Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-12-26T12:03:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Izabelle Lucia de Oliveira Barbosa.pdf: 2071366 bytes, checksum: 85c401ff3585b60b502242b0ccc5131d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-26T12:03:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Izabelle Lucia de Oliveira Barbosa.pdf: 2071366 bytes, checksum: 85c401ff3585b60b502242b0ccc5131d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / This work aims to analyze press, intelectuals and social actors' positioning about marital separation, through narratives and practices. The research timeframe begins in 1917, when 1916 civil code was promulgated. The first Brazillian civil code instituted the word "separation" instead of "divorce", used by the 1890 matrimonial code. Furthermore, the civil code ratified the parental power and introduced the married woman as a relatively powerless subject. Thus, we studied how the narratives were built, aiming to define the husbands and married women's social roles according to the models established by 1916 civil code. Around the 30's, the feminist movemente emerges in Recife, the Pernambuco's Federation for Female Progress and the Brazillian Feminist Crusade. Thereby, we'll analyze both movements to understand if there was a favorable or not-so positioning about marital separation, since the civil code workes as a moral and social regulation to women mainly. So, we studied the separation, marriage annulment and alimony lawsuits to investigate how social actors experienced Brazillian law practices and the established social behaviors for husbands and wives. This work demands to do a counterpoint between the narratives and practices established on a civil code that legitimated behaviors settled on promoting sexists and unequal model conducts for husbands and wives. This research's contribution, based on gender relations studies, allows us to understand which way the social construction, in history, influenced men and women's unequal roles maintenance and propagation. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar por meio das narrativas e práticas o posicionamento da imprensa, dos intelectuais e dos atores sociais a respeito da separação conjugal. O marco temporal de pesquisa tem início no ano de 1917, ano em que o Código Civil de 1916 é promulgado. O primeiro Código Civil brasileiro instituiu o termo desquite ao invés da palavra divórcio, utilizado pelo Código Matrimonial de 1890. Além disso, o Código Civil ratificou o Pátrio Poder, e inseriu a mulher casada como um sujeito relativamente incapaz. Desse modo, analisamos, por meio dos periódicos da época, como as narrativas foram construídas, visando definir os papéis sociais de maridos e mulheres casadas em consonância com os modelos estabelecidos pelo Código Civil de 1916. Por volta dos anos 30 do século XX, emerge o movimento feminista na cidade do Recife, a Federação Pernambucana pelo Progresso Feminino e a Cruzada Feminista Brasileira, assim, analisaremos ambos os movimentos a fim de compreender se houve um posicionamento favorável ou não às separações conjugais, Visto que o Código Civil funcionava como um regulador social e moral, principalmente para as mulheres. Por conseguinte, nos debruçamos sobre os processos de desquite, anulação de casamento e ação de alimentos, a fim de investigar como os atores sociais vivenciaram as práticas da legislação brasileira e dos comportamentos socialmente estabelecidos para maridos e esposas. O presente trabalho, assim, procura realizar um contraponto entre as narrativas e as práticas estabelecidas a partir de um Código Civil que legitimou comportamentos assentados sobre o biológico, promovendo, assim, modelos de condutas sexistas e desiguais para maridos e mulheres. A contribuição desta pesquisa, baseada nos estudos das relações de gênero, nos permite compreender de que maneira a construção social, ao longo da história, influenciou na manutenção e reprodução dos papéis ainda desiguais entre homens e mulheres.

