<p>The spreading of HIV/AIDS has a gendered dimension. In this essay I focus on the gender roles that create different spheres for the sexes and how they are connected to the spreading of HIV/AIDS. The construction of masculinity hinders the HIV preventing efforts due to the social demands of having several partners and the dislike of using condoms. Sometimes it also results in gender-based violence. The female gender role narrows the possibilities for women to protect themselves. The women are struck harder by the disease because they are in a disadvantageous position in society where they have few means of economic independence and no control over their own bodies in their sexual relationships. The key is to change the gendered domain and the attitudes toward both men and women.</p>

<p>This study, entitled A constant balance – Gender equality work in an organisation dominated by women and an organisation dominated by men focuses on attitudes towards gender equality issues in two organisations – one that is dominated by women and one that is dominated by men. The study is based on the Doing gender theory, which primarily means that gender is something people do, it is constantly changing and it depends on the surrounding context.</p><p>The organisations in the study are both working with gender equality issues, but the attitudes towards gender equality work are ambiguous. The primary gender equality issue in both organisations is to increase the number of employees of the non-dominant gender. The gender equality work in both organisations is formally supported but it is also being met with informal resistance. The informants say that it is the older men in the organisations that are the strongest opponents of gender equality work. The common attitudes is said to be “it is good as it is”.</p><p>The Equal Opportunities Act (sw: Jämställdhetslagen) is said to be very important in the legitimisation of the gender equality work. All informants say that it is good that such an Act exists. The main view of men and women is based on complementary thinking. Women are supposed to be empathetic, attentive and caring while men are said to be action-geared, technical and physically strong. To work with gender equality can be seen as a constant balance act. The issue has to be raised to accomplish change but at the same time it is important not to push too hard, it can lead to backlashes.</p> / <p>Föreliggande intervjustudie behandlar attityder gentemot jämställdhet och jämställdhetsarbete i en organisation som domineras av kvinnor och en som domineras av män. Studien utgår teoretiskt från Doing gender-perspektivet, där betoningen ligger på att kön är något som görs och är beroende av den omgivande kontexten.</p><p>Båda organisationerna arbetar med jämställdhet men attityderna till jämställdhetsarbetet är tvetydiga inom båda organisationerna. Den centrala frågan i organisationernas jämställdhetsarbete är att öka antalet individer av det underrepresenterade könet. Jämställdhetsarbetet möts av ett formellt stöd men även ett informellt motstånd. Detta beskrivs komma främst från de äldre männen i 50-/60-årsåldern. Den allmänna attityden sades annars vara att ”vi har det väl bra som vi har det”.</p><p>Jämställdhetslagen beskrivs vara väldigt betydelsefull för att legitimera jämställdhetsarbetet. Samtliga informanter är positiva till att lagen finns. Synen på kvinnor och män präglas av ett komplementärt tänkande. Kvinnor förväntas vara empatiska, lyhörda och omvårdande medan männen ses som handlingsinriktade, tekniskt kunniga och fysiskt starka. Att arbeta med jämställdhet kan ses som en ständig balansgång. Frågan måste uppmärksammas för att förändring ska ske men samtidigt får man inte trycka på för hårt. Det kan leda till bakslag.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was written by Mary Wollstonecraft. It was published in 1792 and as the titel reveals it dicusses what kind of rights women ought to have. Several authors, who have argued that women should not have the same rights as men, are mentioned in the book. One of them is Rousseau. His thoughts about different education for girls and boys are shown in Émile. Whereas Wollstonecraft and Rousseaus ideas about the meaning of gender fell apart, the discussion about gender and how it affects us is still a popular subject in 2006.</p><p>The aim of this essay was to see what kind of attitude teachers from a school, located in the south of Stockholm, had towards gender and gender roles. The teaching-plan brings up the subject by saying that it is important to encourage the students to not reastrain themselves because of which gender they have. However, the literature that has been used in this essay shows that boys and girls get treated differently, because of their gender. The method that was used is interviews with the teachers, which became twelve interviews with twelve teachers. The result shows that the teachers had different attitudes towards the subject. While a few of them seemed very interested of the subject, most of them were not working activley to fulfil what is said in the teaching-plan. Many of the teachers were aware of how they themselves made a clear difference between boys and girls. The girls are seen as more fragile than the boys who get a rougher treatment. Three of the teachers showed a lot of excitement during the interview and they worked a lot with gender issues, trying their best to not treat the students differently on the basis of gender. However, almost all of the interviewed theachers wanted to work more with the subject. One of the obstacles that was mentioned was not knowing how to proceed. They requested more material, such as exercises they could do in the classroom and among the other teachers. Another obstacle seemed to be the management, who had shown very little interest in the subject.</p><p>Keywords: genus, könsroller, inställning, lärare, elever, könstillhörighet.</p>

