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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
351

[pt] A RESPONSABILIDADE NO SISTEMA FILOSÓFICO DE SCHOPENHAUER / [en] RESPONSIBILITY IN THE PHILOSOPHICAL SYSTEM OF SCHOPENHAUER

REJANE VALVANO CORREA DA SILVA 14 September 2004 (has links)
[pt] A responsabilidade no sistema filosófico de Schopenhauer tem como objetivo tentar definir o conceito de responsabilidade seguindo um caminho a partir do qual apresentamos alguns usos deste conceito ao longo de textos por nós selecionados de Schopenhauer. Uma vez que a sua filosofia tem como estilo, como marca, uma relação íntima entre metafísica, teoria do conhecimento, estética e ética, pareceu-nos imprudente analisar a responsabilidade na ética ignorando os outros três temas, como por exemplo, as condições formais do conhecimento do sujeito, o princípio de razão suficiente, a lei da motivação, a crítica a um dever moral, a contemplação estética e a do asceta, os graus de objetivação e as Idéias. A questão do sofrimento, sem dúvida perpassa a obra de Schopenhauer, e esta dissertação também. A responsabilidade parece-nos estar diretamente ligada à dor: afirmar ou negar a vontade de viver. / [en] The main objective of Responsibility in the philosophical system of Schopenhauer is trying to define the concept of responsibility by presenting some of the uses of this concept in selected texts by Schopenhauer. Since the his philosophy`s style and defining character is the relationship between metaphysics, theory of knowledge, aesthetics and ethic, we find it imprudent to analyze responsibility based solely on ethics and leaving aside the other three themes such as the formal conditions of the subject`s knowledge, the principle of sufficient reason, the law of motivation, the criticism of moral duty, aesthetics and ascetic contemplation, objectification degrees and Ideas. There is no doubt that the issue of suffering permeates all the works by Schopenhauer, and the same is true of this dissertation. Responsibility seems to us to be directly related to pain, affirming or denying the will to live.
352

Determinants of Pro-Environmental Behavior Among International University Students in Sweden : An Application of Social Cognitive Theory

Kim, Soyeon January 2024 (has links)
Abstract  Background: Growing global concerns about sustainability highlight the importance of environmental sustainability, particularly environmentally conscious behaviors. There has been a growing focus on pro-environmental behavior (PEB) as a way for individuals to minimize their environmental impact. Global environmental challenges underscore the pressing need for proactive environmental action, particularly the growing emphasis on the importance of motivating individuals' daily actions and choices, as they directly contribute to environmental conservation and pro-environmental behavior. In the context of Sweden, the country is widely recognized for its commitment to environmental sustainability. Moreover, considering the increasing number of international university students in Sweden, it contributes to the academic environment and allows for the exploration of environmental behaviors within a diverse population. Given this, understanding, and promoting pro-environmental behaviors among this demographic in Sweden is essential, and it also helps contribute to the societal commitment to environmental conservation.  Purpose: This thesis aims to investigate the determinants that influence pro-environmental behavior among international university students in Sweden, employing social cognitive theory and the reciprocal determinism model. Focusing on personal (internal) factors like environmental knowledge and attitudes as well as environmental (external) factors like subjective norms and place attachment, this thesis also explored the interaction between pro-environmental behavior and its associated factors. By understanding these factors’ roles, this thesis aims to contribute to the development of effective strategies for promoting pro-environmental behavior among this population. Method: This thesis adopts a quantitative approach to examine the interplay of variables via an online survey. Data were collected from 203 individuals in Sweden, focusing on investigating the relationships between different factors and pro-environmental behavior based on eight formulated hypotheses. Respondents were selected using judgmental sampling, and data analysis was conducted using techniques such as Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis in SPSS.  Conclusion: The results of this thesis reveal a significant association between different factors and pro-environmental behavior among international university students in Sweden. Specifically, environmental attitude and place attachment were found to positively influence pro-environmental behavior. Moreover, subjective norms were shown to have a positive impact on both environmental knowledge and attitude. However, neither the relationship between place attachment and environmental knowledge nor the relationship between environmental knowledge and subjective norms had any significant impact on pro-environmental behavior.
353