Este trabalho analisa a pertinência e a intensidade da interferência das relações de gênero nas jornadas e nos ritmos definidores do trabalho docente. Situado entre os estudos da Sociologia da Educação, do Trabalho e da Família, inicia a reflexão sobre o conceito de gênero, articulado pelas teóricas feministas Joan Scott e Linda Nicholson; de divisão sexual do trabalho e suas conseqüências na vida de homens e mulheres, defendidos por Helena Hirata, Danièle Kergoat, Elizabeth Souza-Lobo, Joan Scott, Cristina Bruschini, Bila Sorj, dentre outros; e da noção de tempo, desenvolvida por Norbert Elias e Alberto Melucci. Em seguida, baseado em levantamento sobre a produção acadêmica acerca do trabalho docente sob a ótica das relações de gênero, constata as lacunas dessa produção sobre os tempos de trabalho, analisa a trajetória de constituição do trabalho docente e mostra os significados femininos e masculinos que o perpassam. A pesquisa empírica de caráter qualitativo foi desenvolvida com professoras e professores de Ensino Fundamental II de uma escola municipal da zona sul de São Paulo, durante os anos de 2006 e 2007. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionários, diários de uso do tempo, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e diário de campo. O estudo de Cláudio Dedecca sobre tempo, trabalho e gênero forneceu os elementos para a construção dos conceitos analíticos. A maioria dos docentes - homens ou mulheres - possui extensas jornadas de trabalho total, decorrentes, em parte, dos baixos salários. Além dos serviços escolares realizados em casa, recorrentes nas jornadas de todo o grupo, professoras e professores possuem também extensas jornadas de trabalho para a reprodução social, mesmo que em graus variados. A importância da articulação entre as diversas dimensões do tempo na vida dos sujeitos, apontada por Dedecca, considerando a tensão existente entre elas, possibilitou reconhecer a necessária separação entre trabalho feminino e trabalho masculino. No entanto, a análise do cotidiano das professoras e dos professores pesquisados permitiu questionar uma característica ressaltada pela maior parte dos estudos focados no trabalho fora da docência : a dicotomia entre tempos de trabalho econômico maiores -- que supõem trabalho remunerado e tempos de deslocamento -- para os homens e, para as mulheres, tempos de trabalho para a reprodução social maiores, que incluem o trabalho doméstico e o cuidado com filhos, precisa ser problematizada, ao menos no que se refere aos docentes pesquisados. Ademais, as políticas públicas, educacionais e sociais, para garantir igualdade de oportunidades e condições de vida para os professores e as professoras, precisam considerar a articulação entre as esferas da produção e da reprodução. / This research analyzes the pertinence and intensity of how gender relations interfere with the shifts and rhythms that define the teaching work. Located in between the studies in Sociology of Education, Labor and Family, it starts thinking over the concept of gender, as proposed by feminist theorists Joan Scott and Linda Nicholson; of sexual division of labor and its consequences in the life of men and women, as defended by Helena Hirata, Danièle Kergoat, Elizabeth Souza-Lobo, Joan Scott, Cristina Bruschini, Bila Sorj, among others; and the notion of time, developed by Norbert Elias and Alberto Melucci. Next, based on a survey of the academic production on teaching work under the viewpoint of gender relations, the research finds the gaps in such production about the working times, analyzes how the teaching work is instituted, and shows the feminine and masculine meanings that are intertwined in it. Empirical data are of qualitative nature and were collected among male and female middleschool teachers in a public institution in south area of the city of Sao Paulo, in 2006 and 2007. Data were acquired by means of questionnaires, diaries were the use of time was written down, semi-structured interviews and field diary. The study by Cláudio Dedecca about time, labor and gender provided the elements to construct the analytical concepts. Most teachers - either male or female - have extensive hours of total work partly as a result of their low wages. In addition to the school services they perform at home, which are recurring in the shifts in the entire group, teachers also face many hours of social reproduction work, even if in a diversity of degrees. The importance of the articulation between the several dimensions of time in the life of the subjects, pointed out by Dedecca, considering the tension between them, has allowed the acknowledgment of the necessary separation between feminine work and masculine work. However, the analysis of the everyday life led by male and female teachers taking part in the research allows one to think about a characteristic highlighted by most studies focusing on work, other than teaching work: the dichotomy between the times of economic work that are longer for men, which assume waged work and times of movement, and time of work for social reproduction that are longer for women, which include home chores and taking care of children. This needs to be questioned, at least in the face of what teachers have responded. Moreover, educational and social public policies, in order to ensure equal opportunities and living conditions for male and female teachers, have to consider the articulation between the spheres of production and reproduction.

