This thesis proposes a novel out-of-step protection technique using the state-plane representation of the generator speed and power angle. The critical clearing angle is computed using the principle that the total energy of the system at the instant the fault is cleared should be equal to the maximum potential energy of the system. The critical clearing time corresponding to this value of critical clearing angle is obtained directly using the time calibration of the relative speed versus power angle solution curve. The simultaneous calculation of the critical clearing angle and the time makes the proposed state plane approach much faster than the two-blinder scheme, Equal Area Criterion (EAC) method, rate of change of impedance method, the Swing Center Voltage (SCV) technique, transient energy calculation method, and the frequency deviation calculation from voltage signal method discussed in the literature. The proposed state plane prediction scheme is used to detect the rst swing out-of-step condition in single machine in nite bus (SMIB) system as well as larger power system con gurations (two-area and IEEE 39-bus test systems) using system wide information. A coherency analysis is performed in a multi-machine system to find out the two critical groups of generators. The critical generator groups are then represented with a SMIB equivalent system, and the state plane algorithm is applied to the reduced equivalent. Electromagnetic transient simulations are carried out using PSCAD/EMTDCTM to test the proposed algorithm in the above discussed test systems. The simulation studies show that the proposed method is computationally e cient, and accurate even for the larger power systems. The technique also does not require any o ine studies. This thesis also proposes another out-of-step protection technique using generator state deviations to detect multi-swing instability conditions in power system. It uses wide-area measurements of generator electrical power and speed deviations as inputs to the proposed scheme to detect instability. This technique is not as fast as the state plane approach but can predict multi-swing instability conditions in power system. The state plane method and state deviation method are used together to nd rst swing and multi-swing instability conditions. Two-area power system con guration is used to demonstrate multi-swing instability prediction. Di erent power swing conditions such as stable, rst swing unstable and multi-swing unstable scenarios are created and the proposed techniques are tested to verify their performance. The proposed techniques are also compared with the conventional two blinder technique. A facility for hardware-in-the-loop testing of the relays using a digital simulator is available in the Power System Laboratory at the University of Saskatchewan. An out-of-step relay module is developed in a digital signal processing board (ADSP BF533TM from Analog Devices Inc.) and a closed loop test is performed using the real time digital simulator (RTDSTM). The simulator mimics the power system behaviour in real time, and the analog time signals from simulator can be communicated to the relay module. The relay can also feed back the signals to the simulator which can be used to operate the circuit breaker elements in the power system. The SMIB and two area systems are used to test the relay in real time. The relay prototypes for both of the proposed techniques are developed in this thesis. The hardware-in-the-loop implementation and testing show that the calculation times required for the proposed methods are small, and the state plane method especially can predict instability condition much faster than all other methods in current literature.

The purpose of this study was to examine how young adults who have been diagnosed with neuropsychiatric disabilities or other behavioural disorders reflect about the institution (resursskola) and how the institution has affected their identity. Earlier research has shown that categorization of pupils in school leads to deviation. The theoretical approaches were Stigma (Goffman, 1973), Asylums (Goffman, 1973) and a current identity theory. The aim has been to map the respondents’ life history through narrative life stories, and connect them to the context of the examination. Three qualitative semi-structured interviews were analysed using a narrative method, with inspiration from the hermeneutic interpretation model. The material was processed using a narrative content analysis. The themes were structured in chronological order through common themes raised by the respondents. The result shows that taking a student out of their context can cause a double stigmatisation. The respondents’ identities are understood as changing. The study shows that structural and organisational conditions were big influencing factors to the individual’s identity shaping. The result indicates that the institution contributed to stigmatisation and a feeling of alienation in other social environments. But it can also be positive if the respondents can identify themselves with the collective belonging.

This study uses a quantitative method that aims to investigate the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and firm risk within Swedish public companies. Despite previous research at Anglo-Saxon companies with similar results, authors found cause for further investigation. Authors identified differences in the Swedish context that could affect the earlier found negative relation between CSR and firm risk, thereby legitimizing further examination. The research is built on secondary data collected from Nasdaq, Morningstar, Orbis and the CSRhub database. Through theory of relevance and current research, it develops a hypothesis which states that as CSR increases, firm risk is reduced in accordance with previous research. Testing was done with Pearsons bivariate correlation table and a multivariate regression analysis, controlling for various firm characteristics. The study found no connection between market risk and CSR, but could not determine whether a relationship between CSR and total risk exists within the population, only partly rejecting the hypothesis. The study raises attention as to how the relation between CSR and risk could be different in a context outside the typical Anglo-Saxon population. It could also be used as a base to further research on the cause to the lack of relation between CSR and market risk, in this study’s particular population.

