Το ζήτημα της γνώσης φαίνεται να απασχολεί τον Πλάτωνα από τους πρώιμους διαλόγους. Στα περισσότερα έργα της πρώιμης συγγραφικής του περιόδου θέτει στους συνομιλητές του ερωτήματα που αφορούν στην εύρεση της ουσίας εννοιών όπως είναι η αρετή και η δικαιοσύνη. Αυτά τα ερωτήματα παίρνουν συνήθως τη μορφή «τι είναι το χ;» ή «τι είναι χ;». Μπορεί στα πρώτα έργα του Πλάτωνα να προκύπτουν ζητήματα μεθόδου ως προς την απόκτηση της γνώσης της ουσίας των πραγμάτων αλλά δεν προτείνεται μια θεωρία της γνώσης ούτε φαίνεται να απασχολεί τον Πλάτωνα το πώς η γνώση γενικά αποκτάται. Ακόμα, ούτε ενδείξεις για το πως συνδέεται με άλλες λειτουργίες όπως είναι η αίσθηση, η σκέψη και η γνώμη έχουμε. Από τον Μένωνα και έπειτα, όμως, ο Πλάτων καταπιάνεται και με ερωτήματα σχετικά με την ίδια τη γνώση. Η εξέλιξη της σκέψης του προφανώς δημιουργεί την ανάγκη να απαντήσει στο πώς είναι δυνατόν να έχουμε γενικώς γνώση και πώς η γνώση συνδέεται με την αληθή γνώμη (ορθή δόξα). Αυτές οι ερωτήσεις επιδέχονται συστηματικής εξέτασης, στην οποία θα προβούμε όσο γίνεται περισσότερο στο παρόν κείμενο εστιάζοντας σε τρεις διαλόγους που προέρχονται από τις τρεις συγγραφικές περιόδους της πλατωνικής συγγραφής αντίστοιχα. Αυτοί είναι: ο Μένων που συγκαταλέγεται στα έργα της πρώιμης συγγραφικής περιόδου , η Πολιτεία που είναι ένα από τα έργα της μέσης περιόδου και ο Θεαίτητος που θεωρείται έργο της ύστερης συγγραφικής περιόδου του Πλάτωνα. Πρόθεση μας εδώ είναι να αναπτύξουμε όσο το δυνατόν πιο επαρκώς και ολοκληρωμένα τα επιχειρήματα του Πλάτωνα όσον αφορά στη γνώση και στην διάκριση της από την δόξα, που γίνεται σε αυτούς τους διαλόγους, να δούμε σταδιακά την εξέλιξη της σκέψης του όσον αφορά σε αυτά τα ζητήματα και να εξετάσουμε το κατά πόσο ο Πλάτων καταφέρνει να δώσει έναν ορισμό για τη γνώση. / Knowledge is considered by Plato as an important issue and preoccupies him from the very beggining of his philosophical career. In the earlier works however he does not refer to it directly but he is occupied with matters of method and knowledge of the essence of things, such as justice and beauty. The matter of knowledge is becoming more crucial from the Meno and afterwards where Plato grapples with questions considering the essence of knowledge as such. In this paper we are trying to follow Plato's thought from Meno to Theautetus regarding knowledge, focusing in the distinction between knowledge and belief.

On the assumption that the translation strategies used to translate American fast-food advertisements into Arabic cause the Arabic translations to be culturally bound to their originals, the aim of the present study is to identify such translation strategies. The study was conducted with the aid of questionnaires as a primary research method to obtain data which are then complemented by means of textual analyses of the corpus. The findings reveal that the main translation strategies used to translate phrases in fast-food advertisements from English into Arabic are borrowing and transliteration. The overall finding is that inadequate translations of culture-specific concepts, phrases, logos and terms produce target texts which are bound to the source texts. This causes the translations to be rejected by the target culture. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M.A. (Linguistics)

From Preface: This study has a two-fold nature. In one sense the focus of attention is on the Apologists. The chapters on Clement and Athanasius attempt to follow through the basic questions raised by the Apologists. But in the other sense, what I have presented is four independent studies dealing with Justin, the other Apologists, Clement and Athanasius's Contra Gentes. Although much the same questions have been asked in all four sections, there has been no rigid attempt to systematize the answers. This may well be one of the strengths as well as one of the weaknesses of the work.

