A tese apresenta uma visão geral da importância das TICs ? sobretudo da Internet ? para a participação do cidadão na ?sociedade da informação?. Nesse sentido é introduzida a questão da desigualdade de acesso, destacando o cenário da exclusão digital no mundo e sobretudo no Brasil. São apresentadas as discussões em torno da inclusão digital e o histórico do seu desenvolvimento no país, abordando a importância do letramento e da apropriação tecnológica para a produção de conhecimento. Foram também comparadas as opiniões de mentores, coordenadores, monitores e usuários de programas de inclusão digital, no que diz respeito à contribuição da Internet para a produção e consumo de informação e para o desenvolvimento social, econômico e político das comunidades de baixa renda, assim como identificados os interesses políticos e econômicos por trás da inclusão digital. Suas contribuições mais significativas estão na reflexão crítica e na historicização do desenvolvimento das iniciativas de inclusão digital no país, no registro do discurso e da opinião dos atores que elaboram e promovem esse processo, e principalmente na visão dos usuários desses programas, suas realizações e limitações, oferecendo pistas para a articulação de um plano nacional que envolva políticas públicas consistentes e que alavanque a inclusão social e o desenvolvimento do país. / The thesis offers an overall view on the importance of ICTs ? especially of the Internet ? for the citizen\'s participation in the \"information society\". The author introduces the issue of the digital divide, with emphasis on the scenario of digital exclusion around the world and particularly in Brazil. The document describes discussions about digital inclusion and the background of its development in the country, emphasizing how important education and technical appropriation are for the production of knowledge. Opinions of mentors, coordinators, tutors and users of digital inclusion programs were compared, examining the contribution of the Internet to the information production and consumption and also for the social, economic and political development of low-income communities, trying to identify the political and economic interests behind the digital inclusion. The most significant contributions of this document are the critical analysis and the historical organization on the development of digital inclusion initiatives in the country, the registration of speeches and opinions of those actors who develop and foster that process, and specially the view of program users, their accomplishments and limits, offering clues for the articulation of a national plan that should include consistent public policies and lever social inclusion and development all over the country.

This essay explores the early experiences of Bangladeshi blue-collar service workers in digitalising their livelihoods. It is a qualitative study that surveys and interviews service-providers in Dhaka who use the business aggregator platform Sheba.xyz, an online service marketplace, and seeks to understand what brought these self-employed micro-entrepreneurs, previously outside the digital economy, to adopt an ICT-enabled solution. The study is guided by Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory, one of the historically dominant paradigms in the field of communication for development (C4D). The overarching research question is, “Why did blue-collar service-providers in Dhaka adopt and use a digital business aggregator platform?” The aim is to explore what motivated/discouraged and enabled/hindered innovation adoption among a group of users previously marginalised from digital and financial inclusion. The findings suggest that adoption of Sheba.xyz among service-providers was not driven so much by a desire to digitalise one’s business per se, and as a means of mitigating a previous inability to do so. Rather, the factors that emerge from the qualitative data are other perceived relative advantages of the solution – of increase in customers, income, and opportunity. Survey respondents and interviewees also displayed strong affiliation with, and trust in, the platform provider; an alertness for fair treatment; and a drive to prosper, suggesting that they embraced a comprehensive concept and altered life situation where belonging, respect, and self-fulfilment matters, rather than narrowly adopted a new mobile application.

Technology has provided more people access products and services, yet some individuals who would benefit the most from digital access to resources are frequently excluded from participation. One group that is largely neglected is the disability community. Despite federal regulations intended to ensure that people with physical/mental disabilities are included in public digital platforms, organizations continuously design websites, applications, and interfaces without people with disabilities in mind. This is particularly the case with small businesses, which are most commonly reported as having inaccessible digital platforms. Digital inclusion attempts to ensure equity in digital properties by providing a model to operationalize inclusion across technologies. This qualitative case study examines how a small business owner in an urban U.S. city prioritizes digital inclusion in his daily operations. Using a responsive interview model, the business owner’s experiences, attitudes, and priorities were recorded. Six themes appeared from this study: perceptions of disability influence digital inclusion, powerful branding suggests digital access, unawareness of accessibility guidelines, UX testing overlooks input from people with disabilities, inclusion is tough to enforce on digital platforms, and workarounds hinder digital improvements.