Este estudo analisa as experiências de um grupo de professores que fizeram a carreira do magistério no sistema de ensino público no estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de investigar a participação dos homens na construção da cultura escolar e, em especial, da cultura do magistério. O recorte temporal efetuado circunscreve a pesquisa entre as décadas de 1950 e 1980: um momento histórico peculiar, em que o país foi marcado por muitas mudanças de ordem política, econômica e ideológica. No campo da educação, essas décadas corresponderam a dois períodos distintos - um anterior e outro posterior à promulgação da Lei 5.692/71 -, mas que pesquisados juntos permitiram uma maior compreensão dos processos de mudança que imprimiram novas configurações à profissão do magistério e ao trabalho docente, sobretudo a partir dos anos 70, quando foi implantada a reforma de ensino de 1o e 2o graus. As sucessivas alterações que ocorreram na organização do sistema de ensino atingiram a carreira e a profissão docente, cujos processos de mudança acabaram por colocar em ebulição certas dinâmicas da cultura escolar. A cultura do magistério, em particular, trouxe à tona disputas entre antigas e novas representações, que explicitam com maior clareza o imaginário social e as hierarquias que passam a (re)ordenar as relações no âmbito dessa profissão. O presente trabalho focaliza, assim, a participação e o papel dos homens nessa dinâmica, especialmente daqueles que se dirigiram aos cargos administrativos. Ao investigar a participação desses profissionais na formação da cultura do magistério, considerou-se que, mesmo a partir da promulgação da referida reforma, datada de 1971, quando os homens se tornaram um grupo proporcionalmente menor em comparação ao das mulheres, aqueles que permaneceram na profissão, sobretudo na carreira administrativa, acabaram por deter parcela significativa de poder, em decorrência de certas prerrogativas adquiridas no âmbito das relações de gênero, em que determinados valores de masculinidade ainda contam como vantagens em relação aos de feminilidade. Como procedimentos, foram adotados questionários, entrevistas, análises documentais e da legislação vigente à época. Os eixos de análise foram definidos a partir dos principais conceitos utilizados no trabalho: habitus; campo e capital simbólico; representações e apropriações sociais; cultura escolar; gênero e masculinidades, tomados dos trabalhos de Pierre Bourdieu, Roger Chartier, Joan Scott, Robert Connell, entre outros autores. As análises desenvolvidas evidenciaram que algumas das determinações legais impostas ao longo do período fizeram com que as escolas e o próprio sistema de ensino sofressem grandes mudanças e, com isso, uma cultura escolar diferenciada acabou se originando, em que o tempo, o espaço e, até mesmo, os próprios sujeitos da educação - alunos, professores, equipe administrativa - não permanecessem os mesmos. As alterações ocorridas deram origem a conflitos, novas interações e novas táticas de viver a profissão por parte desse grupo de profissionais do magistério. Enfim, há uma série de ocorrências que imprimiram novas marcas no modo de os homens trabalharem e viverem o magistério e, também, nas próprias representações que fizeram, e que ainda fazem, sobre sua identidade profissional. / With the purpose of investigating the participation of men in the construction of school culture and, in particular, of the culture of teaching, the present study analyzes the experiences of a group of male teachers that made their careers in the public education system of the State of São Paulo. The chosen time span situates the research between the 1950s and the 1980s: a peculiar historical moment at which the nation was undergoing a series of political, economic, and ideological changes. In the field of education, these decades comprised two distinct periods - before and after the promulgation of Act 5692/71 -, but their joint investigation has afforded a better understanding of the processes of change that brought about new configurations to the teaching profession and work, especially since the 1970s, when a teaching reform introduced the system of 1st and 2nd degrees. The successive modifications that took place in the organization of the education system affected the teaching career and profession, and the processes of change that occurred therein put some of the dynamics of school culture in turmoil. The culture of teaching, in particular, revived disputes between new and old representations, exposing the social imaginary and the hierarchies that started then to (re)order the relations within this profession. This work thus focuses on the participation of men, and on the role they played in such dynamics, with special attention to those men that oriented themselves toward administrative posts. By investigating the participation of these professionals in the formation of the culture of teaching, we have considered that even after the approval of the above-mentioned reform in 1971, when men became a relatively small group compared to that of women, those that did remain in the teaching profession, especially in the administrative career, eventually exercised significant power, as a result of prerogatives acquired in the context of gender relations, in which certain values of masculinity still count as advantages over those of femininity. Research procedures adopted have included questionnaires, interviews, and analysis of documents and legislation of the period. The lines of analysis were defined from the main concepts employed in the work: habitus; symbolic field and capital; social representations and appropriations; school culture; gender and masculinities. These have been taken from the works of Pierre Bourdieu, Roger Chartier, Joan Scott, and Robert Connell, amongst others. The analyses developed revealed that some of the legal determinations imposed during that period provoked large changes in schools and to the teaching system itself, giving rise to a different school culture, in which time, space, and even the very subjects of education - pupils, teachers, administrative staff - did not remain the same. The transformations that occurred originated in this group of teaching professionals conflicts, new interactions and new tactics to live the profession. There is, therefore, a whole series of facts that have left a new mark on the way men work at and experience teaching, and also in the representations they made, and still make, about their professional identity.