Detta arbete redogör för hur användning av den nya nationella höjdmodellen (NNH) ur/i Lantmäteriet databas kan användas i olika terräng och vilka förutsättningar det finns för identifiering av specifika landskapselement i denna, manuellt och visuellt. Sedan 2009 har Lantmäteriet laserskannat hela landet, både på land och över vatten. Uppdraget är slutfört 2015. Målet med laserskanning är att framställa en rikstäckande höjdmodell med ett medelfel som är bättre än 0.5 m. Idag är all NNH-data tillgänglig som LAS-filer på Lantmäteriets databas. För att kunna utföra ett utvärderingsexperiment valdes ett geografiskt begränsat område: I Skepplanda, Ale kommun i Västra Götalands län. De hjälpmedel som användes var GPS-mottagare, LAS-filer, Ortofoto och applikationsprogram såsom OL-laser och ArcGis. Det främsta syftet med studien var att undersöka hur bearbetning och utvärdering av olika kartmaterial kan utföras, för att sedan kunna bedöma i vilken mån användning av Lantmäteriets NNH-data, i olika typer av terräng, kan vara möjlig t.ex. hur små detaljer kan urskiljas i det. För undersökningen valdes specifika objekt, såsom stenmurar och ett dike. Tre olika kartunderlag framtogs av OL-laserprogrammet: lutningsbilder, intensitetsbilder och terrängskuggningsbilder. Utifrån insamling av inmätta punkter och med hjälp av vektordata kunde materialet utvärderas visuellt. Två kartor valdes, vilka uppfyllde kriterierna för att kunna uppnå studiens syfte. Eftersom kartan med terrängskuggning och lutningsbild ger en tydligare profil av områdets karaktäristiska drag på marknivå, är det möjligt att identifiera små markdetaljer såsom stenmurar och diken. Resultatet varierade från fall till fall, beroende på kartunderlaget. En mur på den ena platsen i en bild kunde t.ex. detekteras, men inte i en annan bild, trots att det finns en mur där. Studien visade att laserpulserna har svårt att tränga igenom tät vegetation, dock kan olika solvinklar och belysningsriktningar ändå framhäva vissa små markdetaljer under en tätskog. Andra faktorer som kan ha påverkat kvalitén på lasermaterialet är flyghöjden, laserskannerns vinkel och under vilken period under året skanningen genomfördes. Ett antagande gjordes, att laserskanning från lägre flyghöjd och mindre öppningsvinkel kan höja kvalitén på laserdata. Med dessa två faktorer kan högre upplösning per kvadratmeter yta uppnås. Ett annat sätt som kan vara aktuellt i en undersökning är att använda OL-laser verktygslåda och tillämpa andra inställningar genom att skapa objekthöjdbilder där höjd färgläggs med olika ekvidansnivå. Genom att prova fram olika inställningar i programmet, där olika lutningshöjd och solvinklar tillämpas kan läsbarheten på kartunderlaget förbättras. / This work describes how the use of the new national elevation model (NNH) from the National Land Survey database may be used in a variety of terrain and the conditions they are identification of specific landscape elements, manually and visually. From the start of 2009, the national land Survey laserscannat whole country, both on land and over water. The mission will be completed in 2015. The goal of laser scanning is to produce a nationwide elevation model with a standard error of better than 0.5 m for a 2 m GRID. Today, all NNH data available as LAS files on Lantmäteriet's database. To perform an evaluation experiment was elected a geographically limited area: Skepplanda, Ale Municipality in Västra Götaland. The devices used were GPS receiver, LAS files, Orth imagery and application programs such as OL laser and ArcGIS. The main aim of the study was to investigate the processing and evaluation of different map material can be performed, and then to assess to what extent the use of Lantmäteriets NNH- data in different types of terrain may be possible. For the investigation, the specific items, such as stone walls and a ditch. Three different maps material was developed by the OL laser program: slope images, intensity images and terrain shading images. Based on the collection of measured points and using vector data could material evaluated visually. Two maps were chosen, which met the criteria for being able to achieve the objectives of the study. Since the map with terrain shading and gradient image provides a clearer profile of the area's characteristic features at ground level, it is possible to identify small land features such as stone walls and ditches. Results will vary from case to case, depending on the substrate maps. A wall at one location in an image could e.g. detect, but not in another image, even though it's a wall there. That’s why definitive conclusions could be not established. The study showed that the laser pulses are difficult to penetrate dense vegetation; however different solar angles and lighting directions nonetheless highlight some small land details during a dense forest. Other factor that may have affected the quality of the laser material is the altitude, laser scans angle and during which period of the year the scan was performed. An assumption was made that the laser scans from lower altitude and smaller opening angle can add value to laser data. With these two factors, higher resolution per square meter of surface is achieved. Another way that can be relevant in an investigation is to use the OL laser toolbox and apply different settings to create objects height pictures where height is colored with different evidence level. By trying out different settings in the program, where different slope height and solar angles applied to the readability of the chart surface is improved.

