品牌權益的相關研究與實務已經做了許多年，但對於一個包涵面更廣的管理概念－「顧客權益」的相關研究，則是一塊比較新穎的研究領域。「顧客權益」的觀念能幫助企業更加了解、管理和維持舊有的顧客，並積極爭取新顧客，而且又將顧客視為一項重要資產，以審慎的觀念與態度加以管理。 根據Rust, Zeithaml和Lemon（2001）提出的顧客權益架構，即價值權益、品牌權益、關係權益三個構面所形成之構念，本研究將其與傳/直銷商五大類活動相結合，即核心表現、對會員貢獻之肯定、會員間相互依賴之加強、傳播組織知識及招攬外部會員之需求，使顧客權益的模式應用到傳/直銷業者舉辦的活動上，藉以了解在傳/直銷業中，顧客權益是如何藉由互動活動來影響組織的顧客經營績效，即顧客取得、連帶銷售及顧客維持。 本研究採便利抽樣法，選取美樂家、安麗、玫琳凱及如新等四家傳/直銷公司之會員為研究對象，共回收有效問卷306份進行LISREL統計分析，得到以下結果﹕ 一、核心表現對社群建立及知識建立的影響效果有顯著差異﹔對會員貢獻之肯定對特別的辨識及對待和認同感的影響效果有顯著差異﹔會員間相互依賴之加強對社群建立的影響效果有顯著差異﹔傳播組織知識對認同感、社群建立和知識建立的影響效果有顯著差異﹔招攬外部會員之需求對品牌知曉度及忠誠度回饋的影響效果有顯著差異。 二、價值權益中的認知價格對顧客取得、品質對顧客維持的影響效果各有顯著差異﹔品牌權益中的對品牌的態度對顧客取得、企業倫理對顧客維持的影響效果有顯著差異﹔關係權益中的忠誠度回饋和社群建立對顧客取得的影響效果皆有顯著差異﹔知識建立對連帶銷售的影響效果有顯著差異﹔社群建立和知識建立對顧客維持的影響效果亦有顯著差異。 三、核心表現會透過影響社群建立，再從社群建立影響顧客取得及顧客維持，亦可透過對知識建立的影響，再從知識建立影響連帶銷售及顧客維持﹔會員間相互依賴之加強會透過影響社群建立，再從社群建立影響顧客取得及顧客維持﹔傳播組織知識可透過知識建立來影響連帶銷售的提升及顧客維持，亦可透過社群建立來影響顧客之取得及顧客之維持﹔招攬外部會員之需求可透過忠誠度回饋進而影響顧客取得。 / Although many researchers have done lots of researches and practices about brand equity for many years, there is a new and scarce researching area called customer equity, which contains wider managing concept more than brand equity. The concept of customer equity could help the company to know, mange, and retain their customers more and to acquire the new customers aggressively as well. Moreover, it helps company to view customers as an important asset and to manage them in a cautious way and attitude. According to the structure of customer equity proposed by Rust, Zeithaml and Lemon in 2001, which is the concept including value equity, brand equity, and retention equity, this study combines it with five major activities between the multi-level marketing operators and companies, which are, core service performance, recognition for contributions, member interdependence enhancement, dissemination of organizational knowledge, and external membership requirements, to know that how does it work to influence the customer acquisition, add-on selling, and customer retention by which kind of activities. This study takes four companies’ members as researching subjects. With collecting 306 valid samples, this study uses LISREL as a tool to analyze the data. The results are as follows: 1. Core service performance has significant influence both on community -building program and knowledge-building program. Recognition for contribution has significant influence both on special recognition and treatment and affinity program. Member interdependence enhancement has significant influence on community-building program. Dissemination of organizational knowledge has significant influence each on affinity program, community-building program, and knowledge-building program. External membership requirement has significant influence both on brand awareness and loyalty program. 2. Price has significant influence on customer acquisition and quality has significant influence on customer retention as well. Attitude toward the brand has significant influence on customer acquisition and corporate ethics has significant influence on customer retention as well. Both loyalty program and community-building program has significant influence on customer acquisition. Knowledge-building program has significant influence on add-on selling. Both community-building program and knowledge-building program has significant influence on customer retention. 3. Core service performance will influence customer acquisition, add-on selling, and customer retention indirectly by community-building program and knowledge-building program. Member interdependence enhancement will influence customer acquisition and retention indirectly by community-building program. Dissemination of organizational knowledge will influence customer acquisition, add-on selling, and customer retention indirectly by community-building program and knowledge-building program. Finally, external membership requirement will influence customer acquisition indirectly by loyalty program.