Introdução Os trabalhadores interlocutores neste estudo caracterizam-se pelo somatório simultâneo de duas profissões, de policial e de militar. Ambas exigem extremo engajamento subjetivo e incluem vivências violentas. As peculiaridades e exigências do trabalho destes profissionais fazem com que eles geralmente não sejam associados à categoria trabalhadores e fiquem à margem das discussões e ações pertinentes à área de Saúde do Trabalhador. Com este estudo pretende-se contribuir para a ampliação dos estudos sobre saúde mental e trabalho, especificamente considerando as relações de gênero e os elementos relacionados ao equilíbrio/desequilíbrio entre as esferas pessoal e profissional. Objetivo Apreender, a partir do referencial de gênero, as mediações entre subjetividades, trabalho, violências e sofrimento psíquico de homens e mulheres trabalhadores na condição de policiais militares de uma corporação localizada em Brasília/DF. Método Foram entrevistados individualmente a partir de roteiro norteador 7 mulheres e 17 homens policiais militares com posições diversas na hierarquia que atuavam ou tivessem atuado no policiamento ostensivo. Foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo temática, de cunho compreensivo e indutivo, do conjunto do material obtido. Este tipo de análise tem uma dimensão descritiva e outra interpretativa apoiada em conceitos teórico- analíticos. Na análise das entrevistas em profundidade utilizaram-se como categorias analíticas os seguintes conceitos teóricos estruturadores do estudo: subjetividade, relações de gênero, violência relacionada ao trabalho, saúde mental. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da FSP/USP. Resultados e discussão A organização do trabalho foi apontada pelos informantes como um fator mais nocivo à saúde mental do que o conteúdo do trabalho de lidar com a violência urbana. A militarização molda a subjetividade dos policiais, e causa impedimentos para que estes indivíduos enfrentem as situações abusivas e expressem emoções, resultando em sofrimento psíquico para os trabalhadores. Paralelamente, as relações de gênero podem afetar negativamente ou exercer efeito protetor sobre a saúde mental dos policiais militares, a depender da qualidade das relações estabelecidas no trabalho e com familiares. Conclusão São urgentes e necessárias ações preventivas e de promoção da saúde mental nas corporações policiais militares, de forma a melhorar a qualidade de vida e o bem-estar psíquico dos trabalhadores e familiares, com implicações, inclusive, sobre a violência intra e interpessoal, seja de cunho policial, doméstico ou social. / Introduction Workers, interlocutors in this study, are characterized by the simultaneous sum of two professions, police and military. Both require extreme subjective engagement and include violent experiences. Job peculiarities and job demands entails that these professionals are not usually seen as workers and they frequently stay on the sidelines of discussions and relevant actions in the Occupational Health field. This study aims to contribute to the expansion of studies on mental health and work, specifically considering gender relations and the elements related to balance or imbalance between personal and professional lives. Aim To apprehend, from the gender frame, mediations between subjectivities, work, violence and psychic suffering of men and women workers in the condition of military police officers of a corporation located in Brasilia, Federal District of Brazil. Methodological procedures Interviews using a guiding script were conducted individually with 7 military policewomen and 17 military policemen from different positions in the organization hierarchy, who worked or had worked in ostensive policing. A thematic content analysis, comprehensive and inductive, was performed. This type of analysis has a descriptive and an interpretative dimension supported by theoretical and analytical concepts. In the analysis of in-depth interviews the following theoretical concepts were used as analytical categories: subjectivity, gender relations, work-related violence, and mental health. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of School of Public Health/University of São Paulo. Results Work organization was identified by informants as more harmful to the mental health than the work content (to deal with urban violence). Militarization shapes the subjectivity of police workers, hindering them to face the abusive situations and expressing emotions, resulting in psychological distress. At the same time, gender relations may adversely affect or have a protective effect on mental health of military police, depending on the quality of relationships at work and with family. Conclusion Preventive actions and mental health promotion in the military police organizations are required and urgent in order to improve the quality of life and psychological well-being of workers and their families, with implications, including, on the intra and interpersonal violence, either police, domestic or social violence.