‘Project performance’ is the metric of delivering project objectives. This research is motivated by levels of project failure and the purpose of the research is to investigate improved project performance. The scientific spectrum is considered; arguing project management as a sub-field of management science based in ‘design science’. Despite research since the 1950s, there is no established community paradigm for project management, illustrated by multiple ‘schools of thought’ failing to stimulate performance improvement. This is investigated with respect to the changing nature of projects and their management; application in numerous industrial sectors, across increasing scope of the product lifecycle (including service projects), and the changing role of project managers as value adding ‘implementers’ rather than status ‘reporters’. Methodology examines the community paradigm and identifies the lack of community paradigm and argues that gap spotting is not appropriate. Conducting research that fills knowledge gaps does not identify underlying issues and reinforces fundamental failings. Underlying assumptions are identified and challenged. Key characteristics are examined in the context of requirements of the community paradigm. The purpose of theory is to describe, explain and predict. Some techniques describe and explain. Few, if any, predict. This locates ‘performance prediction’ as the research issue and suggests it is a missing function for performance improvement. The research focus considers single tasks within a project network. A research model of early stage deviation from plan is developed from the literature on project pathogens and incubation processes. ‘Deviation lifecycle’ as a project function is identified as having no previous evidence in literature. This is developed into a practice model extending the role of failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) and integrating weak signals and tipping point theory to test performance. Case studies examine representative application of the model and build on the previous cases to illustrate potential for practice. The case studies were reviewed by industrial experts. The changing role of project managers to value added implementers implies a need to improve performance. Research found potential to understand and predict early stage deviation and develops the deviation lifecycle and research model. Across the case studies the research model illustrated potential application. Practical implications indicate potential contribution of project management techniques based on prediction rather than traditional reporting. Developing the community paradigm based on design science is discussed as further work. The originality of the research challenges the lack of theoretical foundation for project management by discussion of the community paradigm and proposes design science as a candidate. The work identifies ‘prediction’ as a relevant but missing function from the project management ‘toolbox’, and introduces the concept of the deviation lifecycle and note no previous literature. The research develops an industrial research model that extends the application of FMEA to examine ‘performance’ and integrates weak signals and tipping point analysis to manage the resolution.