Text in English / Advertising is a genre of mass media communication which unearths the exceptional qualities of products and services in a persuasive fashion. It is also a form of marketing communication through which business organizations inform the general public about new or improved commercial endeavors. Advertising in modern time comprises varied component parts (visual imagery, graphic and color designs, print and auditory techniques.); however, language plays an indispensable role in the transmission of the message. Language has an immense influence on human beings and the way they behave. The language of advertising influences the reasoning, thinking, feeling and the general attitude of the audience. Copywriters, like poets, choose their words carefully in order to achieve a particular rhetorical effect. They use language in such a way that they attract attention, arouse interest or desire and create need. Language forms an integral part of advertisements. The current study focused on persuasive elements in the English employed in advertisements in newspapers in Ghana. The study investigated the extent to which Aristotle’s three artistic proofs (logos, pathos and ethos), figures of speech and grammatical elements in the English of advertisements in the Ghanaian newspapers were employed by copywriters for persuasive effect. The current study was underpinned by three theories, namely, Aristotle’s Rhetorical Theory, Conventional Figurative Language Theory and the Standard Theory of Generative Grammar. These theories lent support to the three thematic trends of the study. The qualitative research design was employed given the interpretive nature of the analysis of the corpus. The current study did not involve human subjects as data sources because the corpus was from written documents. The purposive sampling method was employed owing to the subjective nature of the process of data collection. The qualitative content analysis approach was adopted as the analytical framework for the study. This made it possible for the coding of categories of the textual data based on the themes, patterns and trends that emerged. The findings of the research revealed that copywriters in the Ghanaian newspapers employed Aristotle’s three artistic proofs, figures of speech and grammatical elements in the English of advertisements for persuasive effect. / Linguistics and Modern Languages

This master thesis is focused on the phenomenon of cultural appropriation and the use of American Indian imagery in American and European culture. In both cultures are American Indians represented by distorted image of the universal White Man's Indian, which leads to the perception of them only as relicts of the past. In the United States, Native Americans try to point out the negative impacts, which the distorted image has on them, but the dominant white society refuses to acknowledge the inappropriateness of such images. The master thesis focuses on the historical evolution of the Native American image in American and European cultures. The author explains why the image was distorted and why the distortion still remains in both cultures. Then, the master thesis examines examples of appropriation of the American Indian in contemporary culture. Considering the extensiveness of this topic, the author focuses only on one example of cultural appropriation, which is the issue of Native Americans mascots and sports logos. On the American continent, the author chose the most controversial case of the Washington football team - the Washington Redskins. Despite the long history of Native American activism against the Redskins brand, the team refuses to change their racist name and logo. In Europe, the...

El presente trabajo analiza el sentido con que los cortometrajes del director de cine checo Jan Švankmajer: “El apartamento” (Byt, 1968) y “Una tranquila semana en casa” (Tichý týden v dome, 1969) se vinculan con las ideas de un filósofo de la antigüedad como Platón y con un pensador contemporáneo como Michel Foucault. En principio, se presentan las nociones de logos y de mito-símbolo y sus relaciones. Asimismo, se explican las categorías de Platón y Foucault que se emplean en el análisis del objeto de estudio. A continuación, se analizan los cortometrajes en base a dichas categorías: realidad, conocimiento y hombre en el caso de Platón y saber-poder, discurso y sujeto en el caso de Foucault. / This study analyzes the meaning with wich the short films of Czech film director Jan Švankmajer: "The flat" (Byt, 1968) and "A quiet week at home" (Tichý týden v dome, 1969) are linked to the ideas of an ancient philosopher like Plato and a contemporary thinker like Michel Foucault. First, the notions of logos and mytho- symbol and their relationships are introduced. Likewise, the categories of Plato and Foucault that are used in the analysis of the object of this study are explained. The following is an analysis of the short films based on these categories: reality, knowledge and man in Plato's case, and knowledge-power, discourse and subject in Foucault's case. / Tesis

