Kingdom are review and their occurrence in Brazil is analysed. The relationships between share ownership distribution (if concentrated or dispersed) and corporate governance are reviewed, with an emphasis on its effects over remuneration. Finally the discipline of executive remuneration in British and Brazilian law is investigated, considering the adequacy of the latter to a scenario in which dispersed capital companies share an space in market with concentrated capital companies. Conclusion is that the changes observed in the brazilian capital market in the last years may come to demand modifications in law.

O presente trabalho investiga a necessidade de tipificação do delito de corrupção no setor privado, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Para tanto, necessário aprofundar o estudo do fenômeno da corrupção, bem como a moderna interpretação de seu conteúdo pela comunidade jurídica internacional. Partindo de uma perspectiva de Direito Comparado, é possível verificar a evolução no controle da corrupção transnacional, fruto de diferentes compromissos assumidos por diversos Estados, em verdadeiro esforço conjunto para erradicação das práticas corruptivas e seus nefastos efeitos ao mundo globalizado. Nesse cenário, exsurge a relevância do debate acerca da ampliação do conceito de corrupção para além da esfera pública, abarcando também condutas estritamente relacionadas ao setor privado, de modo que alguns países hodiernamente já tipificam essa nova modalidade delitiva em seus ordenamentos. Indispensável acurado exame da forma como o delito de corrupção entre particulares ganhou contornos na legislação e doutrina estrangeiras para desenvolver o modelo pátrio de incriminação da conduta, uma vez que tal tema é hoje objeto de proposta legislativa específica. Assim, verificase a atualidade e importância da pesquisa aqui proposta, cujo escopo é auxiliar no desenvolvimento de um tipo penal adequado ao bem jurídico protegido, levando-se em conta, principalmente, os documentos internacionais que impulsionam sua criação. / This paper intends to investigate the need for private-sector corruption crime classification in the Brazilian legal system. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen the studies about corruption’s historical roots, as well as the modern interpretation of its content by the international legal community. Through the mechanisms of Comparative Law it is possible to verify corruption’s combat evolution in a supranational level, consequence of various commitments assumed by various States, in true combined efforts to eradicate corruption acts and their disastrous effects in the globalized world. In this scenery, the relevance in debating the widening of corruption’s concept to beyond the public spheres arises, embracing also the conducts strictly related to the private sector, in a way that some countries already class the new crime form in their systems. Necessary rightful exam of the way corruption crime between individuals has outlined both international legislation and doctrine to develop the native method of the behavior incrimination, here is that said theme is nowadays subject of specific legislation proposal. Thus, it is verified the timeliness and importance of the research here proposed, which scope is to help the development of a crime class adequate to the protected juridical asset, taking into account, mainly, the international documents that impel its creation.

Si le secret bancaire helvétique fait régulièrement l'objet de virulentes critiques et attaques sur le plan de la scène politique internationale, à chaque crise, un constat s'impose : son étendue ne cesse de réduire. Accusé de favoriser le blanchiment de capitaux, l'évasion fiscale ainsi que le financement du terrorisme, les pressions internationales provenant à la fois de pays étrangers (Etats-Unis, France, etc.) et d’instances internationales (l’Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Économiques-O.C.D.E., le Groupe d’Action financière-G.A.F.I, etc.). ont mené les autorités helvétiques à encadrer le secret bancaire en multipliant les atteintes à ce secret. Ceci a pour effet d’affaiblir considérablement la portée du secret bancaire suisse. De fait, s’il y a encore quelques années, il était possible d’affirmer qu’il existe de réelles divergences entre les secrets bancaires français et suisse dans la mesure où le secret bancaire suisse était perçu comme un secret bancaire plus étendu que le secret bancaire français, cette situation semble désormais révolue. En effet, depuis la reconnaissance du secret bancaire suisse sur le plan législatif, les fondements juridiques sur lesquels reposent ce secret n’ont que très peu évolué, mais les nombreuses limites apportées au fil du temps à ce secret ont largement contribué à le vider de sa substance et à affaiblir sa portée, à tel point qu’il est désormais possible d’affirmer une réelle convergence entre les secrets bancaires français et suisse. / While Swiss banking secrecy is regularly the subject of virulent criticism and attacks on the international political scene, it is necessary to note the extent of each crisis. Accused of facilitating money laundering, tax evasion and financing of terrorism, international pressures from both foreign countries (the United States, France, etc.) and international bodies (the Cooperation Organization And Economic Development-OECD, the Financial Action Task Force-FATF, etc.). Led the Swiss authorities to frame banking secrecy by multiplying the attacks on this secrecy. This has the effect of considerably weakening the scope of Swiss banking secrecy. Indeed, even a few years ago it was possible to say that there are real differences between the French and Swiss banking secrets in that Swiss banking secrecy was perceived as a wider banking secrecy than Banking secrecy, this situation now seems to be over. Since the recognition of Swiss banking secrecy at the legislative level, the legal basis for this secrecy has changed very little, but the many limitations that have been brought to the secrecy over time have largely contributed to its Its substance and to weaken its scope, so much so that it is now possible to affirm a real convergence between French and Swiss banking secrets.