Du recueil A Boy’s Will (1913) au recueil In the Clearing (1962), l’œuvre du poète américain Robert Frost (1874-1963) déploie sa réflexion sur le concept d’écart, et le présente comme principe majeur de son esthétique et de sa stratégie d’écriture. Utilisant une approche fondée sur la micro-lecture des poèmes, cette thèse entend mettre en lumière la richesse d'une thématique frostienne qui permet de repenser la dialectique entre centre et marge à différents niveaux d'analyse : cette dialectique semble à l’œuvre non seulement dans la représentation poétique des espaces nord-américains mais aussi dans le rapport des textes à l'espace métaphorique du canon, ainsi que dans l'ambiguë mise en scène du sujet dans son rapport aux espaces intime, social et politique. Nous souhaitons montrer que le poète et les personae multiples qu’il adopte au fil des recueils privilégient un positionnement détaché, qui n’est ni complètement au centre ni complètement à l’écart, mais pour ainsi dire dans l’écart. Cette position de léger retrait, à la fois sereine et équilibriste, dessine ainsi un triple autoportrait du poète. Il fait le portrait d’un artiste chez qui la tension entre tradition et modernité, entre formes fixes et libre expérimentation, relève d'une position compliquée et féconde, qui permet à Frost de se situer à la fois à l'intérieur et légèrement à l'écart du genre de la poésie pastorale ; d'autre part, il esquisse le portrait « bougé » d'un sujet en mouvement au sein du paysage de Nouvelle-Angleterre, sujet que des tentatives d’ancrage dans certains territoires installent dans une position de voisinage méfiant avec son prochain, à la fois contre les autres et tout contre eux. Enfin, l’œuvre laisse apparaître en filigrane l’autoportrait d’un Américain utilisant la stratégie de l’écart dans l’habile mise en scène de sa propre iconisation. / From the collection A Boy’s Will (1913) to the collection In the Clearing (1962), the works of American poet Robert Frost (1874-1963) can be viewed as a reflection on the concept of deviation, presenting it as a major principle in his aesthetics and writing strategy. This doctoral dissertation provides a close reading of many poems, with a view to highlighting the highly seminal quality of the Frostian theme of the slight deviation, which allows one to rethink the dialectic between the center and the margins at different levels of analysis. This dialectic appears not only in the poetic representation of North American space, but also in the established connection between the texts and the metaphorical space of the canon, as well as in the ambiguous presentation of the poetic figure in relation to the intimate, social or political spheres. We wish to show that the poet together with the multiple personae that he uses in the collected poems, favor a specific vantage point, a detached position which is neither in the center nor completely in the margin, but rather within the limits delineated by some deviation. This slightly withdrawn position, which is both dispassionate and perilous, sketches out a triple self-portrait of the poet. It is the self-portrait of an artist for whom the tension between tradition and modernity, between fixed forms and free poetic experiments, creates a complicated but fertile position which allows Frost to position himself both within, and slightly on the margin of, the genre of pastoral poetry. Frost's poems also depict the portrait of a moving poetic figure in the New England landscape, a figure who is put, because of his attempts at settling in certain territories, in a situation where neighbors are both aware and wary of each other. Lastly, the poems could be regarded as the self-portrait of an American posturing as a marginal figure in the skillful staging of his own iconization.

The goal of this thesis was to test the ability of speech imitation in terms of temporal accuracy in two age groups of children. The first age group comprised 8 girls and 8 boys at the age of 10 to 11 years; the second group consisted of 8 girls and 8 boys at the age of 12 to 13 years. For the purpose of the experiment a perception-production test was created - it consisted of six, nine and twelve syllabic declarative sentences which contained two, three and four trisyllabic stress- groups. The task of the participating children was to repeat the sentences in three manners: in exactly the same words as they had heard them, and then by using the syllable /na/ and /ba/. Even though the children were able to meet the task, in some cases deviations occurred, such as deformations of the sentences in a certain way. Accuracy of imitation was investigated through average deviations from the model sentences. Based on the obtained values we identified the factors of length and composition of the task items and also the manner and order of imitation. We were also interested whether age and gender of respondents affect the accuracy of imitation. Key words speech rhythm, tempo, duration, stress-group, average deviation, imitation, children