<p>This study examines the love and desire between Angela von Pahlen and Stanny Landborg in Agnes von Krusenstjerna’s <i>Fröknarna von Pahlen series</i>. I have studied the characters in Krusenstjerna’s texts using Judith Butler’s theory of the heterosexual matrix. My main focus has been the desire in <i>Fröknarna von Pahlen</i>. Drawn from the primary question, “What is love?”, I examine the desires possibilities and obstacles.</p><p>The essay is divided into two parts. In the first part I read <i>Fröknarna von Pahlen</i> against its contemporary view on homosexuality. I have found both an awareness of the contemporary view but also a tendency to surpass this view, go beyond it in order to create something new. In the second part of the essay I focus on the relationship between the two young girls, Angela and Stanny, and a few other characters close to them. The desire in Krusenstjernas texts reaches an almost universal level, it is written as the same irrespective of between what or who it is expressed. The characters are however also always subject to culture and society which is dominated by the heterosexual matrix. Its rules for sexuality are embodied in different ways, through actions or thoughts, and are constantly present.</p><p>The novels use both the hetero-normative model for love and the ones the heterosexual matrix rules out as unwanted. But through repeating these models differently the text becomes a subversive instrument in the deconstruction of the heterosexual matrix. By means of applying a lyrical tone to the text and by putting the “divergent” love in a secluded place Agnes von Krusenstjerna brings her text to something new and bends the rules for what desire and love are allowed to be.</p>

<p>This paper focuses on the subject of Simone de Beauvoir and how she creates her view of motherhood. With help from Toril Moi’s method – which she calls <i>personal genealogy</i> – as a standpoint I have read Beauvoir’s autobiography <i>Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter</i> with and against her essay about women, <i>The Second Sex</i>.</p><p>The genealogy tries to understand the term ‘making’ and the idea of production or construction and the personal genealogy sees the subject – the person – as an extraordinarily complex effect of a whole network of different discourses or determinants. In order to be able to understand Beauvoir’s view on motherhood I have read her philosophy with and against the feminist philosopher Ulla M. Holm’s and the radical feminist Adrienne Richs’ theories about mothering and the institution of motherhood.</p><p>In Beauvoir’s other works I have also found keys to the patriarchal motherhood she writes about in <i>The Second Sex.</i> A motherhood she in her individual life dissociates herself from, and through which she creates her own self, when she ten years after <i>The second Sex </i>publishes the first volume in her autobiography. With help from Julia Kristeva’s theory about the abject my study also shows that the ”motherhood as slavery” that she runs away from has made engraving marks in her own body.</p>

<p>Detta är en genusvetenskaplig uppsats och syftet är att undersöka förutsättningarna för de kvinnliga ledarna i en kvinnodominerad ledningsgrupp. Undersökningen är kvalitativ och baseras på intervjustudier och fältanteckningar från företaget som gjorts under okt-dec-2006. Deltagandeobservation av ett gruppmöte samt företagets årsredovisningar och lönelistor har använts som kompletterande material. De teoretiska ramverken har varit Moss Kanters teori om organisationer och La Clau och Mouffes diskursanalys. Resultatet och analysen är indelade i tre avsnitt.</p><p>I första avsnittet behandlas chefsideal och normer för ledarskap, och dess könsmärkning problematiseras. Hårda krav på prestationer och bemötande gäller för de kvinnliga ledarna när de mäts mot idealchefen. Andra avsnittet handlar om hur ledningsgruppens förutsättningar formar gruppkulturen och fortplantar sig i organisationen. Tredje avsnittet behandlar motstånd och försvar mot diskursiva uppfattningar om kön och ledarskap. Ledningsgruppens situation kan beskrivas som att de befinner sig i ett konstant tillstånd av ifrågasättande, men de har de utvecklat en ledarstil som minskar trycket på de kvinnliga ledarna.</p> / <p>This essay is written from a gender perspective and investigates the conditions of female leaders in a female dominated management group. The investigation is qualitative, and based on interviews, the annual report of the corporation and field notes from participant observations in the autumn 2006, when we frequently visited the corporation. The theoretical framework is Moss Kanters theory on corporations and La Clau and Mouffes discourse analysis. The result and the analysis are different in three sections. The first deals with gendered ideals and norms created around leadership and the image of the “boss”/ manager. Demands of performance and treatment are harder on the female leaders when measured against male norms, and expectations of female gender. The second part discusses how the conditions of the management group repeats through the organisation. The third part treats combating and defence of discourses on gender and leadership. The situation of the management group can be described as being under a constant pressure, but the leaders have constructed a form of leadership that facilitates the pressure on the female heads.</p>