In terms of the works contracts as a general rule the target prices between the parties are immutable. However, in the execution of the contracts for works might well emerge unforeseeable events, which would produce costs to the contractor. To these events, what actions the parties migth take? What kind of remedies does the Peruvian Civil Code offer?. In this article, the autor analizes these issues and proposes solutions to these unforeseeable risks, all on the basis of Peruvian Civil Code and a comparative study with Italian Civil Code. / En materia de los contratos de obra por regla general los precios fijados entre las partes son inalterables. Sin embargo, en las labores del contrato de obra podrían surgir sucesos imprevisibles, que producirían nuevos gastos para el contratista. Ante estos sucesos, ¿Qué acciones podrían realizar las partes? ¿Qué tipo de remedios ofrece el Código Civil peruano?.En este artículo, el autor analiza estos temas y propone soluciones ante estos riesgos imprevisibles, todo ello sobre la base del Código Civil peruano y un estudio comparado con el Código Civil italiano.

Este trabalho analisa a disciplina da remuneração dos administradores de sociedades por ações no direito brasileiro em cotejo com aquela do Reino Unido, sob a perspectiva da estrutura de propriedade do capital predominante em cada um desses países. Após um escorço histórico que ilustra o papel da sociedade por ações em mobilizar poupança popular, exploram-se os fatores que levaram à fragmentação da propriedade acionária no Reino Unido e analisa-se a ocorrência de tal fatores no Brasil. A seguir destacam-se as relações entre distribuição do capital (se concentrada ou dispersa) e administração societária, com especial ênfase a seus reflexos sobre a remuneração. Por fim investiga-se a disciplina da remuneração dos administradores de companhias no direito britânico e brasileiro, atentando-se para a adequação deste a um cenário em que sociedades de capital disperso passam a disputar espaço no mercado com sociedades de capital concentrado. Conclui-se que as mudanças pelas quais vem passando o mercado de capitais brasileiro nos últimos anos podem vir a exigir alterações no direito. / This thesis analyses the discipline of executive remuneration in Brazilian law as compared to that of British law and under the perspective of the prevailing capital ownership structure in each of these countries. After a brief historical illustration of the role of corporations in the mobilisation of public savings, the factors that produced the dispersion of shareholding in the United Kingdom are review and their occurrence in Brazil is analysed. The relationships between share ownership distribution (if concentrated or dispersed) and corporate governance are reviewed, with an emphasis on its effects over remuneration. Finally the discipline of executive remuneration in British and Brazilian law is investigated, considering the adequacy of the latter to a scenario in which dispersed capital companies share an space in market with concentrated capital companies. Conclusion is that the changes observed in the brazilian capital market in the last years may come to demand modifications in law.