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On considère traditionnellement l'interprétation allégorique comme une défense face aux critiques que les premiers philosophes Ioniens ont adressées aux poètes pour leur représentation de la divinité. Ainsi, l'allégorie grecque aurait été au coeur d'une polémique théologique entre les poètes et les philosophes ou plus largement au coeur de l’opposition de la philosophie au mythe. Il est pourtant désormais admis que la relation entre le logos et le muthos ne peut se réduire à une telle antinomie. Il est donc essentiel de redéfinir à son tour le rôle de l’allégorie afin de nuancer son caractère apologétique et son cadre polémique. L’entreprise a déjà été entamée par la recherche des deux dernières décennies et c’est dans cette actualisation historiographique que souhaite s’inscrire ce mémoire. L’organisation du développement est à la fois chronologique et thématique. L’examen de la réception des mythes à l’époque archaïque, celle du premier commentaire allégorique met en avant un aspect négligé de la critique philosophique : la réécriture du mythe théogonique en cosmologie philosophique. Cette réécriture n’est pas sans effet sur l’allégorie qui peut être conçue dès le Vème av. J.-C. comme un outil de réappropriation du mythe, à la fois dans sa matière et dans sa forme discursive, par la philosophie désormais affirmée. Enfin, la mise en perspective de l’allégorie avec les traditions discursives qui entourent sa naissance révèle que l’allégorie est certes le reflet d’une relation co-évolutive du logos et du muthos mais surtout la conséquence d’une conception du langage complexe dans la pensée grecque. / Allegorical interpretation is traditionally seen as a defence against the criticism that the early Ionian philosophers levelled at the poets for their depiction of the deity. Thus, Greek allegory would have been at the heart of a theological polemic between poets and philosophers and more broadly at the heart of the opposition of philosophy to myth. It is now accepted, however, that the relationship between logos and muthos cannot be reduced to such an antinomy. It is therefore essential to redefine the role of allegory in order to nuance its apologetic character and its polemical framework. This undertaking has already been initiated by the research of the last two decades and it is in this historiographic update that this thesis wishes to be inscribed. The organisation of the development is both chronological and thematic. The examination of the reception of the myths in the archaic period, that of the first allegorical commentary, brings out a neglected aspect of the philosophical criticism: the rewriting of the theogonic myth in philosophical cosmology. This rewriting is not without effect on allegory, which can be conceived from the 5th century BC onwards as a tool for the reappropriation of myth, both in its subject and in its discursive form, by the philosophical discourse. Finally, putting allegory into perspective with the discursive traditions surrounding its birth reveals that allegory is the reflection of a co-evolutionary relationship between logos and muthos and above all the consequence of the idea of a complex language.

This study aims to investigate and illustrate the justifications employed by Russia and China for their use of veto during the Syrian civil war from 2011 to 2023. Utilizing Aristotle's rhetorical triangle, which consists of logos, pathos, and ethos, the analysis is conducted through a directed qualitative content analysis method. The findings are systematically divided into two sections based on these rhetorical categories. The first section examines the most prevalent arguments presented by Russia, identifying their use of logos, pathos, and ethos across various thematic areas, and revealing a consistent rhetorical approach over time. The second section similarly analyzes the arguments put forth by China. The study concludes that the fundamental ideas and arguments of both Russia and China have remained relatively stable over the years. Furthermore, the analysis indicates a predominant use of logos by Russia, while China exhibits a more balanced distribution of the rhetorical categories.

El tema de estudio que motiva la presente investigación es una de las maneras de entender cómo la Unidad se expresa a sí misma: el logos como imagen que manifiesta el principio, el Uno, y su función como hilo conductor hacia él. El término ‘logos’ puede ser traducido como ‘palabra’ —que evoca la noción de ‘expresión’—, pero ‘logos’ comporta una multiplicidad de sentidos y de formas de manifestación del principio. De manera que a través de las Enéadas no encontramos un logos sino muchos logoi que sucesivamente expresan a modo de imágenes el principio y los principios que de él se derivan. La tesis central de la presente investigación es, por tanto, que el logos es imagen. Para demostrarla, el texto aborda diversos aspectos del concepto ‘logos’ en el pensamiento de Plotino, que lo definen como hilo conductor para entenderlo y que pueden ser resumidos en su función como imagen que manifiesta y distiende en un nivel posterior aquello que en un nivel anterior comporta mayor unidad.