Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 1912. / Bibliography: 2 p. at end.

Thesis--Munich. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 379-401).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiteit Amsterdam, 1993. / "Stellingen" laid in. Includes bibliographical references (p. 312-330).

Thesis (doctoral)--Uppsala universitet, 1982. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Summary in English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-239).

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study reported in this thesis investigates the grammatical and socio-pragmatic characteristics of the conversational code switching (CS) of three Afrikaans-English bilingual children. The study was conducted by analysing spontaneous conversational CS, elicited during multiple play sessions. Three eight year old Afrikaans-English bilingual boys from Paarl in the Western Cape, with varying language backgrounds, participated in the study. Unstructured play sessions were audio and video recorded and transcribed. All three participants took part in one triadic conversational play session and in two dyadic play sessions. The thesis differentiates between the phenomenon of CS and related sociolinguistic phenomena such as borrowing and interference in order to facilitate a clearer classification of the different types of CS. The identification of the matrix language under the asymmetry principle is done by means of a quantitative analysis, while the grammatical characteristics of the children’s CS are qualitatively evaluated under Myers-Scotton’s Matrix Language Frame and 4-M models. The socio-pragmatic characteristics of the children’s use of intersentential CS are qualitatively evaluated by means of Conversation Analysis, in which the emphasis falls on turn taking and adjacency pair sequences as well as the negotiation of power relations. The study also aims to contribute towards a better understanding of children’s CS, not only in terms of insights into how CS manifests on the surface level of language production, but also in terms of why CS occurs on a deeper language processing and competence level. The general reasons for which the different types of CS occur, and the examination of which grammatical and/or socio-pragmatic difficulties may drive children to use specific types of CS are investigated, while also considering whether the context and the hidden meaning of an utterance have an influence on how and why CS takes place, and where each type of CS occurs. The study reveals that, in terms of characterising the types of CS that occur in the data, all four conversations provided proof of extrasentential, intrasentential and intersentential CS. A preference was observed for intrasentential single code switched forms and for intersentential CS, which occurs due to the negotiation of context, topic and theme. Such negotiation primarily occurs due to combinations and sequences of talk, self-talk, interaction, conversation, narration and role play. Although all types of CS occurred within the data in both Afrikaans and English forms, Afrikaans was identified as the matrix language of the corpus and the majority of the conversations. The asymmetrical occurrence of different morpheme types provides evidence for the two-system hypothesis, namely that Afrikaans and English occur as two different systems within the children’s brains and that language processing occurs by means of the allocation of different morphemes from both languages at the lexical and formulator level to produce language. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie wat in hierdie tesis gerapporteer word analiseer die grammatikale en sosiopragmatiese eienskappe van gespreks-kodewisseling by drie Afrikaans-Engelse tweetalige kinders. Die studie is uitgevoer deur spontane gespreks-kodewisseling, wat tydens veelvuldige speelsessies voortgebring is, te evalueer. Drie agt-jarige Afrikaans-Engelse seuns wat van die Paarl, in die Wes-Kaap, afkomstig is en verskillende taalagtergronde het, het aan die studie deelgeneem. Klank- en video-opnames is van die ongestruktureerde speelsessies gemaak en getranskribeer. Al drie seuns het aan een drietallige speelsessie asook twee tweetallige speelsessies deelgeneem. Die tesis onderskei tussen die fenomeen van kodewisseling en ander verwante sosiolingu stiese fenomene soos leenwoorde en taalkundige inmenging om klaarheid gedurende die klassifisering van die verskillende tipes kodewisseling te verskaf. Die identifisering van die matrikstaal van die korpus is deur middel van ’n kwantitatiewe analise volgens die asimmetriese beginsel geïdentifiseer. Die grammatikale eienskappe van die kinders se kodewisseling word kwalitatief deur middel van Myers-Scotton se Matrikstaal Raam en 4-M modelle ge valueer. Die sosio-pragmatiese eienskappe van die kinders se gebruik van intersententiële kodewisseling word kwalitatief ge valueer deur middel van gespreksanalise, waar die afwisseling van gespreksbeurte, die opeenvolging van aangrensende pare asook die onderhandeling van magsverhoudings tussen deelnemers beklemtoon word. Die studie beoog enersyds om by te dra tot 'n beter begrip van kinders se oppervlakkige taalproduksie in terme van kodewisseling en andersyds om beter