Free will in device-independent cryptography

Pope, James Edward January 2014 (has links)
Device-independent cryptography provides security in various tasks whilst removing an assumption that cryptographers previously thought of as crucial -- complete trust in the machinations of their experimental apparatus. The theory of Bell inequalities as a proof of indeterminism within nature allows for secure device-independent schemes requiring neither trust in the cryptographers' devices nor reliance on the completeness of quantum mechanics. However, the extreme paranoia attributable to the relaxed assumptions within device independence requires an explicit consideration of the previously assumed ability of the experimenters to freely make random choices. This thesis addresses the so-called `free will loophole', presenting Bell tests and associated cryptographic protocols robust against adversarial manipulation of the random number generators with which measurements in a Bell test are selected. We present several quantitative measures for this experimental free will, otherwise known as measurement dependence. We discuss how an eavesdropper maliciously preprogramming the experimenters' untrusted devices can falsely simulate the violation of a Bell inequality. We also bound the amount of Bell violation achievable within a certain degree of measurement dependence. This analysis extends to device-independent randomness expansion, bounding the guessing probability and estimating the amount of privacy amplification required to distil private randomness. The protocol is secure against either arbitrary no-signalling or quantum adversaries. We also consider device-independent key distribution, studying adversarial models that exploit the free will loophole. Finally, we examine a model correlated between the random number generators and Bell devices across multiple runs of a Bell test. This enables an explicit exposition of the optimal cheating strategy and how the correlations manifest themselves within this strategy. We prove that there remain Bell violations for a sufficiently high, yet non-maximal degree of measurement dependence which cannot be simulated by a classical attack, regardless of how many runs of the experiment those choices are correlated over.
354

Le statut de la liberté dans l’existentialisme, par-delà la théorie critique

Audet-Cayer, Philippe 08 1900 (has links)
Dans la philosophie existentialiste de Sartre, l’existence précède l’essence. C’est-à-dire que c’est la réalité humaine vécue qui définit l’homme, et non une essence abstraite qui précèderait l’existence. L’essence de la vie humaine ne serait donc pas à la portée de la philosophie, qui voudrait établir une essence qui transcenderait la réalité humaine. Pour Sartre, cette tentative d’établir une essence est vaine. L’homme n’est pas simplement, mais a à être. Sartre entrevoit dans cette exigence la seule vraie possibilité de la liberté : la liberté c’est précisément le néant qui est au cœur de l’homme et qui contraint la réalité humaine à se faire au lieu d’être. Cette notion de la liberté absolue de l’homme est très forte et a évidemment suscité la critique. Sartre s’est attiré notamment la désapprobation des penseurs de l’École de Francfort. Ils lui reprochent de ne pas rendre justice aux déterminations spécifiques qu’impose le contexte historique, social et matériel. Sa notion de liberté viendrait dissocier l’horizon des possibilités des processus qui les fixent et, du coup le mène à cautionner tacitement le statut quo, en empêchant la liberté de servir de critère pour critiquer la domination existante. Une philosophie existentialiste reste-t-elle possible par-delà cette critique? La croyance en le caractère absurde de la vie humaine et l’exigence à se faire pour donner un sens à l’existence peuvent-elles tenir sans postuler la liberté absolue? Ou bien cette liberté doit-elle nécessairement être circonscrite par une théorie sociale critique, sans quoi l’existentialisme colportera clandestinement le maintien du statu quo? / n Sartre’s existentialist philosophy existence precedes essence. This means that it is the life being lived that defines man, and not an abstract essence that precedes him. The essence of human life is thus not reachable with a philosophy that would want to posit an essence that transcends human reality. Sartre considers this attempt to establish an essence vain. Man is not simply, but rather has to be. Sartre sees in this the only true possibility for liberty: liberty is precisely the nothingness that is at the heart of man and compels the human reality to make itself instead of just being. This notion of absolute liberty for man is a strong one and has indeed been criticized. Among critics, Sartre met with the disapproval of the thinkers of Frankfurt School. They accused him of not seeing the specific determinations that the historical, social and material world imposes on man. His notion of liberty dissociates the horizon of possibilities from the processes that establish them, which make him tacitly encourage the status quo, because he prevents liberty from being used as a criterion to criticize the existing domination. Is an existentialist philosophy still possible beyond this critic? Can the belief in the absurd nature of human life and in the necessity of making oneself to give sense to existence still hold without postulating absolute liberty? Or must liberty necessarily be circumscribed by a critical social theory, without which existentialism will clandestinely encourage the status quo?
355

