Title: How to Construct the Perfect Scandal – a study of the news reported by Expressen concerning the SD-scandal Author: Linnea Ivarsson This C-paper presents the incident concerning the political party Sverigedemokraterna in Expressen in November 2012. The newspaper was the main source of the news reporting with the mobile phone camera film from the occurance and led the way of the news reporting in Sweden about three party members. The paper investigates how the story telling of the so called SD-scandal was constructed, using Critical Discourse Analysis as the analysis method combined with selected parts from the analysis method of critical linguistics. The theories that have been used to establish the results of the analysis are Critical Discourse as a theory based on Norman Fairclough and Teun A. van Dijks theoretical keystones combined with Sigurd Allerns and Ester Pollacks theories and schematic point of view on the constructions of political scandals in media. With the theories and analysis methods above mentioned the results turned out to confirm the theory about how political scandals in media are constructed and designed with certain strategies and agenda. The authors of the articles in Expressen showed the reader that they throughout the process had a certain plan with the material the editors of the newspaper had before the scandal burst. The way they used quotes from the witnesses, the leader Jimmie Åkesson and from the political members combined with how they edited the mobile phone film and published it in a strategic way analyzed with the discourse analysis as a starting point showed that the newspaper constructed the roles and the discourse that were intermediated. Coincidences did not exist in this news reporting and the process from the first interview with the witness until the last article when some of the men were resigned seemed to have been strategically planned out even before the first article was published. In the conclusion of the paper it shows that Expressen seemed to have a well planned strategy in their news reporting of the three politicians in the film and the occurrences. Political scandals in media have looked the same for quite some time and by the result of this analysis it will still have the same construction since the outcome of this story was effective and profiting for the newspaper. At the same time, the discourse of hypocritical and lying politicians is effectively reproduced through how the reporting was constructed and angled. Even though racism might have seemed to be the main theme of the articles, the purpose seemed to have been to put the politicians in a precarious and almost unfixable situation, a process we have seen many times before in media.

abstract: Examining the elements of the hidden curriculum in theatre education allows theatre educators the opportunity to reflect on their own pedagogy and its effects on the learner. The hidden curriculum refers to the unspoken or implicit values, norms, and beliefs that are transmitted through tacit messages. When the hidden curriculum remains veiled, the impact on the learner's education and socialization process can perpetuate gender, race, and class inequalities. In order to understand how the hidden curriculum manifests itself in theatre classrooms, we have to look at schools as "agents of legitimation, organized to produce and reproduce the dominant categories, values, and social relationships necessary for the maintenance of the larger society" (Giroux, 1983, p. 72). This qualitative study examined the hidden curriculum in theatre at the secondary level and looked at theatre teachers' pedagogy in reproducing elements of the hidden curriculum. Interviews, naturalistic observation, and a researcher reflective journal were employed in the data collection process to better understand: a) the elements of hidden curriculum that appear in theatre education at the secondary level, b) how the pedagogical practices of theatre teachers support societal structures, and c) how the hidden curriculum in theatre reinforces gender, race, and social class distinctions. Data were then coded and analyzed to find emergent themes. Multiple theoretical perspectives serve as a conceptual framework for understanding the hidden curriculum, and provide a neglected perspective of the hidden curriculum in theatre education. The theatre classroom provides a unique space to view hidden curriculum and can be viewed as a unique agent of social change. Themes related to the first research question emerged as: a) privileges for older students, b) school rules, c) respect for authority, d) acceptance of repetitive tasks, and c) punctuality. Themes related to the second research question emerged as: a) practices, b) procedures, c) rules, d) relationships, and e) structures. Finally, themes related to the third question emerged as: a) reinforcement of social inequality, b) perpetuation of class structure, and c) acceptance of social destiny. The discussion looks at the functions of theatre pedagogy in the reproduction of class, inequality, and institutionalized cultural norms. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Curriculum and Instruction 2013

