The contemporary flâneur is confronted with a radically different world in comparison to the Parisian arcades of the nineteenth century during which the idea of the flâneur was conceptualised. The current urban milieu of the flâneur is dominated by consumerism, computer systems and surveillance, and the research posed here explores the flâneur within this environment. The flâneur was originally visualised on the streets and arcades of the city; however, cities do not only exist as buildings and streets and have become global entities that are constituted from the physical and the virtual. Throughout this study reference is primarily made to the work of Francis Alÿs to elucidate theoretical concepts. This study proposes that there is an absence of the teleological goal in the journey of the flâneur and as such, the flâneur wanders the streets without aim; however, in the process creates narratives and leaves traces of his journey. The ubiquity of surveillance in the contemporary metropolis complicates the flâneur's relationship with the latter. Consequently the impact of surveillance on the flâneur and the flâneur's daily wanderings are examined to ascertain its influence on the flâneur in a hyperreal society. In contemporary thinking, the traditional idea of the male flâneur requires reassessment and this research investigates the possibility of the female flâneur and women's presence in the public spaces of the city and the virtual realm of cyberspace. Furthermore, women are intricately linked to consumerism and their experience and position in the city are influenced by being seen as objects of the gaze. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Visual Arts / unrestricted

Main aim of consideration in this thesis is communication in social networks. In theoretical part is its reader informed about meaning of words virtual reality, social networks, and about their individual specifics during communication via Facebook platform. The depth interviews in practical part of this thesis are used for research on motives, which affect individuals in direction of joining and active using of social networking account. The separate depths interviews are done with representatives of each Facebook member groups. The groups are differentiated by age and opinions on Facebook using. The main contribution of research is verification of evident and latent motives, which influence people in the field of joining Facebook community.

L’activité économique et le nouveau marché électronique sont les notions qui motivent les économistes ainsi que les juristes à réorganiser le nouvel espace du commerce. Un marché électronique donne son caractère électronique à l’activité sur les réseaux, ce qui a motivé les États à adopter certaines règles pour régir ce marché. Cette utilisation de réseau mondial nous encourage à traiter la question de commerce électronique en droit, et plus précisément la question de contrat de vente électronique en droit international privé. La première partie de cette thèse traite d’un côté les questions de la particularité et les problématiques du commerce électronique en droit international privé. Ces problématiques prennent en compte la question du cyberespace en tant que nouveau marché virtuel: la territorialité, l’internationalité, l’immatérialité de cet espace. D’un autre côté, se trouve l’applicabilité des conventions internationales au contrat de vente électronique. La seconde partie de cette thèse analyse la technique et la stratégie d’adaptation des lois nationales afin d’être applicables au contrat électronique. Les deux exemples de cette analyse d’adaptation sont la loi française et la loi syrienne. / Economic activity and the new electronic marketplace are the concepts that motivate economists and lawyers to reorganize the new area of commerce. An electronic market provides its electronic character of the activity on the networks, which motivated the states to adopt certain rules governing this market. This use of global network encourages us to address the issue of electronic commerce law, and specifically the question of contract electronic sales in private international law. The first part of this thesis deals with one side of the particular issues and problems of electronic commerce in international private law. These issues take into account the issue of cyberspace as a new virtual marketplace: territoriality, internationality, the immateriality of this space. On the other hand, is the applicability of international conventions on electronic sales contrac. The second part of this thesis analyzes the technique and strategy of adapting national laws to be applicable to electronic contracts. Two examples of this analysis are adjusting to French law and the Syrian law.