Syftet med examensarbetet är att skapa en handlingsplan för uppföljning av åtgärder i händelse av olycksfall, tillbud och observationer i avvikelsehanteringssystem (TIA-systemet)på en enhet på Scania i Södertälje. Frågeställningarnaär(1) Vad ska följas upp, (2) När kan uppföljning ske och (3) Hur kan uppföljning ske. Teorier om SMART:a mål, kartläggning av krav och målsättning, MoSCoW, product breakdown structure, ISO 9001, systematisk arbetsmiljö och hörnstensmodellen har legat till grund för studien. Metoden utgörs av aktionsforskning,fallstudie med kvalitativa data och abduktion. Datainsamlingen har bestått av intervjuer och enkät. Verktyg för datasortering är GAP-modellen, SWOT-analys, histogram och träddiagram. Resultatet visar på att inget standardiserat arbetssätt finns för en långsiktig uppföljning där mätning av effekter och mål endast sker ibland.Samtidigt finns en meningsskillnad angåendehuruvida uppföljning sker över huvud taget. Vid de fall uppföljning sker används en databas för att spara information ibland. Slutsatsen är att (1) det som ska följas upp är mål för åtgärder där det finns en bestämd metod för mätning och uppföljningsrutin. Information ska dokumenteras i databas och ledningen ska prioritera att uppföljning sker. (2) uppföljning ska ske efter behov, inga kända bestämmelser finns om när uppföljning borde ske.När uppföljning ska ske bestäms i åtgärdsplaneringen. (3) Uppföljning ska ske enligt handlingsplan (bilaga 4), det vill säga bestäm mål och indikationer, bestäm när och hur indikatorer ska följas upp samt dokumentera uppföljning i en databas. / The purpose of the thesis project is to create an action plan for monitoring measures in a deviation management systems (the TIA-system). The research questions are (1) What should be followed up, (2) When should a follow-up take place and (3) How can a follow-up occur. Smart goals, mapping of requirements and objectives, MoSCoW, product breakdown structure, ISO 9001, systematic work environment and the cornerstone model are theories the thesis is built upon. Action research and qualitative study have designed the method whereby data collection has consisted of interviews and questionnaires. Data sorting tools are the GAP model, SWOT analysis, histogram and tree chart. The result founds that there is no standardized way of working with a long-term follow-up, where measurement of effects and goals only occurs occasionally. Furthermore, there is an obscurity about whether follow-ups are carried out at all. In cases where a follow-up occurs, a database is occasionally used to save information. The conclusion is that (1) a follow-up should include goals for measures where there is a definite method for measurement and follow-up routine. Information must be documented in the database and the management must prioritize that a follow-up takes place at all time. (2) a follow-up should be carried out depending on the measures, there is not any known theories about when follow-ups should take place. Although, the timeline for when a follow-up should be done must be determined in the action plan. (3) A follow-up shall take place according to the action plan (Appendix 4), that is, determine goals and indications, determine when and how indicators should be followed up and document information from a follow- up in a database.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo o estudo do controle de constitucionalidade que envolve finalidades. Nesse âmbito, o trabalho pretende identificar e analisar quais as principais relações que as finalidades nutrem com as normas jurídicas e com outras finalidades; que fatores exercem influência sobre essas relações; qual a posição do legislador ordinário em face das finalidades da Constituição; e quais os tipos de raciocínio de que se vale o julgador ao lidar com fins. Para tanto, com arrimo na doutrina e na jurisprudência, a dissertação desenvolve certas distinções, tais como: finalidades contidas nas normas e finalidades justificantes das normas; normas-comando e normas-fim; valores e estados de coisas; relações conceituais e relações causais; promoção e restrição; oposição e divergência; interpretação e concretização, além de procurar estabelecer alguns critérios mínimos para a decisão no controle finalístico. Com base nos conceitos trabalhados, estuda-se o chamado desvio de poder legislativo. Com o fito de aplicar e exemplificar as ideias desenvolvidas, coletam-se manifestações de ministros do Supremo Tribunal Federal em litígios submetidos a sua apreciação. Relaciona-se sucintamente, por fim, o tema principal com os temas: controle incidental, efeitos da decisão e natureza da inconstitucionalidade / This dissertation aims to study the constitutionality control that involves finalities. In this extent, the work intends to identify and analyze which are the main relationships that finalities maintain with juridical norms and other finalities; which factors influence these relationships; which is the position of ordinary legislator in view of Constitution; and what kinds of reasoning the judge apply when dealing with ends. To perform this task, with the support of doctrine and jurisprudence, the dissertation develops some distinctions as: finalities contained in norms and finalities that justify norms; command-norms and endnorms; values and states of affairs; conceptual relationships and causal relationships; promotion and restriction; opposition and divergence; interpretation and concretization, besides attempting to establish some minimum criteria to the decision in finalistic control. On the basis of these concepts, the work studies the so-called deviation of legislative power. In order to apply and exemplify the developed ideas, there are selected some manifestations of judges from Supreme Federal Court in disputes submitted to their appreciation. At last, the dissertation briefly relates the main theme to the following themes: incidental control, decision effects and nature of unconstitutionality.