insig te verkry in hoe kodewisseling op ’n dieper taalprosesserings- en taalkompetensie vlak plaasvind. Die algemene rede(s) vir die voorkoms van verskillende tipes kodewisseling, asook die ondersoek na watter grammatikale of sosio-pragmatiese moeilikhede verantwoordelik mag wees vir die tipes kodewisseling wat voorkom by kinders, word beklemtoon. Daar word ook in ag geneem of die konteks en weggesteekte betekenis van ’n uiting ’n invloed het op hoe en waarom asook waar kodewisseling sal plaasvind. Die studie toon dat, in terme van die karakterisering van verskillende tipes kodewisseling wat in die data voorkom, alle gesprekssessies bewyse van ekstrasentensiële, intrasentensiële en intersentensiële kodewisseling bevat. ’n Voorkeur vir intrasentensiële enkelwoordkodewisselingsvorms is opgemerk, asook ’n voorkeur vir intersentensiële kodewisseling wat plaasvind as gevolg van die onderhandeling tussen konteks, tema en onderwerp. Sulke onderhandeling is primêr gegrond op kombinasies en opeenvolging wat voorkom deur middel van praat, self-gerigte praat, interaksie, gespreksvoering, vertelling en rolspel. Alhoewel alle tipes kodewisseling in die data voorkom in beide Afrikaanse en Engelse vorms, is Afrikaans as die matrikstaal vir die korpus asook die meerderheid van die gesprekssessies ge dentifiseer. Die oneweredige voorkoms van verskillende morfeemtipes dien as ondersteuning vir die twee-sisteem hipotese wat aanvoer dat Afrikaans en Engels as twee aparte sisteme in ’n kind se brein voorkom en dat taalprosessering geskied deur middel van die toekenning van verskillende morfeme van beide tale op die leksikale en formuleringsvlakke van taalproduksie.

[pt] Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a situação lingüística na fronteira Brasil/Guiana Francesa, discutindo os resultados obtidos frente à política lingüística de ensino de línguas estrangeiras estabelecida no Brasil assim como preconizar a educação bilíngüe para esse contexto. Dentro da diversidade lingüística do país, as regiões de fronteira são os locais onde se observam com maior freqüência os fenômenos resultantes do contato lingüístico. A partir desta constatação, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa sociolingüística, que considera a língua a partir de seu contexto social. O trabalho tem como referencial teórico os estudos sobre Línguas em/de Contato e estudos sobre política e planejamento lingüístico para comunidades com diversidade lingüística. Em Línguas de/em Contato, buscamos referencial nos estudos clássicos que tratam do nível de competência dos falantes e das funções de uso das línguas em situações de bilingüismo e multilinguismo. No âmbito da política e planificação lingüística buscamos referencial nos estudos que tratam da problemática desse bi/ multilinguismo para o estabelecimento de propostas de educação bilíngüe. A investigação foi desenvolvida com uma pesquisa qualitativa, de base etnográfica, que utilizou dos seguintes instrumentos: análise documental, pesquisa de campo, entrevistas e questionários. Identificamos o status lingüístico e as atitudes lingüísticas dos alunos do sexto ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública da região com o objetivo de embasar a discussão sobre o estabelecimento de políticas lingüísticas adequadas para os contextos de minorias lingüísticas como os de fronteira. Como resultados mais significativos, apontamos que essa região ressente de uma política e planificação lingüística no tocante a formalização da língua francesa como língua estrangeira nos estabelecimentos de ensino / [en] This paper aims at analyzing the linguistic situation in the frontier Brazil/French Guiana. The results obtained were discussed in relation to the foreign language teaching linguistic policy established in Brazil. Considering the diversity of languages in the country, the frontiers are the places where the phenomena derived from linguistic contact are mostly observed. In view of this fact, a sociolinguistics research was developed, taking into account language through its social context. Our theoretical background encompasses the studies of language in contact and studies about linguistic policy and planning to linguistically diverse communities. Considering language in contact we based this research on the classic studies that deal with the speaker’s level of competence and the functions of use of language in bilinguism and multilinguism situations. Regarding linguistic policy and planning we were based on studies that investigate the matter of bi/multilinguism for the establishment of proposals of bilingual education. The analysis was carried as an ethnographic based qualitative research through the use of the following tools: documental analysis, field research, interviews and surveys. We identified the linguistic status and the attitudes of sixth grade students of an elementary (public) school of the region to serve as a basis to the discussion concerning the establishment of more appropriate linguistic policies in the context of linguistic minorities, such as the border/frontier ones. More significantly, we indicate that the region lacks a linguistic policy and planning concerning the formalization of the French language as the foreign language in teaching institutions.