Passage du nihilisme biologique au nihilisme moral dans la pensée d'Alex Rosenberg

Beauchamp, Mélanie 08 1900 (has links)
La biologie évolutionnaire est au cœur des débats contemporains concernant les comportements humains. Les concepts de libre arbitre et de la moralité doivent, par conséquent, être repositionnés par rapport à ce type d’explication. Le consensus actuel concernant le libre arbitre est qu’il se réduit à l’expérience du libre arbitre et que la vraie question est alors d’expliquer comment cette expérience s’inscrit dans le processus darwinien. D’autres, darwiniens, par contre, semblent vouloir offrir une réalité au libre arbitre tout en maintenant un certain déterminisme darwinien. Dans ce mémoire, les arguments d’Alex Rosenberg proposant la position originale d’anti-libre arbitre et d’antidéterminisme seront étudiés. L’étude détaillée du passage du nihilisme biologique vers un nihilisme moral démontré par une position physicaliste et naturaliste, adoptée par Rosenberg, permettra d’illustrer la position anti-libre arbitre et antidéterministe. Pour ce faire, les théories de la deuxième loi de la thermodynamique et de l’évolution par la sélection naturelle seront présentées et analysées afin de démontrer en quoi elles répondent à la position physicaliste et naturaliste d’une part, et d’autre part, comment elles justifient le passage du nihilisme biologique au nihilisme moral selon Rosenberg. Finalement, les arguments et la position d’Alex Rosenberg seront mis en relation avec le domaine de la métaéthique afin d’y déceler une contradiction : le nihilisme moral n’est peut-être pas aussi gentil que Rosenberg l’affirme. / Evolutionary biology is at the center of contemporary debates about human behavior. Therefore the concepts of free will and morality in regard of these kinds of explanations should be studied. Today’s consensus posits that free will is only the experience of free will. The real question is more how this experience could take place in a Darwinian frame. However, others Darwinians seem to give free will a reality as well as accepting a Darwinian determinism. In this essay, Alex Rosenberg’s original position negating free will and determinism will be studied. More specifically, the physicalist and naturalist positions adopted by Rosenberg argues for the transition from the biological nihilism to moral nihilism. We will see how this transition illustrates Rosenberg’s position about free will and morality. To do so, the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Theory of Natural Selection will be analyzed in the aim of demonstrating how they can be associated with the physicalist and naturalist positions. Finally, Alex Rosenberg’s arguments will be put in a metaethics frame to show a contradiction: moral nihilism might not be as nice as Rosenberg suggest.
356

Etude du déterminisme génétique des différences de teneurs et de profils en isoflavones dans la graine de soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) / Genetic determinism of isoflavones content and composition in hypocotyls and cotyledons of the soybean seed (Glycine max L. Merrill)