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAQUEL MENEZES VAZ.pdf: 1653014 bytes, checksum: b5286d7fa144da79b7ab9c4fea2339e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis aimed at investigating the existence of the voicing covert contrast in the Brazilian Portuguese voiceless stops [p], [t], [k], and their voiced counterparts [b], [d], [g], in the productions of an informant with phonological deviation. After the oral analysis of recordings of spontaneous speech, stops were defined as the target segments for analysis. Auditory analysis allowed the identification of changes and omissions in these segments as regards sonority. Previously, the informant had participated in recording sessions which adopted the instrument proposed by Yavas, Matzenauer-Hernandorena and Lamprecht (2001), which elicits the production of the target segments by means of spontaneous object naming. In order to auditorily understand the sonority behavior of the stops, the principles of the Autosegmental Theory were used. This theory formalizes the segment structures through features geometry. The model proposed by Clements and Hume (1995) presents an arboreal diagram in which the [±voz] feature, the target of the present research, has a binary value, that is, the disconnection of the [+voice] feature implies the connection to the [-voice] feature, which might explain the auditorily perceived phenomenon in the informant s productions. After this stage, the spectral features of the stops produced by the informant in spontaneous speech were acoustically analyzed in the software Praat (BOERSMA; WEENINK, 2010). Some phonetic cues were investigated: VOT voice onset time, the duration of stop closure, and fundamental frequency. These cues might be the ones used by the informant to acquire the phonological contrast of sonority. Duration values in milliseconds were obtained by means of automatic measurements, and variables such as syllable stress where the plosives occurred and the position of this syllable in the word were controlled. The results were statistically analyzed in the software SPSS, version 17, and reveal a percentage of voicing of only 3,9% in the production of the voiced plosives [b], [d], and [g], the equivalent of the production of three voiced stops in a total of 76 instances when the voiced plosives were not produced as expected. It was concluded that the informant does not have the voicing contrast because the cases where there was voicing were rare. Among the three voiced productions, which occurred in intervocalic context and in simple onsets, the presence of the voicing covert contrast was found, since the duration values of the voiced segments produced by the informant were smaller than the standard values produced by adult speakers, according to what findings investigating the production of Brazilian Portuguese stops indicate. Thus, it is possible to consider the existence of the covert contrast only in the three productions, while in the total productions of the voiced stops, which were devoiced, not even the covert contrast is present in the informant s speech / Neste trabalho, investiga-se a existência do contraste encoberto de vozeamento nas plosivas não-vozeadas [p], [t], [k], e vozeadas [b], [d], [g] do Português brasileiro, na fala de um sujeito com desvio fonológico. As plosivas foram os segmentos selecionados como alvo desta investigação após análise de oitiva das produções de fala espontânea da informante, a qual apresentou trocas e omissões percebidas auditivamente nestes segmentos no que diz respeito à sonoridade. Previamente, a informante passou por sessões de gravação de fala a partir do instrumento de Yavas, Matzenauer-Hernandorena e Lamprecht (2001), em que o falante elicita a mostra dos segmentos através da nomeação espontânea. Para compreender o comportamento da sonoridade das plosivas percebido auditivamente, utilizou-se dos princípios da Teoria Autossegmental, a qual formaliza a estrutura dos segmentos através da geometria de traços. Utilizou-se o modelo de Clements e Hume (1995), o qual apresenta um diagrama arbóreo em que o traço [voz], alvo de estudo desta pesquisa, possui valor binário, ou seja, o desligamento do traço [+voz] implica a ligação com o traço [-voz], o que pode explicar o fenômeno percebido auditivamente nas produções da informante. Após essa etapa, analisou-se acusticamente as características espectrais das plosivas na fala espontânea da informante através do software Praat (BOERSMA; WEENINK, 2010). Foram investigadas pistas fonéticas (VOT tempo de início do vozeamento, o tempo de closura das plosivas e a frequência fundamental) que o falante pode seguir para a aquisição do contraste fonológico de sonoridade. Através das medições, obteve-se os valores em ms para cada segmento, considerando-se como variáveis a tonicidade da sílaba em que ocorreram as produções analisadas e a posição desta sílaba na palavra. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo programa SPSS, versão 17. Os resultados apontaram um percentual de vozeamento de apenas 3,9% na produção das plosivas [b], [d] e [g], o equivalente a 3 produções vozeadas em 76 em que o vozeamento não foi produzido como esperado. Concluiu-se que a informante não possui o contraste de vozeamento, pois foram raros os casos nos quais se confirmou a produção de vozeamento. Dentre as três produções vozeadas, as quais ocorreram em contexto intervocálico e em onset simples, constatou-se a presença do contraste encoberto de vozeamento, pois os valores de duração dos segmentos vozeados da informante são menores que aqueles padrão para o falante adulto, conforme indicado pelas pesquisas sobre o português brasileiro. Com o tempo de vozeamento menor que o padrão, nas três produções vozeadas encontrou-se a presença de contraste encoberto, enquanto nas produções totais de plosivas sonoras que foram desvozeadas nem mesmo o contraste encoberto se faz presente na fala da informante