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Cearà / O objetivo desta dissertaÃÃo à o de compreender, à luz do pensamento de Nietzsche, de que maneira uma determinada concepÃÃo de hipocrisia poderia estar presente nos processos que envolvem a criaÃÃo de si, ou seja, a constituiÃÃo para si de um carÃter. Para tanto, perseguimos trÃs objetivos preliminares. O primeiro, o alvo dos prolegÃmenos, à o de definir propriamente o que estamos a tratar por hipocrisia, e de que maneira a crÃtica a uma compreensÃo meramente fenomÃnica do termo poderia nos indicar a possibilidade de alcanÃar um patamar propriamente conceitual. Para isso concorre a anÃlise de alguns autores contemporÃneos que, em maior ou menor grau, tratam da hipocrisia e de alguns termos correlatos, dentre os quais o auto-engano. O segundo objetivo, agora jà com o pensamento de Nietzsche, diz respeito precisamente à possibilidade acima aventada; qual seja, a de conferir à hipocrisia uma âlegitimaÃÃoâ filosÃfica. Com esse intuito, em nosso capÃtulo um, procuramos primeiramente investigar os diferentes registros em que hipocrisia e auto-engano aparecem nos textos nietzscheanos. A partir daà â com base em uma anÃlise acerca da noÃÃo nietzscheana de aparÃncia â procuramos compreender o que de propriamente filosÃfico poderia a tais registros subjazer. Nosso terceiro objetivo à investigar de que maneira a idÃia de uma criaÃÃo de si, bem como a prÃpria noÃÃo de hipocrisia que procuramos aqui desenvolver, poderia ainda ter relevÃncia e legitimidade apÃs as crÃticas de Nietzsche Ãs idÃias de consciÃncia e sujeito da modernidade. Tal à o intento do capÃtulo dois, no qual investigamos as noÃÃes nietzscheanas de mÃscara e interpretaÃÃo que daà decorrem. Procuramos aqui compreender em que sentido poderÃamos, mesmo apÃs tais crÃticas, sustentar ainda a validade da constituiÃÃo de um eu, muito embora apoiada em um sujeito fictÃcio â momento no qual reinserimos a noÃÃo de hipocrisia que estamos a defender. Nosso objetivo principal, alvo do terceiro capÃtulo e justificado a partir daqueles trÃs objetivos preliminares Ã, entÃo, o de compreender em que sentido esta noÃÃo de hipocrisia, com o fio condutor proposto, poderia estar na base dos processos que envolvem a criaÃÃo de si, ou seja, a constituiÃÃo de um carÃter a partir de uma segunda, ou de segundas naturezas.

The two concepts of hypocrisy and heresy are completely disparate in modern use, and yet they were related in two ways during the early modern period. Firstly, both terms were prominent charges in the polemical exchanges of the English Reformation. Consequently, in this thesis they provide useful tools for studying the effects of controversy on language. The meaning of hypocrisy and of heresy was of considerable concern to many controversialists, and yet the resulting attempts at defining these terms contributed to their destabilization and incoherence. These terms were also related in a second respect throughout the early modern period. Given the universal conviction at that time that there was only one “true” church, and given the consequent pressures imposed by churches (both Catholic and Protestant) to enforce conformity to their own religions, it was inevitable that judgements had to be made concerning the convictions and internal beliefs of others. Such judgements were central in charges of heresy and hypocrisy; hence in this thesis the concepts of hypocrisy and heresy provide useful tools for studying early modern understandings of intentionality and judgement. The writings of Sir John Cheke, William Perkins, Bishop Joseph Hall and Sir Francis Bacon are shown to display concern combined with confusion and incoherence over these topics. However, Sir Thomas More’s Dialogue Concerning Heresies is shown to contain an intricate and coherent analysis of intentionality and judgement vis a vis heresy. But, More’s foundation for judgement and knowledge was the consensus fidelium, a foundation which simply was not available to the later Protestant writers. Lastly, Thomas Hobbes’s treatments of hypocrisy and heresy are examined. In effect, Hobbes negated the judgement of intentions where both concepts were concerned. He acknowledged and accepted the separation of internal belief from external profession. Likewise he accepted the impenetrable nature of the human mind and heart in a way his forebears had not. By examining Hobbes’s treatment of these concepts in light of the polemical confusion and conceptual incoherence of the preceeding century, a better understanding of Hobbes’s philosophy is obtained and the relevance of early modern theology for intellectual history is demonstrated. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Cette thèse analyse le processus de formalisation de l’éthique dans les entreprises. L’objectif est de comprendre comment les entreprises transposent et matérialisent par des outils un concept aussi intangible et mal défini que celui de l’éthique des affaires. Une collecte de données qualitatives variées (entretiens, observation, données secondaires, archives) au sein de cinq firmes multinationales françaises a été réalisée et a fait l’objet d’une analyse inductive (Strauss et Corbin, 1990). Ce travail révèle alors que l’absence de définition complète et tangible d’une éthique pour les entreprises est un problème aisément contourné par une volonté de conformité. En simplifiant alors le processus en y intégrant uniquement des aspects légaux, les entreprises créent des incohérences internes telles que l’isomorphisme des outils éthiques, des luttes idéologiques et identitaires entre les designers de l’éthique mais également une gestion de l’éthique qui s’apparente à de la gestion des risques et de l’incertitude. A travers l’éthique, il est possible d’entrevoir une orientation judiciaire et légale du management appelée judiciarisation Ainsi, en s’intéressant à la manière dont ils sont pensés et conçus, cette thèse s’inscrit dans la lignée des nombreux travaux sur les outils de régulation de l’éthique et leur efficacité. / This thesis analyzes the formalization process of ethics within firms. The goal is to understand how companies transpose and materialize by tools an intangible and unclear concept such as business ethics. A collection of varied qualitative data (interviews, observation, secondary data, archives) within five French multinational corporations was conducted. An inductive qualitative study (Strauss and Corbin 1990) uncovered several characteristics of the formalization process of ethics. This works reveals why the vague definition of business ethics is not an issue for companies. As they wish to comply, they simplify the process by mainly considering ethics under a legal aspect. Doing so, companies create internal inconsistencies such as isomorphism of ethical tools, ideological and identical struggles between designers of ethics and a tendency to manage ethics as they manage risk and uncertainty. Through ethics, it is possible to foresee a judicial and legal orientation of management called ‘judicialization’. By studying how ethical tools are conceived and designed, this argument is in line with numerous studies on their regulatory power and effectiveness.