Artigot, Marie-Pierre 20 July 2012 (has links)
La graine de soja contient de grandes quantités d'isoflavones (génistéine, daidzéine et glycitéine). En raison de leurs propriétés phytoestrogéniques, ces composés peuvent avoir des effets bénéfiques sur la santé humaine, mais ils peuvent aussi être perçus comme perturbateurs endocriniens, en particulier dans les laits pour nourrissons. La teneur et la composition en isoflavones de la graine diffèrent selon la fraction considérée. Les cotylédons contiennent de la génistéine et de la daidzéine, tandis que les germes, avec une teneur quatre à dix fois supérieure, contiennent majoritairement de la daidzéine et de la glycitéine. Le génotype influence fortement la teneur en isoflavones totales. Le déterminisme du pourcentage des isoflavones est essentiellement génétique. Ce travail porte sur l'étude du déterminisme génétique à l'origine des variations de teneurs et de compositions en isoflavones dans les germes et les cotylédons de la graine, en tenant compte également du net décalage de l'accumulation entre ces deux compartiments, au cours du développement de la graine. Dans un premier temps, les gènes des isoflavone synthases (IFS) de variétés très différenciées pour leurs teneurs et profils d'isoflavones ont été séquencés, puis les expressions des gènes clefs de la biosynthèse (neuf chalcone synthases (CHS), une chalcone réductase (CHR), quatre chalcone isomérases (CHI) et les deux isoflavone synthases (IFS) ont été suivies par RT-PCR quantitative dans les cotylédons et dans les germes, à trois stades critiques du développement de la graine (25, 40 et 60 jours après floraison). La seconde partie de ce travail a été consacrée à l'étude de l'expression de différents gènes candidats de la flavonoïde 6-hydroxylase (F6H) catalysant la première étape de la synthèse de la glycitéine. Le polymorphisme des séquences génomiques IFS1 et IFS2 des isoflavone synthases n'a pas montré de lien avec les différences de teneurs en isoflavones entre les variétés. L'activité transcriptionnelle des gènes de biosynthèse des isoflavones souligne l'existence d'une régulation bien distincte de cette synthèse dans ces deux compartiments. Les taux d'expression des gènes cibles ne sont pas toujours reliés avec les différences de teneurs ou de profils dans les germes et les cotylédons, suggérant ainsi l'effet prépondérant des régulations post-traductionnelles, notamment dans la formation du complexe multienzymatique de biosynthèse de ces composés. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence une forte expression du gène CHS9 codant pour la chalcone synthase 9, avec un profil correspondant plus à l'accumulation des isoflavones dans le germe que dans les cotylédons. Les gènes CHS7 et CHS8 codant pour les chalcone synthases 7 et 8, déjà signalés comme fortement corrélés à la synthèse des isoflavones, sont plus liés à l'accumulation dans les cotylédons que dans les germes. Ces travaux montrent aussi que le gène F6H signalé dans la littérature ne s'exprime pas dans les germes. En revanche, deux candidats dont la séquence est similaire à 79% ont été étudiés. Le gène F6H3 est le seul à s'exprimer dans la graine, uniquement dans le germe. Son expression n'a pas été détectée dans les germes d'une lignée mutante qui ne produit pas de glycitéine. Ce gène est donc un candidat potentiel clef pour la synthèse de la glycitéine dans le germe. La structure particulière de l'enzyme correspondante pourrait indiquer une forte implication de l'architecture du complexe enzymatique et des contraintes qui en découlent dans l'utilisation préférentielle d'une voie ou d'une autre dans ce schéma de biosynthèse. / The soybean seed contains large amounts of isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein). Owing to their phytoestrogenic properties, these compounds can have beneficial effects on human health, but they can also be considered as endocrine disruptors, for example in infant formulas. The isoflavone content and composition in the seed depend on the considered fraction. The cotyledons contain only genistein and daidzein, while the hypocotyls are four to ten times more concentrated and contain three isoflavones, mostly daidzein and glycitein. The genotype has a strong influence on total isoflavone content, and even more on the percentage of individual isoflavones in cotyledons and hypocotyls. The objective of this work is to investigate the genetic determinism that underlies such contrasted contents and compositions between the two seed fractions, and the relation between main biosynthetic steps and genotypic differences. First, the genes of isoflavone synthases (IFS) were sequenced in varieties with highly contrasted content and composition. The expression of different keys genes of the biosynthesis (nine chalcone synthases (CHS), a chalcone reductase (CHR), four chalcone isomerases (CHI) and the two isoflavone synthases (IFS) have then been followed by quantitative RT - PCR in the cotyledons and hypocotyls, at three critical stages of seed development (25, 40 and 60 days after flowering). Second, the expression of different candidate genes for the flavonoid 6-hydroxylase (F6H) which catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of the glycitein has been investigated. The polymorphism of the genomic sequences IFS1 and IFS2 of isoflavone synthases was not correlated with differences in isoflavone contents. The transcriptional activity of key genes of the biosynthesis of isoflavones pointed out the existence of a distinct regulation of isoflavone biosynthesis between the two seed fractions. The expression levels of target genes were not always related to differences in isoflavone content or compositions in the hypocotyls and cotyledons. This suggests the overriding effect of post-translational regulation, especially in the formation of multienzyme complex of biosynthesis of these compounds. The chalcone synthase gene CHS9 was highly expressed, with a profile similar to the accumulation of isoflavones in hypocotyls. The chalcone synthase genes CHS7 and CHS8 expressions, already reported as highly correlated to the biosynthesis of isoflavones were more related to accumulation in the cotyledons than in hypocotyls. This work has also shown that the F6H gene, reported in the literature was not expressed in the hypocotyls. However, two candidates with as highly similar coding sequence (79%) have been studied. The F6H3 gene is the only one expressed in the seed, more precisely in the hypocotyls but it was not expressed in the cotyledons. Moreover, it was not expressed in a mutant line which did not accumulate glycitein. This gene is therefore a key potential candidate for the synthesis of the glycitein in hypocotyls. The particular structure of the corresponding enzyme may indicate a strong involvement of the architecture of the multienzyme complex of isoflavones biosynthesis and the constraints arising in the preferential use of a track or another in this scheme of biosynthesis.
357