Submitted by Diego dos Santos Borba (dborba@uffs.edu.br) on 2017-04-12T20:09:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SCHOLTZ.pdf: 6074415 bytes, checksum: c38c46998a0b1ae7a78a39c969bae8b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T20:09:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SCHOLTZ.pdf: 6074415 bytes, checksum: c38c46998a0b1ae7a78a39c969bae8b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-20 / Com o presente estudo tem-se a inten??o de descrever e analisar a percep??o dos informantes sobre a forma??o da identidade lingu?stica das comunidades bil?ngues de Virmond (portugu?s-polon?s) e Cand?i (portugu?s-ucraniano), ambas localizadas no centro-sul do Paran?. A pergunta que orienta essa pesquisa ?: como se constitui a identidade lingu?stica de uma comunidade que se autodenomina bil?ngue (portugu?s/polon?s), (portugu?s/ucraniano), mas que na pr?tica pouco utiliza a variedade minorit?ria nas suas intera??es sociais. O objetivo principal para o presente estudo ?, a partir dos dados coletados com o question?rio metalingu?stico, descrever e analisar o grau de bilinguismo dos informantes e a partir dele tra?ar o perfil identit?rio dos mesmos. A metodologia e teoria utilizada nesta pesquisa tem como base a Dialetologia Pluridimensional e Relacional. Para a coleta dos dados adotou-se um question?rio metalingu?stico e a escolha dos informantes deu-se a partir do modelo em cruz desenvolvido por Thun (1996). A partir dessas an?lises p?de-se concluir que, tanto em Virmond quanto em Cand?i, os descendentes se identificam mais por se sentirem descendentes de poloneses/ucranianos do que pela l?ngua, mesmo assim, o grupo que mais se identifica com a origem ?tnica ? o ucraniano. Al?m disso, nas duas comunidades pesquisadas, s?o os mais velhos que se identificam mais como descendentes e destes, as mulheres tem maior sentimento de pertencerem ? etnia polonesa/ucraniana e com a l?ngua de imigra??o. Tamb?m se nota que em Virmond, a classe social n?o interfere na forma??o identit?ria e em Cand?i, n?o ? poss?vel uma afirma??o categ?rica, pois dois descendentes da Ca se identificam e dois da Ca n?o se sentem ucranianos. Em rela??o ? vis?o do outro, a partir dos dados do grupo de controle, p?de-se concluir que a vis?o que as pessoas ?de fora? possuem sobre os descendentes de poloneses e de ucranianos ? favor?vel, mas n?o est? ligada ? l?ngua e sim aos ?cones culturais das duas comunidades. / The present study has the intention of describing and analyzing the perceptions of informants about the linguistic identity formation of the bilingual communities of Virmond (Portuguese- Polish) and Cand?i (Portuguese-Ukrainian), both located in south-central Paran?. The question that guides this research is: how is the linguistic identity built in a community that dominates itself bilingual (Portuguese-Polish), (Portuguese-Ukrainian), but that, in practice, little uses the minority variety in their social interactions. The aim of this study is, based on the data collected with the metalinguistic questionnaire, describe and analyze the bilingualism degree of the informants and, from it, draw their identity profile. The methodology and theory used in this research is based on the Multidimensional and Relational Dialectology. In order to collect the data, it was adopted a metalinguistic questionnaire and the choice of informants comes from the cross model developed by Thun (1996). From these analyzes, it was possible to conclude that, both in Virmond and in Cand?i, the descendants identify themselves because of the fact that they fell Polish/Ukrainian descendants more than the language, even though, the group the identifies the most with its ethnical origin is the Ukrainian. Furthermore, in both studied communities, the older ones identify more as descendants and, from these, the women have greater sense of belonging to the Polish/Ukrainian ethnicity and to the immigration language. It is also noticed that in Virmond the social class does not interfere in the identity formation, and that, in Cand?i it is not possible to state that, because two descendants of Ca identify themselves and two of the Ca don?t fell Ukrainian. Regarding the view of the other, from the data of the control group, it was concluded that the view that the "outsiders" have on the descendants of Polish and Ukrainian is favorable, however, it is not linked to language but to the cultural icons of both communities.