Ignorées à l’origine par le droit de l’Union européenne, les collectivités locales s’inscrivent pourtant dans les enjeux de l’intégration européenne et s’imposent en qualité de « quasi-sujet » du droit de l’Union européenne.A l’échelle de l’Union européenne, les collectivités locales sont associées de plus en plus à l’élaboration et à la mise en oeuvre des politiques de l’UE. Cependant, leur action reste dépendante des cadres étatiques qui édifient des limites institutionnelles à une participation plus accrue. L’Etat demeure l’acteur institutionnel par excellence.En dépit de ces obstacles, les collectivités locales parviennent à élaborer des stratégies pour influer sur le processus décisionnel en utilisant une diversité de canaux formels et informels.Enfin, elles participent directement à la mise en évidence d’un territoire de l’Union européenne. L’ingénierie locale constitue alors un atout pour l’avenir de l’Union, qui consciente des différences et de la diversité de son territoire, adapte ses politiques et ancre de plus en plus sa démarche dans les préceptes de la Multi level governance (ou gouvernance multi-niveaux). L’émergence de ce modèle de gouvernance est censée pérenniser les acquis et la poursuite de la construction européenne, tout en respectant les traditions constitutionnelles nationales.Ainsi, l’objet de cette thèse est d’envisager les rapports complexes entre l’Union européenne et les collectivités locales. Cette étude ouvre alors sur des perspectives territoriales nouvelles intéressant directement l’Union européenne et inspire une réflexion sur le rôle de ces pouvoirs infra-étatiques dans une Union qui s’inscrit aussi dans un monde globalisé. / For a long time, the European Union has not known about the local and regional authorities.However, local and regional level is a real asset to the Union. They become some almost subject of the European Union.Indeed, local and regional authorities currently have significant powers in key sectors such as education, environment, economic development, land use planning, public services and social policies. They implement the European legislation. Therefore, they also help ensure the exercise of European democracy and citizenship.Despite some significant advances in terms of recognizing their role in the European process, their actions are controlled by their national’s institutional architecture. And as the Union respects the constitutional autonomy of the Member States, which order their relations with regional and local authorities in different ways, it is really complicated to organize relations between European level and local and regional level.In spite of these impediments, the local authorities succeed in establishing strategies in order to be closely involved in shaping and implementing European strategies.Finally, the local authorities also take part into the construction of a European territory.Indeed, the diversity of the local and regional situations shows that it could be a chance. European policies have to be set up to the disparities and the local level is involved into the European decision making process.By another way, the recognition of the key role played by local and regional authorities in the European Union is developing a multilevel vision in the relations between the European actors. If the member States stay the institutional speaker of the European process, their local authorities succeed in integrating the European level. The multi level governance (MLG) has attracted the European Union. The MLG should coordinate action by the European level, the member states and local and regional authorities.This thesis shows the complicated relations between the European Union and the local authorities. Territorial perspectives and new objectives and tools should drive the European Union towards a better democratic integration

Les recompositions à l’œuvre sur les territoires ruraux décrivent une mosaïque de situations soulignant l’importance du rôle des dispositifs de coordination pour expliquer les trajectoires vertueuses ou de déclin. Mais, paradoxalement, les modalités d’intervention publique apparaissent de plus en plus difficiles, soulignant le caractère crucial de la question de la gouvernance territoriale. C’est l’objet de cette thèse, qui traite du rôle joué par la gouvernance territoriale dans le développement territorial, et des dynamiques de changement des dispositifs institutionnels qui composent la gouvernance territoriale. La première partie pose les termes du débat actuel sur les questions de gouvernance territoriale et sa place dans les processus de développement, et présente les principales conceptions et grilles analytiques de la littérature sur cette