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-09-25T12:19:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CAROLINA BEZERRA DE SOUZA.pdf: 3025878 bytes, checksum: 508e556af3a93f7960b20d97d492e4bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-25T12:19:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAROLINA BEZERRA DE SOUZA.pdf: 3025878 bytes, checksum: 508e556af3a93f7960b20d97d492e4bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-16 / This thesis aims to demonstrate that the Gospel of Mark is a political-theological piece, which, among its messages, discloses an ideological message of antipatriarchal component, as a form of community orientation that intends to generate new gender identities in its community. This message is inscribed in the discourses, actions and interactions of Jesus with the disciples and the women in the narrative and is shown in the increasing evolution of the relations and possibilities of performance of the female characters that culminate with leadership roles in the final scenes The methodology consists in the use of feminist theoretical frameworks, the gender category associated with literary tooling, the narratological analysis and the discourse analysis. The objects of analysis are the scenes in which women appear. It starts with an understanding of the historical context of the emergence of the Gospel of Mark and a literary approach to complete narrative, and then become the gender, narratological and speech analysis the following pericopaes: Mark 1,29-31; 3,31-35; 5,1-43; 7,24-30; 12,41-44; 14,3-9 and 15.40-16.8. In most of these passages, women appear as historical narrative subject. These scenes mark important turning points of the narrative. In them, we perceive the criticism of the patriarchal ethos and a positive and liberating construction of the role of women in the Jesus movement and, because of this intentional rescue of Jesus´s practices and relationships, it extends also to the Christian movement of the Markan community. In Mark's story, the women who have contact with Jesus are representative of the kingdom values and have diakonia attitudes and bold, courageous attitudes of great faith and delivery of life. Finally, women are recognized as disciples as they followed and served Jesus from Galilee. Thus, the work aims, through a reinterpretation of biblical texts, provide material that can help to reconstruct respectful and fair gender relations and to prevent of discrimination and violence practices. / Esta tese pretende demonstrar que o Evangelho de Marcos é uma peça políticoteológica que, entre suas mensagens, divulga uma mensagem ideológica de componente antipatriarcal, como forma de orientação comunitária que pretende gerar novas identidades de gênero em sua comunidade. Essa mensagem está inscrita nos discursos, ações e interações de Jesus com os discípulos e as mulheres na narrativa e mostra-se na evolução crescente das relações e das possibilidades de atuação das personagens femininas que culminam com papéis de liderança nas cenas finais. A metodologia consiste no uso de referenciais teóricos feministas, a categoria de gênero, associados a ferramentais literários, a análise da narratológica e análise do discurso. Os objetos de análise são as cenas em que aparecem mulheres. Parte-se de uma compreensão do contexto histórico de surgimento do Evangelho de Marcos e de uma aproximação literária à narrativa completa, para fazer, então, a análise de gênero, narratológica e do discurso das seguintes perícopes: Mc 1,29-31; 3,31-35; 5,21-43; 7,24-30; 12,41-44; 14,3-9; 15,40-16,8. Nessas passagens, as mulheres aparecem como sujeito histórico-narrativo. Essas cenas marcam pontos de inflexão importantes da narrativa. Nelas, percebem-se críticas ao ethos patriarcal e uma construção positiva e libertadora do papel das mulheres no movimento de Jesus e, por causa desse resgate intencional da práxis e das relações de Jesus, também no movimento cristão da comunidade marcana. Na história de Marcos, as mulheres que têm contato com Jesus são representativas dos valores do Reino de Deus e têm atitudes de diaconia e posturas ousadas, corajosas, de muita fé e entrega de vida. Ao final, mulheres são reconhecidas como discípulas, pois seguiam e serviam a Jesus desde a Galileia. Assim, o trabalho pretende, por meio de uma reinterpretação dos textos bíblicos, fornecer material que possa ajudar a reconstruir relações de gênero respeitosas, justas e prevenir práticas de discriminação e violência.