L'éthique spinoziste comme devenir. Variations affectives et temporalité de l'existence / Spinozian Ethics as Becoming. Affective variations and the temporality of existence

Henry, Julie 29 June 2013 (has links)
Ce travail se propose de comprendre l’éthique élaborée par Spinoza comme cheminement individuel dans le cadre d’une nature déterminée de part en part, et au sein de laquelle aucune finalité n’est assignée aux hommes. La question consiste donc à se demander comment l’on peut passer à une autre manière d’exister sans postuler de distance de soi à soi ; et cela revient à incarner différemment, singulièrement, le déterminisme commun. S’appuyant sur l’étude de concepts tels fabrica, constitutio, occasio, ou encore aptitudes, ce travail part du dynamisme des choses singulières afin d’établir l’historicité propre à l’existence humaine. Dans ce cadre, les rencontres déterminantes sans être librement choisies sont parties prenantes du cheminement éthique, comme autant de circonstances propices à l’occasion desquelles on peut accroître son aptitude à être diversement affecté. Il s’agit ainsi de constituer une « anthropologie éthique » qui permette de concevoir l’éthique à partir de l’existence courante des hommes du commun, mais sans jamais la réduire à une science des comportements. Cela requiert ainsi de penser la possibilité de changements sur fond de continuité, en incluant dans le cheminement tout ce qui est à même d’alimenter des variations orientées, comme le désir, l’imagination d’un modèle ou la sensation de soi à divers moments de son existence. Est requis pour cela de constituer un concept de « singularité », qui se distingue de ce qui est simplement particulier, mais qui ne s’oppose pas cependant à un cheminement commun. Cela revient alors à considérer l’éthique non comme un état à atteindre (un devenir « quelque chose »), mais comme le fait même d’être « en devenir ». / The aim of this study is to conceive of Spinoza’s ethics as an individual progression within the framework of a completely determined existence wherein no finality is assigned to man. Hence, the question is how to pass from one mode of existence to another without distancing one from oneself or, that which amounts to the same, how to embody, differently and in a singular way, the common determinism. Taking our point of departure in concepts such as fabrica, constitutio, occasio or aptitude, this study thus begins by looking at the dynamics of individual things in order to determine the historicity proper to human existence. Within this framework, encounters that are determining but not freely chosen are integral parts of the ethical progression, constituting so many circumstances propitious for the production of the occasions where one’s aptitude to be affected in many ways can be augmented. The objective is then to establish an “ethical anthropology” allowing to conceive of an ethics taking its point of departure in the everyday existence of common people but without ever reducing to a science of behaviors. This also requires that the possibility of change must be thought on the basis of continuity by including in the progression everything that supports the different variations and their orientations, such as desire or the imaginary models or senses of self that we have at different moments of our existence. In order to do that, one must construct a concept of “singularity” as of something different from the merely “particular” but that nonetheless is not opposed to a common progression. This amounts to considering ethics, not as a state to achieve (a “becoming something”) but rather as the very fact of being “in becoming.”
358

Élan vital et mystique dans la pensée d'Henri Bergson / Vital and mystical impulse in the thought of Henri Bergson