<p>Vi vill ta reda på hur kvinnliga pedagoger i förskolan fördelar talutrymmet och hur kommunikation/samspel ser ut mellan pedagog, flickor och pojkar. De frågeställningar som ligger till grund för vår studie är:</p><p>· Skiljer det sig i flickors och pojkars tilldelade talutrymme/uppmärksamhet i samling på förskolan. Är det så att pojkar får större talutrymme/uppmärksamhet?</p><p>· Finns det en medvetenhet hos pedagogen i hennes förhållningssätt/kommunikation/samspel/interaktion?</p><p>· Finns det skillnader i pedagogens uttryckssätt till flickor och pojkar vid tillsägelser och bekräftelse?</p><p>· Använder pedagoger lika/olika ordval, röstläge, tonfall, kroppsspråk gentemot flickor och pojkar?</p><p>I vår fallstudie har vi observerat pedagoger och barn genom videoinspelning och intervjuat pedagogerna angående genus och jämställdhet. Intervjuerna dokumenterades genom ljudupptagning. Vår studie visar att i kommunikationssammanhang skiljer sig flickor och pojkar åt. Det har visat sig att pojkar både tar och får mer utrymme.</p>

This thesis discusses the cultural contributions – artistic patronage, art theory, art satire - of four Ladies-in-Waiting employed at the early eighteenth-century century British court: Mary, Countess Cowper; Charlotte Clayton, Baroness Sundon; Henrietta Howard, Countess of Suffolk; and Mary Hervey, Baroness Hervey of Ickworth. Through a close reading of archival manuscripts, published correspondences and art historical treatises, I explore the cultural milieu, historical legacy and historiographic reception of these individuals. I argue that their writing reveals fresh insight on the switch from Baroque to Rococo modes of portraiture in Britain, as it does critical attitudes to sex, religion and politics among aristocratic women. Through the use of satire, these courtiers comment on extramarital affairs, rape, homosexuality and divorce among their peer group. They also show an interest in issues of feminist education, literature, political and religious patronage, and contemporary news events, which they reference through allusions to painting, architecture, sculpture, engravings, ceramics, textiles and book illustrations. Many of the artists patronized by the court in this period were foreign-born, peripatetic, and stylistically unusual. Partly due to the transnational nature of these artist’s careers, and partly due to the reluctance of later historians to admit the extent of foreign socio-cultural influence, biased judgements about the quality of these émigré painters’ work continue to predominate in art historical scholarship. While little-studied themselves, these Ladies-in-waiting were at the center of political, social and cultural life in Britain. Their letters therefore have much of value in reclaiming, not only their own contributions to the development of British cultural life, but those of the French or Francophile émigré artists patronized at court. By studying the work of these artists and the lives of their patrons, I examine the intersection between biography and artistic practice at the early eighteenth-century British court. / Thesis (Ph.D, Art History) -- Queen's University, 2013-04-29 03:14:47.731

This thesis presents a historicized account of the construction of identity within contemporary indie. Indie emerged as a music scene in the early 1980s, and existing scholarly accounts of it focus on practices of music production and consumption. Indie has expanded and diversified over the last 30 years, however. Crucially, in the UK it has become increasingly interconnected into popular fashion – a development that has transformed indie from being a space solely for the construction of masculine identities, as it was in the 1980s, into a space for the construction of both masculine and feminine identities. These transformations within indie have not been addressed, and one of the contributions of this research is to fill this gap. This thesis contributes to the field of youth cultural studies by providing new knowledge on the relationship between youth culture and popular fashion. Drawing on the Bourdieuian concept ‘field’, the thesis explores the relationship between the sub-field of indie music and the field of popular fashion in the UK, arguing that contemporary indie forms at the points of overlap between these two fields: where their value systems are mutually informative and where their value systems diverge. Drawing on Foucault’s concepts ‘discourse’ and ‘practices of the self’, this thesis explores the way in which this complex popular cultural formation creates a space for the construction of identities. Through an analysis of media representations, it considers the discursive constitution of indie, and through an analysis of participant observation and interviews, it explores the ways in which those people participating in this formation construct the self. The thesis contributes to the field of fashion studies in that it draws together these two methodologies into an examination of the construction of identity and, more specifically, gendered identities.

The aim of this master’s thesis is to study in what ways an audience who does not identify as heterosexual reflect over the Norwegian TV-show SKAM’s non-heterosexual representations. The research was carried out through five focus group interviews with thirteen people and used theories on identification, stereotypes and the media together with queer theory and intersectional theories. The study’s interviews show that SKAM gives different opportunities for identification. The respondents all identifies with ways the show deals with coming out and how the process is shaped by subtle forms homophobia. The show’s focus on heteronormativity and internalized homophobia is also strongly identified with and considered to be skilfully told. How Isak and Even’s relationship is portrayed is appreciated as well, which was a source for positive identification. The character Eskild was also brought up as a clever way to show how stereotypical representations can be used in a positive and inspiring way. The show’s general lack of non-heterosexual characters and their portrayal as all white, cis, middle class men was critiqued, as well as how the show handled fetishzation of non-heterosexual relationships. It becomes clear from the interviews how the respondents negotiate the non-heterosexual representations in SKAM in order to find identification, which helps them validate their own sexual identities. Moreover, the study also shows how representations, how they affect and regulate people’s social lives and identities, can be better understood by favouring not only the media but the viewers as well.