<p>The aim of this study is to illustrate and unfold the dynamic interaction between conditions of integration and patterns of integration, in other words the structural conditions related to processes of integration and normalization of every day life. This is done with concrete reference to Bosnian refugees living in Malmö and Umeå during 1996-1997, having received permanent permission to stay in Sweden during 1992-1995. How do refugees under different conditions arrange their lives, perceive their own life situation, manage the course of daily life and develop individual life patterns? The study shows that processes of integration and normalisation depend on and has an impact on involvement and participation in social, economic, political and cultural life in general. Background statistics, official documents and local daily press material together with intense interviews with Bosnian refugees and key-informants constitute the empirical base of the study. The theoretical base consists of a holistic perspective on integration, including aspects of ethnicity, culture and gender. The focus is on the double-sided processes of integration among refugees in relation to the established population. Refugees’ processes of integration and normalization are described and discussed with reference to patterns of living conditions, patterns of integration, patterns of action and patterns of attitudes. The general conclusion is that refugees’ life patterns are very fragile. Processes of integration and normalization depend on conditions of involvement and of participation as well as the openness of the society at large and specifically on how civil, political and social rights are supplied for. This in turn raises the question of the importance of not only formal but also substantial citizenship rights. Integration is also closely related to possible changes towards more flexible gendered spaces of action. The more equal gender relations in the family become the more it opens up for possibilities of integration and normalization for both women and men. Encompassing possibilities to integration into the society at large combined with increased potentials of altering conventional power relations between women and men are vital for the processes of integration and normalization among refugees.</p>

<p>The first objective of this study is to show if diffusion of contraception in areas of traditional high fertility has gone through profound changes. Indeed, we would like to know if contraceptive behaviours have evolved because of new fertility perceptions and also because partners now have greater freedom to make choices in a relationship. The second objective of this study is not only to highlight the levels and trends of contraception and the factors influencing their use (government policies, role of family planning, etc.) in developing countries, but also to consider the population of unmet-needs of contraception. Indeed, the level of contraceptive use depends obviously on users, but also on non-users with no needs and non-users with unsatisfied needs. The understanding of this last category of females is essential to a more accurate estimation of contraception levels, and, therefore for the estimation of fertility levels. This study analyses the contraceptive use in several developing countries in Africa and highlights the unsatisfied needs of contraception, to understand why such needs exist. To do so, we shall analyse available demographic data for thirty-five African countries by using the available Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), from the 1980&rsquo / s to 2000&rsquo / s considering the DHS I, DHS II, DHS III and DHS IV. This great variety of surveys, seventy-nine in total, permits one to compare levels of contraception and &ldquo / unmet-needs&rdquo / from country to country. The surveys also, make it possible to compare the evolution over time of specific countries or specific regions, and to subsequently comprehend the determining factors of contraceptive use or non-use.</p>

The aim of this study is to illustrate and unfold the dynamic interaction between conditions of integration and patterns of integration, in other words the structural conditions related to processes of integration and normalization of every day life. This is done with concrete reference to Bosnian refugees living in Malmö and Umeå during 1996-1997, having received permanent permission to stay in Sweden during 1992-1995. How do refugees under different conditions arrange their lives, perceive their own life situation, manage the course of daily life and develop individual life patterns? The study shows that processes of integration and normalisation depend on and has an impact on involvement and participation in social, economic, political and cultural life in general. Background statistics, official documents and local daily press material together with intense interviews with Bosnian refugees and key-informants constitute the empirical base of the study. The theoretical base consists of a holistic perspective on integration, including aspects of ethnicity, culture and gender. The focus is on the double-sided processes of integration among refugees in relation to the established population. Refugees’ processes of integration and normalization are described and discussed with reference to patterns of living conditions, patterns of integration, patterns of action and patterns of attitudes. The general conclusion is that refugees’ life patterns are very fragile. Processes of integration and normalization depend on conditions of involvement and of participation as well as the openness of the society at large and specifically on how civil, political and social rights are supplied for. This in turn raises the question of the importance of not only formal but also substantial citizenship rights. Integration is also closely related to possible changes towards more flexible gendered spaces of action. The more equal gender relations in the family become the more it opens up for possibilities of integration and normalization for both women and men. Encompassing possibilities to integration into the society at large combined with increased potentials of altering conventional power relations between women and men are vital for the processes of integration and normalization among refugees.