Denna kandidatuppsats har målet att skapa förståelse och ge inblick till äldres behov relaterade till inkludering i användandet av nya teknologier. Tidigare forskning visade att vissa äldre inte är vana vid att använda nya teknologier eller inte har de medel som behövs för att inkluderas i det ‘digitala samhället’ och riskerar att hamna i digitalt utanförskap. BankID är ett exempel på en ny teknologi som används i det digitala samhället. Risken för att äldre blir exkluderade kan begränsa förmågan att komma i kontakt med svenska myndigheter och andra aktörer som allt oftare kräver identifiering med BankID för tillgång till viktiga tjänster. Därav är syftet med studien att utforska vilka faktorer i användningen av teknologi som utmanar äldre med målet att designa användarvänliga gränssnitt för denna population. Gränssnittet från Mobilt BankID används som ett exempel på ett sådant gränssnitt för denna studie. För detta ändamål utfördes individuella intervjuer och observationer ansikte-mot-ansikte med sex äldre. Den insamlade datan analyserades tematiskt och resulterade i fyra teman. Undersökningsresultaten diskuterades i relation till studiens syfte och forskningsfrågor och det teoretiska ramverket.Forskningsresultaten visade tre faktorer som påverkade äldres upplevelse när de använde teknologi, som blev utmanande: kunskapsbrist, osäkerhet och tillgänglighet. Resultaten insinuerar att äldre fann det påfrestande och svårt att lära in användningen av teknologi. De kände också osäkerhet kring att försöka när de stötte på svårigheter under användandet av teknologi. Mer förklarande, men simpel, och kontinuerlig information för att guida äldres användande genomgående genom systemet anses alltså vara avgörande komponenter i en gränssnittsdesign för äldre. Således bidrar utfallet av denna kandidatuppsats till teorin genom att ge en inblick in till upplevelserna och utmaningarna som äldre möter i användning av teknologi och genom att tillhandahålla designförslag för ett mer inkluderande digitalt samhälle. Det bidrar också praktiskt genom att ge en inblick i äldres behov i relation till användning av teknologi och, således, informera designers, utvecklare, teknologiföretag och andra engagerade intressenter om hur ett gränssnitt bättre kan designas för att bli mer användarvänligt för alla potentiella användare, inklusive äldre. / The bachelor’s thesis study aims to create understanding and give insight into the needs of elderly regarding their inclusion in the use of new technologies. Previous research showed that some elderly are not used to the usage of new technologies, or do not have the necessary means to be included in our ‘digital society’ with the risk of ending up in digital exclusion. BankID is an example of the new technologies used in our digital society. The risk of elderly being excluded can limit their ability to get in contact with the Swedish authorities and other actors that increasingly require identification through BankID for access to important services. Hence, the purpose of this research is to explore the factors that challenge the elderly to use technology with the aim of designing user-friendly interfaces for this population. The interface from Mobile BankID is used as an example of such an interface in the study. For this, data was collected through face-to-face individual interviews and observations with six elderly. The collected data was analyzed thematically to conclude four findings. The findings were discussed in the context of the research aim and research questions and the theoretical framework.The research findings showed three factors that affected the elderly’s experience when using technology, which caused them challenges: lack of knowledge, insecurity, and accessibility. The findings insinuate that the elderly find it laborious and difficult to learn how to use technology. They also feel insecure and hesitant in trying when they face difficulties in their usage of technology. More explanatory, but simple, and continuous information to guide the elderly’s usage throughout the system were found to be crucial components of an interface design for the elderly. Thus, the outcome of this bachelor’s thesis contributes theoretically by providing insight into the experiences and challenges faced by the elderly in their use of technology and by providing design suggestions for a more inclusive digital society. It also contributes practically by giving insight into the needs of the elderly concerning their usage of technology and, thus, informing designers, developers, technology companies and other interested stakeholders how to better design an interface that is user-friendly for all potential users, including elderly.

Introduktion: Digitaliseringens påverkan på samhället och individen är omfattande – samt genomsyrar samtliga dimensioner av folkhälsans bestämningsfaktorer. Därtill tillskrivs digital inkludering som en betydande social bestämningsfaktor för människors hälsa. Digital delaktighet och tillgänglighet är betydelsefulla faktorer för personer med ryggsmärtor i och med att fysiska begränsningar försvårar möjligheten till delaktighet i samhället. Delaktighet är en betydelsefull komponent i ett rättvist och demokratiskt samhälle. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att undersöka på vilket sätt digitaliseringen påverkar delaktighet och tillgänglighet för kvinnor med begränsande nack- eller ryggtillstånd. Metod: Studiens design var kvalitativ – i vilket 3 fokusgruppsintervjuer och innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats var studiens metoder. Urvalet bestod av totalt 18 kvinnor ifrån olika patientföreningar – med erfarenheter eller kunskaper av begränsande nack- eller ryggtillstånd. Resultat: Studien visade att digitaliseringen främjar social och samhällelig delaktighet för målgruppen. Dessutom framkom att digitaliseringen främjar egenmakt att delta, skapar en känsla av gemenskap, förtydligar informations- och kommunikationsmöjligheterna samt förtydligar utanförskap. Digital gemenskap med hjärtat i mitten är den modell som bäst beskriver studiens resultat och digitaliseringens betydelser för människan bakom datorskärmen. Att digitaliseringen både främjar och underlättar delaktighet inom flera betydelsefulla sammanhang samtidigt som individens egenmakt stärktes förtydligades. Slutsats: Studiens slutats är att digitaliseringen har stor potential att främja delaktighet, tillgänglighet och gemenskap för personer med begränsande nack- eller ryggtillstånd. Det fina med digital delaktighet är dess inkluderande och hälsofrämjande inverkan på individen och individens livssituation. Dock finns det flera utmaningar med digitaliseringen som behöver belysas – såsom utanförskap och den digitala klyftan. / Introduction: The impact of digitization on society and the individual is extensive – and permeates all dimensions of the determinants of public health. In addition, digital inclusion is attributed as a significant social determinant of people's health. Digital participation and accessibility are important factors for people with back pain in that physical limitations make it difficult to participate in society. Participation is an important component of a democratic society. Aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate how digitization affects participation and accessibility for women with limiting neck or back conditions. Methods: The study's design was qualitative – in which 3 focus group interviews and content analysis with an inductive approach were the study's methods. The selection consisted of 18 women from various patient associations – all with experience or knowledge of limiting neck or back conditions. Results: The study's results showed that digitization promoted social and societal participation for the target group. In addition, it emerged that digitization promotes empowerment to participate, creates a sense of community, clarifies the information and communication possibilities and better reveals exclusion. Digital community with the heart in the middle describes the results of the study and the implications of digitization for the person behind the computer. It was made clear that digitization both promotes and facilitates participation within several important contexts while strengthening the individual's empowerment. Conclusion: The study concluded that digitization has great potential to promote participation, accessibility and community for people with limiting neck or back conditions. The beauty of digital participation is its inclusive and health promoting impact on the individual and the individual's life situation. There are several challenges with digitization that need to be highlighted – such as the digital divide.

Digitization is shaping society, services that were previously handled analogically are now managed digitally. The COVID-19 pandemic has acted as a catalyst for the increasing use of digital services. This has contributed to the digital divide between individuals who can access digital services and those who cannot. Reducing digital inequality is crucial for sustainable development in our digital society. A study on digital exclusion with the aim to investigate the significance of BankID for residents. Through analyzing scientific articles based on assumptions formulated through research in the field. The research question that the study seeks to answer is, "In what way does BankID risk becoming a socially excluding tool?”. Twelve interviews were conducted with respondents aged 65 or older. These interviews provided the basis for three different themes that were analyzed. The study reveals that older individuals strongly associate the use of BankID with their home environment for security reasons. This connection indicates their serious commitment to digital security but may potentially widen the digitalgap between older and younger generations. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of finding a balance between security and inclusion to ensure that respondents do not miss out on digital opportunities. The results underscore the need to improve the userfriendliness and clarity of BankID to enhance digital competence and reduce digital exclusion. / Digitisering präglar samhället där tjänster som innan har skötts analogt nu han-teras digitalt. Pandemin COVID- 19 har agerat som en “katalysator” för ökande digitala tjänster. Detta har bidragit till den digital klyfta mellan individer som kan utnyttja digitala tjänster och de som inte kan. Reduceringen av den digitala ojämlikheten är väsentlig för att utveckla det digitala samhället på ett hållbart sätt. En studie om digitalt utanförskap med syfte att undersöka betydelse av BankID för invånare. Arbetet analyser vetenskapliga artiklar utifrån antagande som formulerades med hjälp av forskning inom området. Forskningsfrågan som studien syftar att besvara är “På vilket sätt riskerar BankID att vara ett socialt exkluderande verktyg”. Tolv intervjuer utfördes med respondenter som är 65 år eller äldre. Dessa intervjuer lägger underlag för tre olika teman som analyseras. Studien visar att äldre starkt relaterar användningen av BankID till deras hemmiljö av säkerhetsskäl. Denna koppling visar att de tar sin digitala säkerhet på allvar men kan potentiellt öka den digitala klyftan mellan äldre och yngre generationer. Sammanfattningsvis dras slutsatsen att balansen mellan säkerhet och inkludering är avgörande för att respondenterna inte ska missa digitala möjligheter. Resultatet understryker vikten av att förbättra användarvänligheten och tydligheten kring BankID för att öka digitala kompetensen och minska digitalt utanför-skap

The goal of this research was to explore how students with blindness (SwBs) use information and communication technology (ICT) for learning at the University of South Africa (UNISA). To do this the critical paradigm was used as a way of viewing the educational world. Underpinned by Transactional Distance Theory, Cultural Historical Activity Theory, Universal Design for Learning and Critical Theory, the study was qualitative and used narrative inquiry. The selection of the participants was made through purposive and snowball sampling and data collected through life stories, in-depth and telephonic interviews. The findings culminated in two major findings: 1) the use of ICT for learning; and 2) inclusive digital approaches. The first has emerging themes, for instance, (a) challenges with mathematical, scientific and accounting signs; (b) inability to access graphic learning material; (c) incompatibility of software; (d) lack of timely access to electronic learning materials; (e) high cost of ICT tools; (f) personal computers and laptops; (g) myUnisa and myLife; (h) voice recorders, Brailler, screen readers and videoconferencing; (i) electronic mail (e-mail); and (j) mobile telephones. The themes for the second major finding include: (a) authentic use of student-centred approaches; (b) inconsistency between policy and practice; (c) testing and re-testing of assessment tools; and (d) regular seeking of students‘ views and experiences. The proposed ‗Inclusive Critical use of Technology‘ (ICuT) framework was developed to and can be used as an effective guide if it is foregrounded by applicable distance learning theories and appropriate technologies. The study recommends the use of inclusive and critical approaches when integrating ICT into teaching and learning. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:36:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edilson Antonio Ignacio.pdf: 1821709 bytes, checksum: e23ab4e24c614bc3d2578f8558fe50e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-19 / This work investigates the issue of access to information for disabled people, evaluating the accessibility of Brazilian Government research sites through descriptive and exploratory methodology that are based upon information science theories. Theoretically speaking, this investigation is structured in a way that concepts of information, information society, disability and accessibility are carefully explored. The main goal is to look into the level of accessibility of Brazilian Government research web sites when it comes to disabled people, but also find out whether there is any indication that the discourse of digital inclusion, advocated by information society, is making a real difference for them. This investigation reveals that the access to contents of digital pages in the Brazilian Government web sites is still ineffective, presenting large amount of errors which means a high degree of difficulty for disabled people in general. In this way, it can be concluded that digital inclusion, universalization of internet access, information and knowledge are complex issues and they will continue to demand a lot of effort from everyone in order to become reality. / Este trabalho investigou, documental e historicamente, a quest?o do acesso ? informa??o pelas pessoas com defici?ncia, tomando como unidade de an?lise a avalia??o da acessibilidade em sites de ?rg?os de pesquisa brasileiros, a partir de uma abordagem metodol?gica descritiva e explorat?ria, fundamentada em referenciais te?ricos da Ci?ncia da Informa??o e de sua interface com outros campos do conhecimento cient?fico. Assim, teoricamente a pesquisa se sustenta nos conceitos de informa??o, sociedade da informa??o, defici?ncia e acessibilidade. Investigou-se a situa??o da acessibilidade em sites de ?rg?os de pesquisa brasileiros com objetivo de verificar em que contexto, efetivamente, se d? o acesso ? informa??o pelas pessoas com defici?ncia, tendo em vista o discurso sobre a inclus?o digital, compromisso assumido pela Sociedade da Informa??o e novo elemento introduzido pelas novas tecnologias na luta pela cidadania plena. A investiga??o permitiu inferir que, em que pese os esfor?os empregados, inclusive no ?mbito da prote??o legal que garante a acessibilidade, o acesso aos conte?dos digitais nas p?ginas de ?rg?os oficiais do governo brasileiro ainda n?o ? efetivo, apresentando altos ?ndices de erros que refletem o grau de dificuldade enfrentado pelos usu?rios com defici?ncias, o que coloca a inclus?o digital, a universaliza??o do acesso ? internet, ? informa??o, ao conhecimento, como uma quest?o complexa que continua a exigir os esfor?os de todos para que se torne realidade.

Submitted by Rubens Antonio Andrade Costa (rubens-andrade@bol.com.br) on 2015-03-20T17:18:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO VERSAO FINAL.pdf: 622472 bytes, checksum: 6c52c9a8fd7a7ccf7f10542ed9ea05a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2015-03-23T18:43:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO VERSAO FINAL.pdf: 622472 bytes, checksum: 6c52c9a8fd7a7ccf7f10542ed9ea05a4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-03-27T17:19:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO VERSAO FINAL.pdf: 622472 bytes, checksum: 6c52c9a8fd7a7ccf7f10542ed9ea05a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-27T17:20:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO VERSAO FINAL.pdf: 622472 bytes, checksum: 6c52c9a8fd7a7ccf7f10542ed9ea05a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-02 / A pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar a relação dos movimentos sociais de junho de 2013 com a Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro, quando da ruptura dos diálogos e a ocupação desta em dois momentos distintos: a discussão e votação do plano de cargos, carreiras e salários dos professores da rede pública municipal, e a composição e instalação da Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito dos ônibus. Para tanto, foram criadas 5 categorias de análise: 1. Política e Participação; 2. Manifestações, Mobilizações e Movimentos; 3. Ocupa Câmara; 4. CPI dos Ônibus e Plano de Cargos e Salários dos Professores; 5. Diálogos. O trabalho também apresenta recomendações que visam a elaboração de um plano de trabalho para o exercício de mandato parlamentar que aperfeiçoe os mecanismos de participação, transparência, democracia direta e interativa na Câmara Municipal do Rio de Janeiro e, desta forma, conecte. / The research aims to evaluate the relationship between the July 2013 social movements and the Rio de Janeiro City Council, by the time of dialogue breakdown and the Council's ocupation at two different moments: the discussion and vote on the positions, pay and career plans of municipal teachers, and the composition and installation of the Bus Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry. Thus, we created five categories of analysis: 1. Policy and Participation; 2. Mobilizations and Movements; 3. The Chamber Occupation; 4. The Bus Parliamentary Comission of Inquiry and Jobs and Salaries of Teachers Plan; 5. Dialogues. This paper also presents recommendations to the development of a work plan for a parliamentary term of office able to refine the mechanisms of participation, transparency, direct and interactive democracy in the Rio de Janeiro City Council and thus connect it with network society.

The goal of this research was to explore how students with blindness (SwBs) use information and communication technology (ICT) for learning at the University of South Africa (UNISA). To do this the critical paradigm was used as a way of viewing the educational world. Underpinned by Transactional Distance Theory, Cultural Historical Activity Theory, Universal Design for Learning and Critical Theory, the study was qualitative and used narrative inquiry. The selection of the participants was made through purposive and snowball sampling and data collected through life stories, in-depth and telephonic interviews. The findings culminated in two major findings: 1) the use of ICT for learning; and 2) inclusive digital approaches. The first has emerging themes, for instance, (a) challenges with mathematical, scientific and accounting signs; (b) inability to access graphic learning material; (c) incompatibility of software; (d) lack of timely access to electronic learning materials; (e) high cost of ICT tools; (f) personal computers and laptops; (g) myUnisa and myLife; (h) voice recorders, Brailler, screen readers and videoconferencing; (i) electronic mail (e-mail); and (j) mobile telephones. The themes for the second major finding include: (a) authentic use of student-centred approaches; (b) inconsistency between policy and practice; (c) testing and re-testing of assessment tools; and (d) regular seeking of students‘ views and experiences. The proposed ‗Inclusive Critical use of Technology‘ (ICuT) framework was developed to and can be used as an effective guide if it is foregrounded by applicable distance learning theories and appropriate technologies. The study recommends the use of inclusive and critical approaches when integrating ICT into teaching and learning. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)