A presente dissertação estuda a participação de pessoas com deficiências no mercado de trabalho. No primeiro capítulo, ventila-se a trajetória histórica da pessoa com deficiência desde a Idade Antiga até a Idade Contemporânea. A seguir, analisa-se a terminologia apropriada para denominar a pessoa que possui alguma forma de deficiência. No segundo capítulo, abordam-se as principais normas do Direito Internacional atinentes ao tema. A seguir, analisa-se o modo como a relação de emprego das pessoas com deficiência é abordada pelo Direito estrangeiro. No terceiro capítulo, discorre-se sobre a evolução do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro diante do tema, ponderando-se a aplicação da Constituição Federal e da Lei n. 8.213/91, bem como o papel do Ministério Público do Trabalho e do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego e, ainda, os mecanismos e incentivos para o cumprimento da legislação. No quarto capítulo, são verificadas as peculiaridades do contrato de trabalho das pessoas com deficiência, analisando-se se a realidade brasileira observa os direitos assegurados pelas leis e pelo texto constitucional vigente, sopesando-se a existência de meios eficazes de fiscalização, incentivo e, até mesmo, exigência de contratação. Para a elaboração do presente estudo, utilizam-se os métodos indutivo com a coleta de elementos para análise e elaboração do tema para posterior discussão e conclusão , analítico-sintético com o exame de textos jurídicos e não jurídicos e comparativo com a análise das características e da influência de diversas legislações nas condições de trabalho das pessoas com deficiência em momentos cronológicos distintos. São utilizadas a pesquisa bibliográfica e jurisprudencial, bem como a efetiva análise de textos legais. / This dissertation studies the participation of people with disabilities in the labor market. The first chapter talks about the historical trajectory of people with disabilities, from the Ancient Age to the Contemporary Age. Next, we analyze the appropriate terminology to describe the person who has some form of disability. In the second chapter we discuss the main rules of international law relating to the theme. Next, we analyze how the ratio of employment of people with disabilities is addressed by foreign law. The third chapter discusses the evolution of Brazilian law on the subject, considering the application of the Constitution and the Law 8.213/91, as well as the role of the Public Ministry of Labor and the Ministry of Labor and Employment, and also the mechanisms and incentives for compliance. In the fourth chapter, we investigate the peculiarities of employment of people with disabilities by analyzing if the Brazilian reality observes the rights guaranteed by the Constitution and laws in force, weighing up the existence of effective means of enforcement, encouragement, and even hiring requirement. In this study, we use the inductive method collecting elements for analysis and preparation of the issue for further discussion and conclusion , analytic-synthetic method examining legal and non-legal texts , and comparative method analyzing the characteristics and influence of various laws in working conditions of disabled people in different chronological moments. We searched the literature and jurisprudence, as well as the effective analysis of legal texts.

Magister Legum - LLM

L'objectif de notre recherche consiste à déterminer si le particularisme des marchés financiers nécessite un aménagement de la responsabilité civile. C'est sur le marché boursier proprement dit et pour des faits générateurs spécifiques-l'information publique défectueuse et les abus de marché-que le problème se pose dans toute son acuité, dès lors que ces faits générateurs portent atteinte au marché lui-même et peuvent donc léser l'ensemble des investisseurs. La logique multilatérale des marchés boursiers s'oppose alors frontalement à celle, individuelle, de la responsabilité civile, qui en ressort profondément affectée. Le préjudice est diffus, incertain et délicat à évaluer, et la responsabilité civile est soumise à un dilemme: faut-il réparer un préjudice classique d'altération de la décision ou bien un préjudice, plus spécifique, d'altération du marché? Pour répondre à la question posée, nous avons eu recours au droit comparé. "De lege lata", c'est dans tous les États l'information publique défectueuse qui suscite l'essentiel de l'intérêt: elle fait l'objet d'aménagements variés autour de la réparation de la décision ou du cours, soit par le juge (Etats-Unis, France), soit par le législateur (Allemagne, Royaume-Uni). "De lege ferenda", nous avons opéré un choix de politique juridique restrictif consistant à n'indemniser que les investisseurs s'étant fondés sur l'information, et ce tant pour l'information publique défectueuse que pour l'intervention frauduleuse sur le marché (manipulation de cours et opération d'initié). Cette conception restrictive ne nécessite aucun aménagement de la responsabilité civile délictuelle, de sorte que le droit commun doit continuer de s'y appliquer. Le particularisme du marché boursier est finalement trop important pour espérer que la responsabilité civile, même au prix d'un aménagement, puisse y jouer un véritable rôle. Il faut accepter qu'elle n'ait en la matière qu'une place résiduelle et qu'il revienne plutôt aux responsabilités pénale et administrative de jouer pleinement leur rôle afin de dissuader et d'éviter la survenance de préjudices au détriment des investisseurs. / The aim for our research is to determine whether the specificity of financial markets requires to adapt tort law. Our study is limited to multilateral trade markets and specific faults - defective public information and market abuses. In effect, it is in this context that the problem is most acute as these faults affect the market itself and can injure all investors. The multilateral aspect of financial markets then stands in sharp contrast with the individual dimension of civil liability. There, the damage is fragmented, uncertain and difficult to assess, and liability is subject to a dilemma : should you compensate for the alteration of the decision or of the market ? To answer the question, we used comparative law. De lege lata, in all States defective public information arouses most interest: various solutions have been adopted to compensate either an alteration of the decision or of the market price, by the judge (USA, France) or by Parliament (Germany, UK). De lege ferenda, we opt for compensating only investors who relied on the information for both defective public information or fraudulent market intervention (price manipulation and insider trading). This restrictive approach does not require any adaptation for tort law, so the common law should continue to apply. The specificity of financial markets is finally too strong for civil liability to play a real role there. We must accept that it plays only a residual part on the market and insteat rely on criminal and adminitrative enforcement to deter and prevent the occurence of damage to investors.