[pt] Esta dissertação investiga o fenômeno lingüístico conhecido na literatura em línguas em contato como code-switching, que consiste no uso alternado de dois ou mais códigos por falantes bilíngües ou multilíngües em uma mesma interação conversacional. O estudo desta prática discursiva em diversas línguas tem obtido interesse crescente nas últimas três décadas. Duas abordagens principais prevalecem: sócio-pragmática e sintático-gramatical. Enquanto a primeira se volta aos aspectos sócio-pragmáticos de produção individual, através da categorização, quantificação e análise das funções pragmáticas e motivações sócio-psicológicas subjacentes ao code-switching, a segunda busca formular restrições formais e padrões de ocorrência universais para este comportamento lingüístico. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma sistematização e avaliação bibliográfica da literatura internacional em code-switching através da apresentação e caracterização das principais linhas de pesquisa, ressaltando as obras de referência e os caminhos apontados por cada abordagem. A necessidade da apresentação estruturada dos diversos aspectos do code- switching encontradas na literatura sobre línguas em contato se deve ao fato de que a pesquisa sobre este fenômeno é incipiente no Brasil e o acesso ao material é ainda restrito. Esta pesquisa, portanto, busca preencher este espaço e tornar a literatura em code-switching acessível à academia brasileira. / [en] This dissertation investigates the linguistic phenomenon referred to as codeswitching in languages in contact´s literature. Code-switching consists of the alternate use of two or more codes by bilinguals or multilinguals in the same verbal interaction. The study of this discursive practice in several languages has obtained increasing interest in the last three decades. Two main approaches prevail: socio-pragmatic and grammatical-syntactic. Whilst the first approach focuses on the socio-discursive aspects of individual production through the categorization, quantification and analysis of codeswitching pragmatic functions and socio-psychological motivations; the second one intends to formulate formal constraints and patterns of occurrence of this linguistic behavior. The present work aims at presenting a bibliographic systematization and evaluation of the international literature in code- switching through the presentation and characterization of its major research lines, emphasizing the reference works and the directions provided by each approach. The need for the structured presentation of the several aspects of code-switching found in the literature in languages in contact is due to the fact that research on this phenomenon is incipient in Brazil and the access to this material is still restricted. This research, therefore, seeks to fill this gap and make the literature in code-switching accessible to the Brazilian academy.

