<p> Holding both work and family roles can be a central experience for men and women, young or old. Yet, to date, the bulk of knowledge on holding roles in both domains is specific to young adults, a critical gap as conditions warrant longer work life. This inquiry thus focused on older working men and women (over 50 years of age) with at least one family role (spouse, parent of adult children, caregiver to an aging parent, or grandparent). With survey data from the Health and Retirement Study in 2010 and 2012, latent profile analysis, path analyses, and regressions were conducted to investigate multiple roles in later adulthood: 1) The extent older workers experience role enhancement and conflict between work and family roles because of role stressors and rewards, and patterns of role enhancement and conflict experiences, 2) The extent role enhancement and conflict (a) mediate between role rewards/stressors and psychological well-being (aging self-perceptions, life satisfaction, and depressive symptoms), and (b) interact with each other when exerting their psychological impacts, 3) Gender differences in role enhancement and conflict experiences and in their psychological consequences. Holding multiple roles in later life was characterized predominantly by work and family roles mutually enhancing each other, rather than conflicting with each other, a pattern driven primarily by low role stressors and secondarily by high role rewards. Role enhancement and conflict mediated the effects of role stressors/rewards on psychological well-being, especially on self-perceptions on aging. Interactive effects were also found: Psychological well-being was fostered by work conflicting with and enhancing the family but compromised by a similar circumstance in the family. Finally, gender differences emerged. Women benefitted more than men from multiple sources of role enhancement and from their work role (even when it enhanced and conflicted with the family). Men&rsquo;s psychological well-being was neutral to multiple sources of role enhancement, enhanced by multiple sources of role conflict, and compromised by later-life family (when it enhanced and conflicted with work). In conclusion, although men and women experienced multiple roles in unique ways, they overwhelmingly benefitted from socially recognized activities from work and family roles.</p>

<p>Purpose: The U.S. Hispanic population is on the rise and will continue to be an important thread in the fabric of American society as a whole. However, in the midst of this burgeoning group lies its male subpopulation which faces its own unique challenges. One outlet that has demonstrated success for minorities is mentoring. Mentoring can provide Hispanic males with numerous benefits in a social exchange paradigm. Unfortunately the majority of mentoring research has focused solely on the perspective of the protege, thus leaving mentor perceptions, particularly those of Hispanic males, unexplored. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study sought to describe how participation in formal mentoring programs for youth impacted the dynamics of social exchange for Hispanic male mentors in the Coachella Valley. Methodology: This phenomenological qualitative study collected data via in-depth interviews of 14 Hispanic male mentors residing in the Coachella Valley region of Southern California. An interview script provided semistructured questions influenced by the framework of social exchange. Respondents were digitally recorded, and transcripts were reviewed. Triangulation included transcripts and artifacts. Findings: Five major themes emerged from the data to include (a) mentoring expectations and experiences, (b) perceived mentoring benefits, (c) the value of mentoring, (d) barriers to mentoring, and (e) the impact of Hispanic culture in mentoring relationships, all of which described how participation in formal mentoring programs impacted the social exchange dynamics for Hispanic male mentors in the Coachella Valley. Conclusions: The data and findings from this study concluded that: (a) Hispanic males set high expectations for themselves as mentors, (b) mentoring provides a positive outlet for the social development of Hispanic males, (c) mentoring can provide personal and professional development benefits for Hispanic male mentors, (d) previous mentoring experience of any kind promotes the value of mentoring and increased participation of Hispanic males, and lastly, (e) the sharing of Hispanic culture can strengthen mentoring relationships for Hispanic males. Recommendations: Further research is recommended to include expanding the study to all mentoring programs in the state of California as well as informal mentorships; replication of the study using a quantitative method; analyzing the impact of ?healing circles? on the mental health outlook of Hispanic male mentors; and investigating the effects of mentoring on their career development as well as their definition of ?success as a male.?

This essay is about the hate Ghostbusters (2016) has received. To find out why the film is hated, a reception study has been done. YouTube and IMDb are the two websites used in this study to collect the hate-comments and reviews. Ghostbusters (2016) is a remake of the original film with the same name from 1984, the original solely has men in the main roles. A big difference between the two films is that the remake contains women instead of men in the main roles. The trailer of Ghostbusters (2016) got many “downvotes” on YouTube and there after the hatred streamed in. Why is the film hated?The theories used in this study contains subjects of representation, attraction and fat studies. As a method Stuart Hall’s Encoding/decoding was used to analyze the reception of the film. This essay contains content which can be connected to cultural studies and feminism.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Personal Financial Planning / Sonya L. Britt / John E. Grable / This dissertation explores financial behavior outcomes based on economic, relational, and behavioral characteristics within marriages and individually. Data for the three essays are obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort (NLSY79) and the NLSY79 Child and Young Adult (1986-2008) survey. Essay one examined the determinants of money arguments within marriage utilizing Lundberg and Pollak’s (1994) theory of non-cooperative game theory. Respondents’ negative financial behaviors, higher income, and birth order (being laterborn) were found to influence a greater frequency of money arguments. Essay two examined the predictors of individuals’ financial behaviors, specifically socialization characteristics and gender role attitudes (traditional versus non-traditional). Using a theoretical framework of gender role theory (Eagly, 1987), younger age, not being married, being non-Black, non-Hispanic, being males, and having higher income were all found to be predictive of at least of one of the three financial behaviors used in this study. Finally, using a theoretical framework of Becker’s (1993) theory of human capital, essay three explored the intergenerational transfer of attitudes and human capital across two generations and their possible link to the respondents’ financial behaviors. Results showed that mothers’ enhanced human capital, endowed and attained, and nontraditional gender role attitudes have a significant positive impact on the children’s financial behaviors. Respondents’ income was also found to be significant. Combined results of the dissertation reveal that a link exists between the three issues discussed in the individual papers. Essay one examined what factors, including financial behaviors, might influence spousal money arguments. In response, essays two and three explored the predictors of financial behaviors within one generation and across two generations. These studies may be beneficial to financial planners, counselors, and therapists by exposing specific determinants of positive versus negative financial behaviors. These findings also provide useful information for policymakers in creating programs that best serve the needs of individuals related to their personal financial issues. Overall, by exploring not only monetary, but attitudinal and socialization effects of financial behaviors, this study adds to the body of knowledge related to the encompassing field of personal financial planning.

The Stars of David is based on the true story of a woman whose love of baseball stood above all. Set in the midst of the Great Depression, Jackie Austin, disgusted by the chauvinistic expectations of her impoverished father, sets off on her own to play for whatever team that will have her. That team proves to be the barnstorming House of David Baseball Club, an ascetic religious commune struggling to regain past glory after a decade of tragedy and shame. Outsiders and freaks to the rest of the world, these new "Stars" of David must learn to work together on the field in order to prosper in life. Can they succeed in the staunchly traditional, largely racist world of Depression-era Major League Baseball? Or will they, too, be whitewashed by time?

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka kvinnors potential till att utmana heteronormativa konventioner genom polyamorös praktik, samt att undersöka vilket motstånd kvinnorna mött eller möter från omgivningen och i kärleksrelationer med män. Studien utgår teoretiskt från Stevi Jacksons definition av heteronormativitet som en normerande, institutionaliserande struktur som reglerar normer för såväl sexualitet som kön, och Chris Beasleys teori om gränsöverskridande heterosexualitet, det vill säga olikkönade sexuella praktiker som har potential att utmana könade och sexuella ojämlikheter som struktureras av heteronormativitet. Undersökningen genomfördes genom semistrukturerade enskilda djupintervjuer, med tre kvinnor som definierar sig som polyamorösa och som har erfarenheter av kärleksrelationer med män. Dessa har sedan tolkats tematiskt genom lodrät och vågrät textanalys i enlighet med Heléne Thomssons systematiska textanalys. Resultaten visar på att kvinnorna utmanar heteronormativa föreställningar om att kvinnans sexualitet ska kontrolleras av en man, om att kvinnor bör hämma individuell utveckling till förmån för stabiliteten i en parrelation samt om att kvinnor är potentiella rivaler om män snarare än potentiella vänner, och om att kärleksrelationer bör prioriteras över platonska vänskapsrelationer. Kvinnorna möter motstånd i och med att omgivningen ofta förstår polyamori som sexuell promiskuitet, och att kvinnor i enlighet med den sexuella dubbelstandarden döms hårdare än män när de har flera sexuella partners. I kvinnornas relationer med män kvarstår och reproduceras vissa traditionella könsmönster, där männen i enlighet med ideal för hegemonisk maskulinitet ser kvinnornas andra manliga partners som rivaler, och där kvinnorna gör en större del av det känslomässiga arbetet än sina manliga partners. Det finns begränsningar, främst i form av bristande tidsmässiga och energimässiga resurser, för kvinnornas möjligheter att underhålla multipla kärleksrelationer i praktiken. Samtidigt menar jag att det finns frigörande potential i sig i att ha känslomässig och kroppslig autonomi att få inleda multipla relationer om man orkar och vill.