Baka, Okpobé Christiane 03 December 2012 (has links)
La première conception de la religion que nous livre Bergson dans Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion semble se réduire à un fait anthropologique. Cette religion, qu'il décrit comme une réalité statique, brouille toute idée de révélation qui se veut pourtant transcendante à l'Histoire. La deuxième conception, par contre, sans être une réflexion systématique sur l'idée d'un Dieu révélé, s'en rapproche par le biais des mystiques. Mais, là encore, se présente une difficulté : pour rejoindre la mystique, Bergson la situe dans le processus évolutif d'une réalité naturelle, l'élan vital dont il suit le cours jusqu'à son achèvement. Ainsi se pose la question de la nature transcendante ou non du fait mystique dans le bergsonisme. La réponse à cette question nécessite, non pas seulement une intelligibilité de l'image la plus controversée du vocabulaire bergsonien, l'élan vital, mais surtout une sympathie avec elle, qui seule permet d'aller au-delà de la rigidité des mots pour découvrir la vie qui les innerve. Par l'intuition, démarche de l'esprit, que le philosophe français recommande comme méthode à la philosophie, l'élan vital se solidarise avec la durée créatrice et devient le langage par lequel l'univers créé se comprend : le langage de l'amour divin. Il peut alors s'allier avec la mystique sans lui faire perdre sa double essence de réalité humaine et transcendante. / The first conception of religion that Bergson offers us in Two Sources of Morality and Religion seems reducible to an anthropological fact. This religion, which he describes as a static reality, obscures any idea of revelation claiming to be transcendent to History. The second conception, however, without being a systematic reflection on the idea of a revealed God, approaches that through the mystics. But, there again, a difficulty arises: to link up with the mystical, Bergson situates it within the evolving process of a natural reality, the élan vital, whose course he follows up to its completion. Thus, the question as to whether or not the mystical is transcendent in nature arises in Bergsonian thought. The answer to this question requires not only the intelligibility of the most debated image in the Bergsonian vocabulary, the élan vital, but rather sympathy with it, which alone enables one to move beyond the rigidity of words in order to discover the life invigorating it. Through this mental exercise, the intuition that the French philosopher recommends as method to philosophy, the élan vital is in solidarity with creative duration and becomes the language by means of which the created universe understands itself: the language of divine love. It can then ally itself with the mystical without causing it to lose its dual essence of human and transcendent reality.
359

Amazônia ano 1000: territorialidade e conflito no tempo das chefias regionais / Amazonia year AD 1000: Territoriality and Conflict at the Time of the Regional Chiefdoms

Moraes, Claide de Paula 13 June 2013 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa em arqueologia que busca discutir o processo de ocupação humana no passado pré-colonial de uma área genericamente conhecida como Amazônia Central. Mais precisamente estamos tratando de evidências arqueológicas das proximidades da foz dos rios Negro e Solimões e do baixo rio Madeira, Estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Nosso objetivo se foca principalmente nas ocupações da era Cristã. A discussão é guiada pelas evidências de um período de ocupação classificado como fase Paredão, porém, o objetivo maior do trabalho é entender os processos que levaram ao surgimento, desenvolvimento e decadência das chefias regionais do período pré-colonial da Amazônia. Com base em pesquisas de levantamento, mapeamento e escavação de sítios arqueológicos nestas duas áreas e com o subsídio de um grande volume de pesquisas produzidas no Projeto Amazônia Central, buscamos entender o processo de formação dos sítios e estruturas arqueológicas, as particularidades de cada momento de ocupação e a interação entre os antigos habitantes desta região. Para lançar luz sobre um objetivo maior de entender processos regionais amplos, partimos de estudos intra-sítio e da tecnologia de produção de artefatos com análises tecnológicas e espaciais pormenorizadas. Amparados pelos resultados destas análises, buscamos dialogar com outros contextos onde os dados arqueológicos são ainda exploratórios. Com estas ferramentas tentaremos dialogar com trabalhos de outras regiões da Amazônia que versam sobre, densidade populacional, forma de assentamento, sistemas de assentamentos, conflito, disputa territorial, significado da variabilidade artefatual e modo de subsistência. Ao final saímos com algumas propostas alternativas para interpretar o significado da variabilidade tecnológica da cerâmica, da disputa por território, importância da agricultura e complexidade política por volta do ano 1000 DC. / This work presents the results of archaeological research aimed at debating the process of human occupation in the pre-Columbian past in an area generally referred to as the Central Amazon. More specifically, it contemplates archaeological evidence from the environs of the mouth of the Rivers Negro and Solimões (Amazon) as well as the lower Madeira, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Our principal focus is upon occupations of the Christian Era; the discussion is guided by evidence from a period of occupation defined as the Paredão phase. The greater aim of the work, however, is to understand processes that led to the emergence, development and decline of regional chiefdoms of the pre-colonial period in Amazonia. We seek to understand site and archaeological structure formation processes, the specificities of each moment of occupation and the interaction between peoples who lived in these areas based on survey, mapping and excavation of archaeological sites and upon a substantial volume of research conducted by members of the Central Amazon Project. Technological and detailed spatial analyses allowed us to study artefact production technology and intra-site contexts respectively, enabling us in turn to shed light on a larger question, involving wider regional processes. We then compared and contrasted the results of these analyses with other contexts, where archaeological research is still in an exploratory phase. These data and methods have permitted us to contribute to debates involving other areas of Amazonia, which contemplate demographic density, settlement patterns, settlement systems, conflict, territorial disputes, the meaning of artefact variability and modes of subsistence. This work has led us to formulate alternative proposals for interpreting the meaning of the technological variability of ceramic artefacts, territorial disputes, the importance of agriculture and political complexity around the year 1000AD.
360