Om ‘geletterd’ te wees, beteken letterlik die vermoë wat die mens het om te kan lees en skryf. Dit kan ook op die vermoë dui om tekens, behalwe woorde, te kan lees, nl. gebare en beelde. In die samelewing word die mens vandag aan baie visuele elemente blootgestel, baie meer as slegs die gedrukte woord – in koerante, tydskrifte, televisie, advertensies, spotprente, strokiesprente, musiekvideo’s, die internet, ens. Om visueel geleterd te wees, is ‘n dus ‘n belangrike vaardigheid wat die mens of in hierdie geval, die leerder, moet aanleer om onderskeidend na die visuele te kan kyk. In hierdie opsig lê die verantwoordelikheid by die onderwyser, en in ‘n groot mate die taal-onderwyser om die leerders die vaardighede wat nodig is om krities en denkend te kan waarneem, aan te leer en te ontwikkel. Visuele geletterdheid is dan die vermoë om te sien, te verstaan, om grafies te dink, te skep en te kommunikeer. In hierdie geval sal die visueel geletterde persoon in staat wees om krities na enige beeld te kyk om dít wat die kunstenaar vir die kyker wil deurgee, te kan ontleed en vertolk. Hierdie vaardighede kan deurgaans op die verskillende visuele elemente toegepas word, nl. foto’s, prente, tekeninge, grafiese kunsvorme soos spotprente, strokiesprente en illustrasies, films, kaarte, ens. Al hierdie visuele elemente stel inligting vry wat die kyker moet kan vertolk. Visuele geletterdheid gee dus die kyker die geleentheid om idees en inligting i.v.m. voorgehoue beelde in konteks te plaas en te bepaal of dit geldend is of nie. Visuele geletterdheid vereis meer as een vaardigheid. Soos by die tradisionele geletterdheid waar dit slegs ‘n vereiste is om woorde en sinne te kan ontleed, maar om met begrip te lees, is ‘n verdere vaardigheid wat verkry moet word. Hier help die onderwyser die leerder om nie net woorde en klanke te onderskei nie, maar te verstaan wat hulle lees. Hierdie vaardigheid sluit ‘n breë woordeskat en kritiese denke in. Hiervoor gebruik die onderwyser verskillende strategieë om by sy uiteindelike doelwit uit te kom, nl. om die leerders kontekstuele begrip teenoor dit wat hulle lees, te laat verkry. Die eerste vlak van visuele geletterdheid is die basiese identifisering van elemente in ‘n prent, foto of grafiese uitbeelding. Die vaardighede wat hiervoor nodig is, is fyn waarneming, maar terselfdertyd die begrip van dít wat gesien word ook in verhouding met ander elemente. Dit gee aanleiding tot kritiese denke, wat noodsaaklik vir die leerder is om afleidings en analisering uit die gegewe visuele te kan maak. Dit sal ook vir die leerder help om uit die oorvloed inligting waarmee hy daagliks op webtuistes en tekste wat aan hom voorgehou word en mee gekonfronteer word, betekenis te vind. Uitkomsgebaseerde Onderwys wat ten doel het om kritiese denke by leerders aan te wakker en te ontwikkel, kan die vaardighede in hierdie studie met vrug toepas. ENGLISH : Literacy literally means the ability of a human to read and write. It can also indicate the ability to read and interpret signs other than words - for example actions and images. Today in civilised society, mankind is exposed to a multitude of visual elements, so much more than only the printed word - in newspapers, magazines, on television, in advertisements, cartoons, comic strips, music videos, the internet: - the list is endless. To be visually literate is an important skill that man, in this case the learner, has to master to be able to look at the visual and distinguish differences in meaning. In this regard, the responsibility lies with the Education department and especially the language teacher. Learners have to be taught the skills to evaluate thoughtfully and critically and to be led to the development of this skill. Visual literacy is the skill to see, understand, think, create and communicate graphically. The visually literate person will be capable of assessing any image critically as well as analysing and interpreting what the artist wanted the viewer to know. These skills can be applied to any visual material - photo's, pictures, drawings and graphic art forms like cartoons, comics, illustrations, films and maps. All these visual elements give information that the viewer must be able to analyse. Visual literacy grants the viewer the opportunity to place ideas and information, relating to an image, in context and to evaluate whether those ideas and information are relevant. Visual literacy demands more than just one skill. Like traditional literacy there is one skill to analyse words and sentences and to read with comprehension, an additional skill must be mastered. The teacher helps the learner not only to identify words and sounds, but also to understand what he reads. This competence includes a wide vocabulary and critical thinking skills. The teacher uses different strategies to achieve his ultimate goal - to have learners gain contextual understanding of their reading. The first level of visual literacy is the basic identification of elements in a picture, photograph or graphic image. Here the necessary skills are careful observation as well as comprehension of what is seen in relation to other elements. This develops critical thinking which is essential for the learner to make deductions from and analyse the given visual material. It will also help the learner to make relevant meaning of the flood of information that he is confronted with in cyberspace and visual texts on a daily basis. Outcomes Based Education, which has as its goal the creation and development of critical awareness in learners, can use the skills explained in this study, with great success. / Thesis (DLitt)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Afrikaans / unrestricted

Orientador: Marcelo El Khouri Buzato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T03:43:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sachs_RafaelSalmazi_M.pdf: 10793959 bytes, checksum: 2d0fd06b73083ec060e8de59058173ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Esta dissertação teve como objetivo mais amplo gerar inteligibilidades acerca da relação entre a cultura digital e a ação política na contemporaneidade, a partir da articulação, no campo da Linguística Aplicada, entre a noção de linguagem digital como processo e o conceito de política como regime de enunciação, que objetiva traduzir em um os interesses de muitos. Como contexto para o estudo, escolheram-se os eventos das Jornadas de Junho de 2013, caracterizadas tanto pela emergência repentina de massivos protestos de rua no Brasil, quanto pela publicação, em sites de redes sociais, de uma grande quantidade de remixes e mashups contendo enunciados políticos a respeito. Compõem o corpus empírico da pesquisa 88 textos verbovisuais desse tipo, publicados no Facebook entre junho e julho de 2013. Entendidos como frutos de percursos de desmontagem e remontagem, e, portanto, de desressemiotização, esses textos foram analisados com base na articulação (proposta como objetivo teórico do trabalho) entre as categorias da Semiótica Social para a multimodalidade e as da Teoria Ator-Rede para translações. Como objetivo empírico, buscou-se descrever os significados representacionais e os percursos de constituição das montagens do corpus, em relação ao regime de enunciação da política. As perguntas de pesquisa foram duas, a saber: (1) quais foram os principais actantes mobilizados nos remixes estudados, e em que tipo de processos semióticos tais actantes apareceram com maior frequência?; e (2) quais foram algumas das operações de ressemiotização empregadas nas desreestabilizações sucessivas das diferentes versões de Brasil e realidade brasileira constituídas nesses textos? Os resultados elencaram as figurativizações mais comuns e os processos representacionais mais frequentes no corpus, em que os manifestantes, a nação brasileira, os políticos e a grande mídia foram os principais actantes representados, em geral, através de processos atributivos simbólicos. Destacou-se, nesse levantamento, a figura do gigante de pedra se levantando no Rio de Janeiro, empregada por muitos como representação unificada do Brasil e dos interesses múltiplos em atuação nas Jornadas. A partir dessa figura, descreveram-se ainda os processos de negociação de affordances para constituição de alguns dos textos analisados, e sua relação com as disputas pelo significado dos acontecimentos das Jornadas de Junho, e pela definição que era "ser brasileiro" no momento dos protestos. Como conclusão, os dados refletem a necessidade de buscar caminhos para compreensões menos deterministas da relação entre política, tecnologias digitais e sociedade, e modos de formação cidadã, no âmbito das mídias digitais, que viabilizem a compreensão de enunciados políticos como fruto de enredamentos semióticos sempre articulados em disputas de interesse, mesmo quando se pretendem neutros / Abstract: The main goal of the present study is to suggest ways of understanding the relation between digital culture and contemporary political action, based on the connection, drawn in the field of Applied Linguistics, between the notion of digital language as process and the concept of politics as a regime of enunciation which aims to translate the interests of many into one. The events of the June Journeys in 2013 were taken as context for the study, since they included not only the sudden emergence of massive protests on Brazilian streets, but also the publishing, on social network sites, of large amounts of remixes and mashups containing political statements on that regard. Seen as the outcomes of disassembling and assembling trajectories, and therefore, of deresemiotization trajectories, those texts were analyzed in the light of an articulation (also presented as a theoretical objective of this work) between Social Semiotics studies on multimodality and Actor-Network Theory principles for the understanding of translations. As empirical objectives, this work aimed to describe the representational meanings and the assembling trajectories of the texts in the corpus, in relation to the political regime of enunciation. The research questions were two: (1) what were the main actants mobilized in the remixes in the corpus, and in which kind of semiotic processes those actants appeared more often?; and (2) what were some of the resemiotization operations used for the continuous derestabilizations of different versions of Brazil and Brazilian reality represented in those texts? Results enroll the most frequent figurativizations and the most usual representational processes in the corpus, in which the demonstrators, Brazilian nation, politicians and mass media were the main actants, and were depicted, in general, through symbolic attributive processes. In that enrollment, the image of a stone giant rising in Rio de Janeiro was prominent, for it was used by many as a unified depiction of Brazil as a whole and of the multiple interests acting during the Journeys. From that picture, the results described the processes of negotiation of affordances for the composition of some of the analyzed texts, and their relation to the disputes for the meaning of the June Journeys events, and for what meant "to be Brazilian" then. As a conclusion, data reflects the need of pursuing less determinist ways of understanding the relation among politics, digital technologies and society, as well as the need for ways of citizenship education, regarding digital media, that address the understanding of political statements as outcomes of semiotic entanglements which are always connected to interests in dispute, even when allegedly neutral / Mestrado / Linguagem e Sociedade / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:12:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mariano_vicente_silva_filho.pdf: 3038638 bytes, checksum: ceb93662bb34346d7ac2080e5503e144 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-25 / This Dissertation presents a research concerning the virtualized religion through the symbolical-religious goods supply in the Internet, departing from the Pauline Congregation Members Mission in Paulus Publish House site. This work describes cyberculture with its technological imaginary figment, identifying the way how one rebuilds the catholic religiosity in cyberspace, it this work studies symbolical goods supply practices, through on line technological tools in Paulus site; as well as it this Work searches understanding the marketing logicians, appeals and strategies concerning the symbolical spiritual products supply in this cyberspace context amidst a diffused and syncretistic religiosity. As a methodological proceeding, one has chosen a critical outline, descriptive interpretative qualitative approach, besides the bibliographical observation: site structured observation and analysis through ethnography technics, complemented with its contents transdisciplinary hermeneutics. Its this Work results show up the new religiosity constituent elements in cyberculture, interfering in this Catholic Religious Order evangelization service. These results contribute for stimulating a more conscious reflection regarding to religiosity, as well as for fomenting the right to a more clarified religion, besides subsiding optimized possible strategies for religious symbolical goods supply. / A presente dissertação apresenta uma investigação da religião virtualizada com a oferta de bens simbólico-espirituais na internet, a partir da missão dos paulino, no site da Editora Paulus. O trabalho descreve a cibercultura com seu imaginário tecnológico, identificando como se reconstrói a religiosidade católica no ciberespaço; estuda as práticas de oferta de bens simbólicos e de conteúdos religiosos através das ferramentas tecnológicas on-line no site da Paulus; assim como, busca entender as lógicas, apelos e estratégias mercadológicas do oferecimento de produtos simbólico-espirituais nesse contexto do ciberespaço, em meio a uma religiosidade difusa e sincrética. Como procedimento metodológico, optou-se por abordagem qualitativa de recorte crítico, descritivo/interpretativo, além da revisão bibliográfica: observação estruturada e análise de site através da técnica da netnografia, complementada por uma hermenêutica transdisciplinar do seu conteúdo. Os resultados demonstram os elementos constitutivos da nova religiosidade na cibercultura interferindo no serviço de evangelização dessa Ordem religiosa católica. Esses resultados contribuem para estimular uma reflexão mais consciente sobre a religiosidade, bem como para fomentar o direito à religião esclarecida; além de subsidiar possíveis estratégias otimizadas para a oferta de bens simbólicos religiosos.

Fifty journalists worldwide lost their lives while doing their job last year. Many others are in prison, face death threats and other kinds of imminence. With the spread of the internet and social media a lot of communication moved into cyberspace therefore many threats and attacks towards journalists are taking place there. This thesis called Investigative Journalists in Danger in Czech Media Environment deals with the threats investigative journalists are facing. This paper also analyses how they are protecting themselves while doing their job. For a better understanding of the whole topic, this paper also presents to the reader the history, development and role of investigative journalism in the Czech Republic. The research presents interviews with twelve established Czech investigative journalists who shared their experiences and opinions on the state of security in the Czech Republic, the threats they are facing and how they are protecting themselves. The answers of the respondents confirmed the general opinion that being an investigative journalist is often a dangerous job where the reporters face all kinds of threats and pressure.

La pandemia del covid19 ha evidenciado una realidad en los periódicos mundiales: la fortaleza de la web. El papel y tinta han ido, con el pasar de los años, alejándose de los fieles lectores quienes fueron migrando a la par del boom tecnológico hacia el ciberespacio. Las ventajas que ofrece esta multiplataforma hacen que el contenido pueda ser mucho más rico y los periodistas tengan la función de informar usando diferentes lenguajes. La avalancha de la información en las redes hace que los medios de comunicación tengan una lucha contante con los fake news y desinformación, pero esto ha generado también un consumidor mucho más activo y que, en muchos casos, produce gran parte de esta información. Con todo ello, se busca analizar los retos y posibilidades de los medios actuales tomando el caso de Perú21, medio local que ha evidenciado una fuerte presencia en redes sociales y que, desde su aparición en el año 2000 ha ido adaptándose a las exigencias de la nueva era informática. Bajo esta línea, estamos frente a una nueva realidad no solo de vida social, sino también informativa. La publicidad, smartphones y usuarios han encontrado en la web un formato mucho más amigable, más extenso y con mayor espacio para el debate. Esto nos lleva a estar a puertas de una manera distinta de consumir la información diaria. Los tabloides y tintas han quedado como un recuerdo con mucho sentimiento, no solo para los lectores, sino también para los periodistas. Es hora de darle la bienvenida a la nueva manera y forma de hacer periodismo: el ciberespacio. / Since the creation of the World Wide Web in the 1990, things have change dramatically for the news media. Every single outlet needed a web page, to the point that Internet is the main source to read news in the World today. Moreover, the creation of social media started the democratization of the news environment, a new one where everybody could be a journalist. The published newspaper is in dire straits, the profession questioned, sources of income -like advertising- are no longer secure. Even worse, the covid-19 pandemic has taken all this to the extreme. Therefore, thousands of media sources have closed, and the use of Artificial Intelligence is taking the jobs of the average journalist. This situation has been addressed with creativity by outlets like The New York Times and El País, focusing in quality and reader loyalty. In Peru, this transformation has affected all its traditional media and the way they present news. This investigation addressed the effect, the changes and the possibilities of Peru21, the first newspaper to embrace the Web in the country, and their change of strategy to engage with the public and generate revenues, especially due to the 2020 pandemic. / Trabajo de investigación

Conflict in cyberspace Abstract Analysis of conflict in cyberspace seeking to understand the conflict and communication culture in internet discussions with regard to the dynamics of argumentation conflicts. The analysis is hermeneutic understanding conflict on internet discussions and descriptions conversationally - argumentative dynamics of internet discussions below the news servers. The research uses qualitative methods of data analysis and interpretation. The conflict in cyberspace I divided the realistic and the nonrealistic. Communication on internet discussions is then characterized by conflict rather unrealistic, therefore, partly wasteful and ephemeral conflicts virtual self - presentation, based on sarcasm, invective, irony, cynicism and offensive reactions. Studying the structure and dynamics of internet discussions, also refutes the stereotype that internet discussions are mere "opinions cesspool" or meaningless "virtual gallery" demented posts.

In my master thesis I deal the with specific creation of communities on the Internet. The aim of this essay is to contribute to the debate about the problematics of the Internet and its role in the postmodern society. The basic idea is that the physical and virtual world leads to formation of communities. I believe that association with communities can be considered as a natural human phenomenon. Internet is perceived as a space, which provides the opportunity for its users to organize themselves into virtual communities. The question is if the creation of virtual communities is the goal of postmodern society. On the one hand Internet can be seen as a space of strengthening personal individuality, because of freedom and authonomy it provides. But on the other hand communities could place demands on their members, thereby they represent certain limitation of thein member's individuality. In this thesis I verify the hypothesis that the Internet is a space that leads to formation of virtual communities at the expense of developing one's own individuality.