Female influencers have during the last years reached great success on social media, they are popular and influential with a lot of followers who they have a close bond with. Therefore, they are frequently used as a third part of corporate marketing strategies. The content on social media have however been criticised for only presenting an edited and happy picture of life. Thereby, the purpose of this study was to analyse the five biggest influencers in Sweden and their self-representation concerning happiness on Instagram. More specifically to study how happiness is constructed discursively. The study was based on posts published during 2018 and was conducted through a discourse analysis inspired by Laclau and Mouffe, focusing on happiness as an empty signifier. The theoretical starting point of this essay was based on Ahmed´s (2010) argumentations about happiness, Gill´s (2007) understanding of postfeminism and Hochschild´s (2003) comprehension of feelings as a part of labour. The results showed that happiness was both expressed as a process and as a state of mind, where happiness either could be reached through change and improvement or by loving yourself just the way you are. The results also showed that happiness was used as a tool within their self-representation in order to market products and services. Furthermore, their relationships were constructed as an ideal for a happy life. Finally, setbacks and problems were expressed as an opportunity to grow and learn in order to experience greater happiness in the future.

In 2014, the Swedish Government decided to review the sexual offences legislation, in order to introduce a consent-based regulation. The main argument in support of a consent-based legislation is that it will change the norms and attitudes regarding gender and sexuality, thereby decreasing the occurrence of sexual violence in society. A consent-based legislation emphasizes the importance of sexual consent within sexual relations, thus giving such legislation a potential to construct a more just and gender-equal sexual culture. Sexual consent is, however, not reducible to a simply “yes” but rather consisting of different elements and dependent on the context in which it is communicated. The aim of this thesis is to examine how the sexual consent is constructed in the publications included in the legislative process and analyze this construction from a heteronormative perspective.  Using the sexual script theory developed by John Gagnon and William Simon demonstrates how sexual consent is constructed in terms of which subject consents to what acts in what context and to what purpose. Analysing the construction of sexual consent from a heteronormative perspective demonstrates how the consent-based legislation both challenge and reproduce normative ideas of sex and sexual culture.  Examining the construction of sexual consent through script theory demonstrates how heteronormative understandings of sexual acts and subjects influence the understanding of which subjects are able to consent to what actions. The construction of consent is characterized by a division between the legislative understanding of sexual offences as a crime against a genderless individual, and a gendered understanding of sexual violence as a part of men’s violence against women. In theory, there is a clear understanding of the difference between consensual and non-consensual sex, but when situated in a heteronormative context these two becomes harder to separate. Therefor, the potential of challenging normative understandings of sexuality of gender seems limited, even though it takes further research in order to establish the actual effects of the legislation.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka olika perspektiv vad gäller Svenska kyrkans engagemang i hbtq-frågor samt hur sexualitet konstrueras inom institutionen och upplevs av informanterna. Som metod genomför jag tre semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer som arbetar med hbtq-frågor inom Svenska kyrkan i tre olika församlingar. Dessa är Sofia församling, Högalids församling och Engelbrekts församling. Jag transkriberar materialet utifrån ljudinspelningar och använder mig sedan av en stegvis-deduktiv induktiv metod för att kunna identifiera återkommande teman eller begrepp genom kodning. I analysen tar jag upp teman utifrån intervjuerna som jag sedan analyserar utifrån mina teoretiska utgångspunkter som berör stigmatiseringen av religiositet i ett sekulariserat samhälle, föreställningen om hbtq och religion som varandras motsatser och skillnadsskapande i relation till konstruktionen av”den andra”. Jag utgår även ifrån teoretisering av olika ”komma ut”-processer och plats i relation till identitetsskapande. I den avslutande diskussionen visar jag på den upplevda motsättningen i att vara hbtq-person och kristen samt hur den påverkar den enskilda individen. Jag sammanfattar de strategier som informanterna använder sig av i sitt förändringsarbete samt hur stigmatisering förändras genom normaliserande processer över tid. Jag diskuterar även platsens och språkets betydelse för utvecklingen av strategierna. Utöver detta talar jag om hur det går att bryta ner dikotomin och över gränserna samarbeta mellan religion och sekularism samt diskuterar hur teologin omtolkas i informanternas förändringsarbete.

Denna studie är baserad på material från tre svenska hemsidor som driver ideella arbeten kring hur män ska involvera sig i jämställdhetsarbetet. Studiens syfte är att analysera hur figurationen av den jämställda mannen återges och hur den skiljer sig från en föreställd traditionell manlighet. Med stöd från maskulinitetsteorier och Butlers (1990/2007) begrepp den heterosexuella matrisen visar studien på hur maskulinitet ofta skapas i ett jämförande med det Andra. Undersökningen fokuserar på fem centrala teman i materialet som inkluderar hur manlighet förstås i relation till femininitet, papparollen, manlighet som heterosexuell, mäns våld samt hur den svenska manligheten även bygger på en idé kring vithet. I bakgrunden finns den svenska jämställdhetsdiskursen som bär på en förståelse för en binär könsuppdelning. Studien stödjer sig på ett diskursteorietiskt förhållningssätt i analysdelen där språk och uttryck i materialet undersöks för att ringa in föreställningar kringjämställd maskulinitet.