This study concerns the complete oeuvre by the British author Helen Zahavi: Dirty Weekend (1991), True Romance (1994), and Donna and the Fatman (1998). Her novels are here read as a trilogy dealing with the dialectics of gender and violence in 20th century discourse, drawing on theories of how the construction of subjects is produced by power, of the relation between power and sexuality. The heroines of Zahavi’s novels try their best to move about in a world where their freedom of movement is limited to their female identity. In Dirty Weekend the protagonist tries to shoot her way out, claiming revenge on every man that is forcing himself upon her. She gains some freedom of movement by refusing subordination, but does not really change the order of power. The protagonist in True Romance instead finds salvation in love of the master. She learns to love the man who keeps her as a sex slave in his apartment, and when confronted with the choice between the freedom by violent action and submission by passive acceptance, she chooses the latter. The protagonist in Donna and the Fatman manage to refuse both superiority and submission. She has a debt to settle with the gangster boss Henry, but in the end blows both herself and her opponent to pieces. I argue that by doing this, Donna breaks out of the order of language. The order of power presented in Zahavi’s novels is a tyranneous dichotomy which cathegorize individuals as either victims or perpertrators. This construction is seemingly a natural order which we have to accept, but the actions of Zahavi’s last protagonist eventually proves it to be nothing but a mask, a lie. This lie is, in the words of one of Zahavi’s characters, a tenacious lie, and the only way to break out of the construction of power is to break out of the construction of the order of power. Thus the blowing up of both victim and perpertrator may enable a new world to be born.

There is a consistent thread throughout Russian history of governmental management of culture. Tsars and Communist bureaucrats alike have sought to variously promote, censor, or exploit writers, filmmakers, and musicians to control and define the country's cultural content. Often, these measures were intended not necessarily to cultivate Russia's aesthetic spirit, but to accomplish specific policy goals. The promotion of a State ideology and other efforts to stave of social unrest were chief among them. With the fall of Soviet power and the loss of an official ideology promoted by the state, the concept of cultural politics fell to the wayside. It has remained largely ignored ever since. Despite numerous high-profile incidents of persecution of the creative class, analysts have not linked them together as part of an overarching cultural policy. However, the Russian government under Vladimir Putin has faced consistent policy challenges since the beginning of the 2000s that could be mitigated through the implementation of such a policy. In some ways, the breadth and character of State involvement in the cultural sphere follows the pattern of the country’s autocratic past. In others, it demonstrates that it has adapted these policies to function in the hybrid regime that Putin has created, as opposed to the totalitarian ones that preceded it. A recent case that exemplifies this new breed of cultural policy is the persecution of the radical feminist punk band Pussy Riot. While largely unknown to many Russian citizens, the group’s overt opposition to the patriarchal model of rule established by Putin with the help of the Russian Orthodox Church was met by the most comprehensive crackdown within the cultural sphere since perestroika. Examining this case in detail can reveal the extent to which the Russian government is concerned about its ability to maintain popular legitimacy. The fact that it has continued to try to manage the cultural sphere may indicate the level of democracy that has or has not been established in Russia so far today. / text