O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar e discutir alguns processos fonológicos de adição e subtração de elementos (metaplasmos) na língua sãotomense. Neste trabalho, faremos uma comparação entre as contribuições das línguas portuguesa, quicongo e bini. Entre os séculos XV e XVI, diversas línguas nasceram do contato entre europeus e povos da África, Ásia e América. Chamadas de pidgins e crioulos, essas línguas contam com contribuições linguísticas da língua do povo dominador (língua de superstrato) e com contribuições da(s) língua(s) do(s) povo(s) dominado(s) (língua(s) de substrato). O sãotomense, língua falada atualmente na República de São Tomé e Príncipe, é uma dessas línguas, classificada como crioulo de base portuguesa, e conta com o português seiscentista como língua de superstrato e com línguas africanas, dentre elas o quicongo e o bini como línguas de substrato. Ao longo deste trabalho, analisaremos algumas das influências das línguas de substrato e superstrato na constituição do sãotomense. As contribuições das línguas de superstrato estão, majoritariamente, relacionadas à composição do léxico e as das línguas de substrato na fonologia, morfologia e sintaxe, embora também haja traços inovadores. No caso do sãotomense, as palavras portuguesas, ao entrarem no léxico do sãotomense, sofreram metaplasmos para se adequar à estrutura das línguas africanas dos primeiros falantes, sem, contudo, evitar que a língua portuguesa também contribuísse para a constituição da fonologia do sãotomense. Uma das contribuições do quicongo na fonologia do sãotomense é o lambdacismo transformação de [r] em [l] durante o processo de empréstimos, enquanto a língua portuguesa contribuiu com a eliminação do sistema tonal, presente em quicongo e bini, mas não em português. / The goal of this dissertation is to describe and analyse some phonological aspects of Sãotomense. In this word, we compare a number of linguistics contributions from the Portuguese, Kongo and Bini languages to Sãotomense, a Portuguese-based Creole spoken in the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. A Creole language displays linguistic characteristic both from its superstratum and its substratum languages. Sãotomense has the seventeenth centurys Portuguese as its superstratum language and many African languages, among them Kongo and Bini, as its substrata languages. In this work, I intend to analyze some of the influences of these strata languages in the formation of Sãotomense phonology. In general terms, most of the contributions from the superstratum languages are related to the Lexicon. Substratum languages, by its turn, heavily contribute to the phonology, morphology and syntax, although there are in the Creoles languages innovative linguistics aspects as well. In the specific case of Sãotomense, Portuguese words undergone many linguistics processes, some of them called metaplasms, in order to be adapted by the structure of African languages speakers, but this fact did not avoid that Portuguese language also contributed to the phonology constitution of Sãotomense. A possible African contribution to the phonology of Sãotomense is the so-called lambdacism the transformation of a [r] into a [l] during the process of loanword adaptation from the Kongo language. Portuguese, for example, probably, contributed with the elimination of tones, present in Kongo and Bini and in many others African languages, but not in Portuguese.

Orientador: Eduardo Roberto Junqueira Guimarães / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T01:13:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Schumm_GabrieledeSouzaeCastro_D.pdf: 410716 bytes, checksum: 94a18fef7113f3ba08eb2c6ae4285c80 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Essa tese visa discutir, a partir do conceito de espaço de enunciação, a relação de línguas e, nesta medida, a mudança lingüística. Tendo em vista a importância da discussão da questão do contato de línguas para os trabalhos sobre mudança lingüística, pensar a relação de línguas, não como algo circunstancial de uma situação de bilingüismo, mas como parte do funcionamento da língua, possibilitou que, a partir do conceito de espaço de enunciação, se apresentasse um outro modo de tratar a mudança, distinto daquele que as teorias lingüísticas têm apresentado. O espaço de enunciação se configura como um espaço de relação de línguas que funcionam sempre em relação a outras línguas se dividindo, se refazendo e se tornam outras. Mas em que sentido a língua se torna outra? Para dar materialidade a esses questionamentos, analisamos um espaço de enunciação particular, o de Friburgo, bairro de descendentes de alemães, localizado na divisa de Campinas com Indaiatuba. A partir da análise do material lingüístico coletado, foi possível atestar que pela relação do português com o alemão este se tornou materialmente outro. Levando em consideração a diferença desse alemão em relação ao alemão falado na Alemanha, discutimos, neste trabalho, os sentidos da mudança e o modo como isso afeta os falantes e a lingüística / Abstract: This thesis aims to discuss, from the concept of enunciation space, the relation of languages, and in this measure, linguistic change. Keeping in mind the importance of discussion about the question of language contact for works about linguistic change, to think in relation to languages, not as something circumstantial of a bilingual situation, but as part of the functioning of language, enabled that from the concept of enunciation space, another manner, distinct from what the other linguistic theories of approaching the change, would present itself. Enunciation space sets itself as a relation space of languages that always work in relation to other languages, dividing, remaking themselves and becoming others. But in what sense makes the language become another? In order to give materiality to these questions, we analyzed a particular enunciation space, Friburgo, a neighborhood of German descendants, located on the border of Campinas and Indaiatuba. From analysis of the linguistic material that was collected, it was possible to witness that through the relation of the Portuguese with German, it materially became another. Taking into consideration the difference between this German and the German spoken in Germany, in this work we discuss the meanings of the change and the way that it affects speaker and linguistics / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística