Esta tese analisa o livro Infância, de Graciliano Ramos. A leitura proposta sublinha experiências do menino no entroncamento de questões relacionadas à violência, à não violência e à expressão literária. Sustentamos que a construção das memórias contém tensões e ambiguidades presentes na articulação temporal da obra, mas ao mesmo tempo incorpora certa dimensão conciliatória como marca identitária do narrador. Investigamos como a significação de si é elaborada de forma que o sentido atribuído às experiências converge para apresentar um modo de agir e intervir no mundo que combate esteticamente em favor da paz e da cultura. / This thesis analyzes the book Infância, by Gracilano Ramos. The proposed approach underlies the experiences the boy had at the junction of issues concerning violence, non-violence and literary expression. It is our understanding that the building of memories involves tensions and ambiguities which are present in the books temporal articulation, but at the same time it also incorporates a certain reconciling dimension as one of the narrators distinguishing identity marks. We investigate how the signification of the self is elaborated, so as the meaning imparted on the experiences eventually converge to introduce a way of acting and intervening in the world, aesthetically fighting in favor of peace and culture.

[pt] A dignidade da pessoa humana é um dos fundamentos que todo Estado deve resguardar e preservar. A violação injusta de seus elementos gera irremediavelmente um dano moral que conduz ao ressarcimento da vítima, com o intuito de restabelecer a situação anterior à ocorrência do dano, colocando-a novamente no pleno desfrute dos direitos que lhe foram lesionados. No caso do Brasil, o dano moral tem reparação econômica constitucionalmente regulada, mas sua interpretação e aplicação judicial, em alguns casos, não respondem aos critérios doutrinários e constitucionais existentes, diante dos altos valores fixados a título de compensação e a inobservância dos elementos que compõem a responsabilidade civil, ressarcindo-se economicamente a maioria das demandas apresentadas. Em Cuba, encontra-se reconhecida constitucionalmente a dignidade humana como fundamento do Estado, sendo a lei primeira no sistema; não obstante, quando ocorre a ofensa de seus elementos, sua reparação se limita à retratação pública do ofensor, não se encontrando o reparo econômico como opção legítima para ressarcir o dano moral ocasionado, tornando, assim, escassas a proteção do indivíduo e a aplicabilidade do dano moral. As dificuldades que apresentam os dois países podem ser superadas a partir da valoração dos ordenamentos jurídicos como um todo, visando a reparação do dano extrapatrimonial desde a perspectiva do direito civil-constitucional, sendo possível em Cuba a reparação econômica do dano extrapatrimonial justificada nas leis e instituições que conformam o sistema; e no caso do Brasil, além da reparação pecuniária, pode-se adotar a retratação pública do ofensor como possibilidade inserida no direito de resposta. / [en] The dignity of the human person is one of the foundations that every State must safeguard and preserve. The unjust violation of its elements irrevocably results in moral damage that leads to reimbursement of the victim, with the purpose of restoring the situation prior to the occurrence of the damage, putting him or her again in full enjoyment of the rights that were injured. In the case of Brazil, moral damages have regulated economic reparations constitutionally, but their interpretation and judicial application, in some cases, do not respond to the existing doctrinal and constitutional criteria, given the high values set as compensation and the nonobservance of elements that make up liability. In Cuba, human dignity is constitutionally recognized as the foundation of the state, being the first law in the system; nevertheless, when the offense of its elements occurs, its reparation is limited to the public retraction of the offender, not finding the economic repair as a legitimate option to reimburse the moral damage occasioned, thus making scarce the protection of the individual and the applicability of the moral damage. The difficulties presented by the two countries can be overcome by assessing the legal systems as a whole, seeking the reparation of extra-judicial damages from the perspective of civil-constitutional law, and in Cuba it is possible to obtain economic reparation for the off-balance-sheet damage justified by the laws and institutions that make up the system; and in the case of Brazil, in addition to pecuniary reparation, it is possible to adopt the public retraction of the offender as a possibility inserted in the right of reply.

未岀生胎兒的生命尊嚴長期被在公領域被乎略。本研究以質性之焦點團體訪談法，分別在臺灣與新加坡進行24個焦點團體進行訪談。其中包括12個沒有信仰者的團體與12個有信仰者的團體，探索其對未岀生胎兒生命尊嚴的看法，以及臺灣與新加坡如何在聯合國、美國、新馬爾薩斯人口學家、優生學家與國際計畫家庭組織（International Planned Parenthood Federation，IPPF)所推動的家庭計畫，因追求經濟成長而選擇人口零成長的政策，導致未岀生胎兒的生命尊嚴更行惡化。 / The human dignity of the unborn child remains uncertain in public policy domain. The importance of rethinking public reasonableness becomes unavoidable in the stage of late capitalism and liberal democracy. Political power, knowledge, and participation are three key elements of policymaking. The human dignity of the unborn child is neglected in the process of policymaking of population politics. There are advocators, United Nations, United States, eugenicists, neo-Malthusians and International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) in the process of population policymaking at the international level during the past three decades. This research first attempts to focus on the inter relationship among these five advocators and to review how the unborn child becomes missing within the process of international population policymaking. Secondly, Taiwan and Singapore are two test cases to reveal the policy follower roles who adopt the similar dream of modern states. Thirdly, since the personal religious beliefs play a significant role not only in shaping attitudes, but also in economic development, political stability, sexual morality and gender equality. This research adopts qualitative approach the focus group interview to compare the attitude of human dignity of the unborn child between the faith-based people with non-faith people both in Taiwan and Singapore. In this research 24 focus groups will be organized across Taiwan and Singapore, each country contains 12 groups. Each country contains 6 faith-based focus groups and 6 non-faith focus groups. Attempt to find the difference and similarity of population policy between Taiwan and Singapore and to explore how the religious values and the concept of human dignity of the unborn child excluded in the process of demographic policymaking.

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Fakulta sociálních věd Veřejná a sociální politika Diplomová práce Bc. Kristýna Čepeláková Alzheimerova choroba v současné zdravotní a sociální politice Alzheimer's disease in the current health and social policy Praha 2017 Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Karolína Dobiášová, PhD. Abstract (in English): My dissertation deals with the system of care for patients with Alzheimer's disease in the Czech Republic. For the first objective is to describe this piecemeal issue and confirm, that it's a public- policy problem for the present and will be public-policy problem for the future too. I will collect information about the various measures that the system of care for this type of patients affected. Through content analysis of available resources in the field of care for patients with Alzheimer's disease I will identify the main problem points area of health and social policy. I will place great emphasis on social responsibility for this type of patients and on the impact of public policy measures on the target group of thesis. As a target group I will define not only patients with Alzheimer's disease, but also informal carers, including their close surroundings. They are under great physical and psychological pressure and meets with obstacles in the form of provided formal care services, reduction...

Orientador: Patricia Borba Marchetto / Resumo: A bioética envolve questões que acontecem em um mundo multidisciplinar, interdisciplinar ou transdisciplinar, o que pode sugerir uma grande lacuna do direito, favorecendo ou até promovendo violações contra a humanidade, como também aos sistemas internacionais de direitos humanos e aos direitos fundamentais, estes inseridos no cenário constitucional brasileiro. Neste caso, a ciência e a tecnologia invadem o mundo do Direito, limitadas pelos institutos do direito à vida e da dignidade da pessoa humana, os quais são premissas constitucionais de formação do Estado para a construção e o fortalecimento do ordenamento jurídico composto por regras nacionais e por fontes internacionais, cenário permeado por questões éticas e morais que trazem interpretação tanto ao Direito quanto à Bioética e suas peculiaridades. A relevância do tema deve ser observada não somente pelo viés dos interesses econômicos que envolvem as pesquisas científicas ou a manutenção dos sistemas de saúde pública, mas, principalmente, para obtenção de respostas aos dilemas que envolvem a ciência e a saúde e suas sensíveis e possíveis violações aos princípios mencionados. Através de um caso concreto, ainda em trânsito no sistema de justiça brasileiro, abordando o direito de uma paciente submetida à lista de espera por um transplante de medula, a pesquisa se desenvolve no sentido de discutir a relação entre direitos humanos, bioética, preservação da vida, evolução científica e seus desafios modernos e, especialmente, ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Bioethics involves issues that happens in a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary world, which can suggest a wide gap of the Law studies, favoring or even promoting violations against humanity, but also to international systems of human and fundamental rights, these inserted into Brazilian constitutional scenario. In this case, the science and technology invades the world of law, limited by the institutes of the right to life and human dignity, which are constitutional premises of formation of the State for the construction and strengthening of the legal system composed of national rules and international fonts, scenery permeated by ethical and moral issues that bring interpretation both to the Law regarding Bioethics and its peculiarities. The relevance of the theme should be observed not only by the bias of economic interests that involve scientific research or the maintenance of public health systems, but mainly for obtaining answers to dilemmas that involve science and health and his sensitive and possible violations to the principles mentioned. Through a concrete case, still in transit in the Brazilian justice system, addressing the right of a patient subject to the waiting list for a bone marrow transplant, the research develops in order to discuss the relationship between human rights, bioethics, preservation of life, scientific progress and its modern challenges and, especially, to reach an analysis as to the application of national legislation con... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

[pt] Esta pesquisa busca compreender como a universidade católica pode enfrentar os desafios atuais a fim de interagir com o seu corpo docente e, principalmente, com o discente, a partir dos valores presentes e provenientes do Evangelho de Jesus Cristo. Aborda-se a missão evangelizadora da universidade católica, mais precisamente seu desafio atual na sociedade pluralista. O ponto de partida é o de que o pluralismo cultural e religioso não é apenas externo, encontrase dentro da própria instituição. O estudo é realizado a partir do método pastoral tripartido ver-julgar-agir, inter-relacionado com a Ex Corde Ecclesiae, documento que propõe a definição da identidade e da missão da universidade católica. A universidade católica atual necessita empreender um anúncio da fé cristã que promova o ser humano e que o faça à luz da mensagem do Reino de Deus, que traz consigo os valores cristãos, ainda que nem sempre nomeados como tais. Diante da constatação da existência de um hiato entre a fé e a vida, mostra-se necessário (e possível) que na universidade católica haja uma pastoral universitária ativa e dialogante. Mais que uma universidade em pastoral, que seja uma universidade em pastoralidade, conceito que aponta para um ambiente universitário em que haja atitudes concretas na promoção e defesa da dignidade da pessoa humana, na busca da vivência do humanismo cristão integral e integrado, tendo a solidariedade como eixo norteador. A missão evangelizadora proposta nesta pesquisa visa que a universidade católica adote uma postura de fidelidade aos valores evangélicos e, simultaneamente, valorize e respeite as liberdades, a diversidade religiosa e a pluralidade cultural que caracterizam toda a sociedade atual. A ação pastoral realizada no âmbito universitário busca constantemente o diálogo com o mundo contemporâneo conforme anunciado pela Igreja em documentos oficiais: o documento de Buga, a Ex Corde Ecclesiae, o documento conciliar Gravissimum Educationis, o Documento de Aparecida, entre outros. Reitera que o desafio posto à universidade católica atual, considerando que a fidelidade ao múnus da evangelização não é opcional, mas vital, é que faça jus ao adjetivo católica, considerando-se o fato de as referências religiosas nas instituições católicas de ensino universitário encontrarem-se cada vez mais diluídas, sendo absorvidas ou sufocadas pela mentalidade e postura empresarial mercantilista presentes na sociedade da qual a universidade é parte. O adjetivo católica equivale a universal, e remete necessariamente aos princípios cristãos como os que iluminam a busca da verdade sobre Deus, o ser humano e a natureza. O título católica é o que especifica o dinamismo da universidade, distinguindo-a das outras. / [en] This research seeks to comprehend how the Catholic university can face current challenges in order to interact with its faculty and especially with its student body according to the values present and stemming from the Gospel of Jesus Christ. The evangelizing mission of the Catholic university is discussed, specifically its current challenge in the pluralist society. The starting point is that cultural and religious pluralism is not only external but is found within the institution itself. The study is carried out in accordance with the tripartite pastoral method see-judgeact, interrelated with Ex Corde Ecclesiae, document that proposes the definition of the identity and mission of Christian faith that promotes human beings in the light of the message of the Kingdom of God, which entails Christian values, although not always named as such. Before the ascertainment of the existence of a hiatus between faith and life, it becomes necessary (and possible) for the Catholic university to have an active and dialogic campus ministry. More than a pastoral university, it should be a university in pastorality, a concept that points to a university atmosphere in which concrete attitudes are taken for the promotion and defense of the dignity of the human person, searching to live the integral and integrated Christian humanism, having solidarity as the guiding North. The evangelizing mission proposed in this research aims for the Catholic university to adopt a faithful posture to the evangelical values and, at the same time, to value and respect freedoms, religious diversity and cultural plurality, which characterize current society. The pastoral action undertaken in the university sphere constantly seeks to dialogue with the contemporary world as it has been announced by official Church documents: the document of Buga, the Ex Corde Ecclesiae, the conciliar document Gravissimum Educationis, the Document of Aparecida, among others. It reiterates the challenge presented to the present Catholic university, considering that the faithfulness to the office of evangelization is not optional, rather vital, justifying its Catholic adjective, considering the fact that the religious references in the Catholic institutions find themselves increasingly thinned, being absorbed or suffocated by the mercantilist business mentality and posture in the society where the university takes part. The Catholic adjective is equivalent to universal and necessarily remits to the Christian principles such the ones that illuminate the search for the truth about God, the human being and nature. The title Catholic is what specifies the university dynamism, distinguishing it from others.

Neither altruistic nor commercial surrogacy is allowed in Sweden but neither is it forbidden for Swedes to travel abroad for surrogacy arrangements. The debate on allowing altruistic surrogacy in Sweden has grown and changed in recent years, from being seen as an unusual method of reproduction to becoming a major family policy issue. In a 2013 report by the Swedish National Council on Medical Ethics aimed at examining the permissibility of altruistic surrogacy, all members of the council agreed that commercial surrogacy is not ethically justifiable. There are several arguments against commercial surrogacy, including the fact that it takes place under exploitative and coercive conditions. Hence, Sweden would never allow commercial surrogacy. However, the majority considered that altruistic surrogacy could be justifiable under certain conditions. The arguments about whether altruistic surrogacy can violate human rights are not as numerous. This thesis has aimed to examine the arguments for and against allowing altruistic surrogacy in Sweden by analysing debate articles and other argumentative newspaper articles. These arguments have then been assessed against four ethical principles, namely respect for human dignity, self-determination, self-ownership and the principle of the best interests of the child, to determine whether or not altruistic surrogacy should be allowed in Sweden. With the help of argumentation analysis, debate articles from several Swedish newspapers regarding altruistic surrogacy have been analysed and the results show that the pro-surrogacy side claims that a ban on altruistic surrogacy risks limiting women's right to self-determination and self-ownership over their own bodies. While the anti-surrogacy side argues that allowing altruistic surrogacy violates our human dignity, which states that we should be treated as ends and not as means. What emerges is that both sides of the altruistic surrogacy debate see the current Swedish legislation that neither prohibits nor allows surrogacy as problematic. Both sides argue that it risks leading to Swedish citizens continuing to travel abroad to use commercial surrogate mothers who are often mistreated and exploited. But here the pro-surrogacy side argues that the solution is to allow altruistic surrogacy to stop Swedes from travelling abroad. While the anti-surrogacy side argues that allowing it would not reduce the number of trips abroad and a total ban on surrogacy is the solution.

Sowohl die öffentlichen wie die akademischen Auseinandersetzungen um Gehalt und Bedeutung der Menschenwürde werden bis heute von der Philosophie, den Rechtswissenschaften und der Theologie dominiert; Stimmen aus der Soziologie werden hierzu nur vereinzelt vernommen. Der Beitrag verfolgt zunächst das Ziel, unter Rückgriff auf ‚würdesensible‘ klassische Autoren Koordinaten eines genuin soziologischen Würdekonzepts zu entwickeln, das Probleme des menschlichen Ausdrucks und gesellschaftsstrukturelle Faktoren (u. a. städtische Öffentlichkeit, Arbeitsteilung, Rollenvielfalt) in strenger Weise zusammendenkt. Im ersten Kapitel (1) wird daher insbesondere auf Helmuth Plessners Grenzen der Gemeinschaft und Erving Goffmans Interaktionssoziologie Bezug genommen, um in einem eher induktiven, phänomenzentrierten Zugriff überhaupt erst diejenigen Situationen und die zugehörigen gesellschaftlichen Randbedingungen zu identifizieren, in denen das Problem der Würde in einem soziologisch distinkten Sinne akut wird. Das anschließende Kapitel (2) verfolgt mit Georg Simmel, Émile Durkheim und Niklas Luhmann zunächst eine rollentheoretische Präzisierung des Würdekonzeptes, die sich vor allem an der problematischen Annahme Peter L. Bergers abarbeitet, dass die vermeintlich bruchlose Ablösung von traditionellen Ehrvorstellungen durch den Würdekomplex gleichbedeutend wäre mit einer Bedeutungsminderung gesellschaftlicher Rollenerwartungen. Das letzte Kapitel (3) hält den systematischen Ertrag der vorangegangenen Überlegungen fest und widmet sich abschließend der Frage, in welchem Verhältnis dieser Ertrag zu dem normativ emphatischen Verständnis von Menschenwürde steht, wie es dem in Philosophie und Verfassungsrecht nach wie vor dominanten Unverlierbarkeitspostulat zugrunde liegt. / Both public and academic debates about the concept of human dignity are to date dominated by philosophical, legal and theological perspectives, while sociological contributions remain conspicuously scarce. This article aims at developing a genuine sociological concept of dignity, which binds together problems of human expression with socio-structural conditions of modernity (urban public sphere, division of labour, variety of roles, etc.). The argument unfolds in three steps: first, drawing upon the works of Helmuth Plessner, Erving Goffman and Niklas Luhmann, I identify those situations which allow us to distinguish problems of dignity from those associated with other expectational forms (particularly honour). Secondly, I turn to Simmel, Durkheim and Luhmann in order to pursue a role-theoretical clarification of the concept of dignity. Finally, I inquire into the question of how the systematic yield of these sociological considerations relates to the emphatic and heavily normative understanding of human dignity which pervades recent philosophical and juridical discourses.

Law / LL.M.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research investigates the role of nature and cultures/traditions in the ethical and theological interpretation of the Bible. To be specific, it is concerned with the legitimacy of the knowledge of the existence and attributes of God arrived at using only the natural faculties of sense and reason and whether moral norms or evaluative principles can be derived from or grounded in nature. When the issue of moral norms and principles appears, it leads to reflection on the issue of so-called natural law, an ethical principle which claims that moral duty can be learned through nature. The research argues that the invitation of the cosmic elements and the parable of the ox and donkey in Isaiah‟s prophetic indictment (Isaiah 1: 2-3) provide evidence of the traces of natural law in the book and the entire Bible. It also argues that natural law and natural theology correspond to elements of African cultures/traditional religions. As such, incorporating natural law in the theological-ethical interpretation of the Old Testament will be relevant for interpretive communities in Africa, like the Tangale in the northern Nigeria. The research also envisages that the natural law tradition and the elements of African cultures/traditional religions can have a favourable impact on the theological ethical understanding of human dignity if appropriately incorporated into the theological-ethical interpretation of the Bible. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing ondersoek die rol van die natuur en kultuur/tradisie in die etiese en teologiese interpretasie van die Bybel. Meer spesifiek gaan dit oor die geldigheid van die kennis van God se bestaan en eienskappe, soos wat dit met behulp van slegs die natuurlike persepsie van sintuie en rede veronderstel kan word; en oor die vraag of morele norme en evaluerende beginsels vanuit die natuur afgelei kan word of gegrond kan wees. Waar die kwessie van morele norme en beginsels verskyn, gee dit aanleiding tot nadenke oor die vraagstuk van die sogenaamde “natuurlike wet”, ʼn etiese beginsel wat beweer dat morele plig aangeleer kan word deur die natuur. Die navorsing argumenteer dat die uitnodiging van die kosmiese elemente en die gelykenis van die os en die donkie in Jesaja se profetiese aanklag (Jes 1: 2 – 3) bewyse lewer van die spore van die natuurlike wet in die boek en die Bybel in geheel. Dit voer ook aan dat die natuurlike wet en natuurlike teologie met sekere elemente van Afrika-kulture/tradisionele godsdienste ooreenstem. As sulks is dit relevant vir interpretatiewe gemeenskappe in Afrika soos die Tangale in noord-Nigerië, om die natuurlike wet by die teologies-etiese interpretasie van die Ou Testament te inkorporeer. Die studie veronderstel ook dat die tradisie van die natuurlike wet en die elemente van Afrika-kulture/tradisionele godsdienste ʼn gunstige uitwerking op die teologiese, etiese begrip van menswaardigheid kan hê, indien dit op gepaste wyse in die teologies-etiese interpretasie van die Bybel geïnkorporeer word.