Mondialisation et nouvelles techniques de communication : approche sociologique et théorique à partir du cas de la jeunesse Syrienne / Mondialisation and new technologies of communication : a thoritical and sociological approach from the case of Syrians youth

Harfoush, Hanaa 16 December 2016 (has links)
L’objet de cette thèse est de s’interroger sur l’accès des jeunes syriens aux nouvelles techniques d’information et de communication et sur les usages qu’ils en ont. Après avoir présenté la Syrie dans ses aspects démographiques, économiques, politiques et culturels et avoir souligné le retard du pays en matière d’accès aux NTIC, le texte aborde les grandes orientations de la sociologie des médias et de la communication et s’efforce de situer le débat entre déterminisme technologique et déterminisme socio-économique en l’inscrivant dans le cadre des efforts d’explication des révoltes arabes des années 2010 et 2011. Après avoir présenté les différentes thèses qui se sont affrontées à ce sujet en particulier à propos du rôle des réseaux socio-numériques simples accélérateurs de la circulation des informations pour les uns ou véritables instruments de la révolte pour les autres, le texte aborde la situation des NTIC en Syrie et l’usage qu’en font les jeunes d’abord à partir des informations quantitatives existantes puis à partir d’une enquête sur un échantillon de jeunes syriens contactés par internet. La thèse analyse leur mode d’accès à internet et aux réseaux sociaux et les usages qu’ils en font ainsi que du téléphone mobile en comparaison avec les médias classiques qu’ils délaissent de plus en plus. Après avoir mis en lumière les difficultés d’accès à internet, le sous équipement du pays en matière d’informatique et de connexion ainsi que les fractures qui existent entre les générations, les sexes et les différentes aires géographiques, la thèse conclue que ce qui attire les jeunes vers les réseaux socio-numériques comme source d’information est lié au discrédit et à la méfiance vis-à-vis des médias classiques contrôlés par le régime ou idéologisés par diverses puissances régionales. Mais dans le contexte de guerre que connaît le pays, les informations circulant sur les réseaux sont de plus en plus idéologisés, reflétant les fractures confessionnelles et ethniques de la société syrienne. Les jeunes en font donc un usage avant tourné vers le divertissement pour oublier la tragique réalité quotidienne. / This thesis will describe and analyze how young Syrian people could use the new techniques of information and communication. Firstly it describes the main characteristic of Syria on demographic economic political and cultural points of view. It underlines how the country has lately discovered the new technologies of communication in comparison with other Arabic countries. Then it presents the evolution of the sociology of mass media and communication and the main trends concerning the explication of the role of the web as a factor provoking the Arabic revolutions in 2010 and 2011. The text analyzes after the situation of the NTIC in Syria using quantitative information coming from different national and international reports. Then it presents the results of an inquiry organized through the web concerning a hundred or young Syrians who have answered to a large panel of opened or closed questions about the way they can use computers, web navigation and cellular phones. It underlines the differences between the generations, the genders and the different areas rural or urban concerning the use of the NTIC. The interest young people show for these techniques as a source of information is linked to the defiance concerning official media narrowly controlled by the regime. However, social networks in the context of the Syrian civil war trend to reinforce the religious and ethnic conflicts and young people use them essentially for leisure to forget the violence.

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