Organizations are working to develop a good image for themselves towards society.However, the practice of corporate hypocrisy is referring to the opposite. Companies thatshow a discrepancy between words and actions claim to be something they are not.Previously, most focus has been on the institutional side regarding corporate hypocrisy.However, more recent academic research has focused on the effects that influence corporatehypocrisy and the individual's perception of it. Moreover, there is an explicit need toinvestigate the power dynamics of these drivers. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the balance between personal and socialdrivers and whether one is always dominant or if there can be situational switches. This isachieved by answering the research question: Do external factors (i.e. social drivers) nurtureindividuals’ sensitivity (i.e. personal drivers) towards corporate hypocrisy and vice versa?This study will give insight into the individual's perception of corporate hypocrisy and howit is built by examining this question. Thus, we analyzed eight individuals from sevendifferent countries to obtain a diverse response. Further, this study used a qualitative researchapproach in which eight semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the empirical datawas later derived through the use of a thematic analysis. With the application of both the Corporate Social Responsibility Framework (CSR) and Self-congruity Framework, it has been found that both social and personal drivers can be dominantin different situations. However, the analysis further found that an additional driver can bedictating both previous drivers. This was identified to be "the level of affectedness". Thismakes it reasonable to suggest that companies should put additional focus on such drivers asthey may decide how a company is viewed by the public. On a societal level, these researchfindings suggest that it can be valuable to understand the origin and drivers that form anotherperson's opinion, which in turn could contribute as a building block to a society andworkforce that is coloured by equality and inclusion.

This study set out to explore how Official Development Assistance was practised in South Africa. An exploratory narrative design was followed to uncover the ‘strategy in the skin’ of strategy practitioners in the unit of analysis and to respond, therefore, to the research questions. This study has contributed to the body of knowledge in that it has brought together an alternative confluence of three theoretical perspectives of strategy as practice; complex adaptive systems and organisational hypocrisy and has explored the impact of the practice lens on these standpoints. While there has been extensive research on each of the theoretical perspectives, there has not yet been a study that has drawn together the three perspectives in relation to an empirical unit of analysis such as Official Development Assistance practices and practitioners. The study responded to a knowledge gap in relation to how public sector organisations, such as government units and the strategy practitioners of such units, practice strategy beyond the reified, formalised conceptions of strategy and in relation to their inhabiting complex, political organisational systems. The study arrived at two central theoretical findings. Firstly, that strategising represents a calibration of strategic practices towards strategic outcomes through the activities of complex adaptive practitioners v within the more politically inclined organisation. Secondly, that beyond the text of strategy, there is sub-text that is equally part of the micro strategy towards strategic outcomes.The skilful and sometimes delicate balancing act, that strategists perform to legitimise the calibrated combinations of action and politics in organisational strategy, equally needs nuanced, subtle and more complex forms of organisational communication. The study, therefore, makes the claim that complex adaptive systems and the characteristics of political organisations (as not being geared to action) are inherently broadened through the multiple dimensions of the practice turn and strategy as sub-text. The research confirmed that strategy as practice is a useful lens to understand strategy beyond the formally documented scripts and espoused pronouncements of strategy within organisational studies / Business Management / Thesis (D. B. L.)

Cette recherche porte sur l’usage de l’altérité par le management des ressources humaines(MRH) dans les filiales de groupes multinationaux implantées en Chine. Elle s’intéresseautant à l’usage discursif de la prise en compte de l’Autre qu’à son effectivité. Elle recherchele sens des pratiques de management à partir d’entretiens menés sur six années entre 2005 et2010. La réflexion est complétée par une approche historique et des regards disciplinairescroisés sur les modes d’organisation des entreprises en Europe et en Amérique du Nordd’une part et en Chine d’autre part. Les résultats de l’analyse mettent en évidence les incohérences observées dans les pratiques de gestion : entre l’approche discursive sur l’altérité et la création d’une culture-fiction sur laChine, entre l’idéologie affichée d’un management interculturel éthique soucieux des différences culturelles et des pratiques de MRH élitistes et discriminatoires, entre un modèle de management universaliste exporté par les sièges et des organisations parallèles qui s’accompagnent de stratégies de dissimulation mises en place par les filiales, entreomniscience des sièges et volonté d’autonomie des filiales. La question centrale est celle des incohérences : sont-elles inhérentes au management ? La thèse montre une refondation possible du modèle managérial occidental par la confrontation des cultures. / This research concerns the use of alterity by Human Resources Management (HRM) in subsidiaries of multinational groups implanted in China. It is as interested in the discursive use of consideration of others as in its effectiveness. It looks for a sense of management practices from interviews carried out over six years between 2005 and 2010, and is completedby an historic approach and crossed disciplinary scrutiny of organization patterns of companies in Europe and in North America on the one hand and in China on the other hand. The results of these analysis bring certain incoherencies, observed in management practices, to light: between the discursive approach on alterity and the creation of a fictional cultureabout China; between the ideology displayed by an ethical and cross-cultural management worried about cultural differences and elitist, discriminatory MRH practices; between a model of universalist management imposed by headquarters and parallel organizations which carry with them dissimulation strategies organized by subsidiaries; and between the omniscience of headquarter and the desire of autonomy from subsidiaries. The main questionis the one of incoherencies: are they inherent to management? The thesis shows a possible refondation of a Western management model through this confrontation of cultures.

Abstract Background: Sustainability reporting is an important communication channel for corporations to increase legitimacy in the public eye and handle different stakeholder demands (Blanc et al., 2017). In order to manage different stakeholder demands scholars have developed different theories to detect any inconsistencies between a corporation’s communication and actions, namely organizational façades and organizational hypocrisy. Purpose: The purpose of this master thesis is to understand in which way RBS are misleading, in form of communication, their customers in their sustainability reports. This phenomenon is investigated between 2008-2013. It is under this period the FCA (2016) investigation concluded that the bank had misled their customers. Method: This thesis adopts the qualitative content analysis when conducting the research. This method aids to categorize the text data which helps to make a large sample of text more attainable and easier to analyse and find connections within the data. In this thesis the textual data is coded into one of the three following codes: (i.) Rational façades - the organization meet fundamental norms of rationality. (ii.) Progressive façades - the organization do not only show rationality but also progress. (iii.) Reputational façades - statements that are disclosed in order to meet demands of the most critical stakeholders (Abrahamson, & Baumard, 2008) Conclusion: The results show that the most frequently apparent façades in the sustainability reports are progressive façades, followed by reputational façades and lastly rational façades. Moreover, the findings of this thesis uncovered clear sub-categories fitting under each façade. The sub-categories discovered were eight folded. Lastly, the results show that RBS shows signs of organizational hypocrisy, since their sustainability report disclosures and their actions are not in line, during the investigation period.

This thesis develops and refines a term used initially by Bill Buford to refer to works of contemporary realism. Dirty realism characterises a strain of realism first appearing in American and Canadian writing during the 1960s and increasing in prominence through the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s. The study focuses on the scholarship surrounding both the term and the works of particular authors, and applies the theories of Fredric Jameson and Michel de Certeau to develop a basic critical vocabulary for engaging the fiction and poetry of Charles Bukowski, Raymond Carver, Richard Ford, and Mark Anthony Jarman, as well as other writers treated with less intensity, such as David Adams Richards, Helen Potrebenko, Al Purdy, and Bobbie Anne Mason. In particular, the dissertation attempts to develop a critical terminology through which to discuss dirty realist texts. The most prominent of such terms, the "hypocrisy aesthetic," refers to dirty realism's aesthetic of contradiction, discursive variance, and offsetting of theory against practice. The chapters of the dissertation deal with the emergence of the hypocrisy aesthetic through a study of literary genealogy, history, and theory. The second chapter, "Dirty Realism: Genealogy," traces the development of major currents in twentieth-century American realism, particularly naturalism. Arguing for dirty realism as a variant of naturalism, the chapter traces the transmission of ideas concerning dialectics, determinism, and commodity production from Theodore Dreiser and Frank Norris, through James T. Farrell and John Steinbeck and ending with an extensive discussion of Charles Bukowski's Factotum. The third chapter, "Dirty Realism: History," addresses the impact of the Cold War on the development of dirty realism. Referring to major critics on the period, this section of the dissertation follows the development of hypocrisy as a form of discourse eventuated by Cold War contradictions, particularly between that of democratic freedoms proclaimed abroad and the atmosphere of suspicion and paranoia on the domestic scene (as—in the USA—in the HUAC hearings chaired by Senator Joseph McCarthy).