notion, avant de proposer une grille de lecture originale mobilisée dans des chapitres suivants. La seconde partie met l’accent sur deux dimensions majeures de la gouvernance territoriale, la place des conflits et des processus de négociation, et les mécanismes de changement institutionnel. Enfin, la troisième partie, traite de l’influence des formes de gouvernance sur les modalités de valorisation des ressources territoriales. Les réflexions portent plus précisément sur l’implication des acteurs dans la mise en œuvre des dispositifs de gestion des biens publics à partir de l’exemple des productions sous indication géographique, et sur le rôle des initiatives privées et associatives comme contributrices à la gouvernance des territoires ruraux, illustrées ici par la stratégie des coopératives agricoles. / The reorganization at work in rural areas describes a mosaic of situations stressing the important role of coordination mechanisms to explain territorial virtuous trajectories and situations of decline. But, as a paradox, public interventions appear more and more difficult to define and settle, emphasizing territorial governance as a core issue. This is the subject of this thesis, which deals with this issue through two questions: the role of territorial governance in territorial development, and the forms and changes in institutions devices as part of territorial governance. The first part addresses the terms of the current debate on territorial governance issues and their role in the development process, and presents the main concepts and analytical grids of the literature on this concept, before clearing an analytical grid mobilized in the following chapters. The second part focuses on two major dimensions of territorial governance, the role of conflict and negotiation processes and innovation in institutional devices. The third part deals with the influence of forms of governance on the valuation methods of territorial resources. Reflections relate specifically to the involvement of stakeholders in the implementation of management systems of public goods on illustrated by the example of geographical indication devices, and the role of private and community initiatives as contributing to the governance of rural areas, illustrated by the strategy of agricultural cooperatives.

Cette thèse présente une approche d'analyse des textes non-standardisé qui consiste à modéliser une chaine de traitement permettant l’annotation automatique de textes à savoir l’annotation grammaticale en utilisant une méthode d’étiquetage morphosyntaxique et l’annotation sémantique en mettant en œuvre un système de reconnaissance des entités nommées. Dans ce contexte, nous présentons un système d'analyse du Moyen Français qui est une langue en pleine évolution dont l’orthographe, le système flexionnel et la syntaxe ne sont pas stables. Les textes en Moyen Français se singularisent principalement par l’absence d’orthographe normalisée et par la variabilité tant géographique que chronologique des lexiques médiévaux.L’objectif est de mettre en évidence un système dédié à la construction de ressources linguistiques, notamment la construction des dictionnaires électroniques, se basant sur des règles de morphologie. Ensuite, nous présenterons les instructions que nous avons établies pour construire un étiqueteur morphosyntaxique qui vise à produire automatiquement des analyses contextuelles à l’aide de grammaires de désambiguïsation. Finalement, nous retracerons le chemin qui nous a conduits à mettre en place des grammaires locales permettant de retrouver les entités nommées. De ce fait, nous avons été amenés à constituer un corpus MEDITEXT regroupant des textes en Moyen Français apparus entre le fin du XIIIème et XVème siècle. / This thesis presents a non-standardized text analysis approach which consists a chain process modeling allowing the automatic annotation of texts: grammar annotation using a morphosyntactic tagging method and semantic annotation by putting in operates a system of named-entity recognition. In this context, we present a system analysis of the Middle French which is a language in the course of evolution including: spelling, the flexional system and the syntax are not stable. The texts in Middle French are mainly distinguished by the absence of normalized orthography and the geographical and chronological variability of medieval lexicons.The main objective is to highlight a system dedicated to the construction of linguistic resources, in particular the construction of electronic dictionaries, based on rules of morphology. Then, we will present the instructions that we have carried out to construct a morphosyntactic tagging which aims at automatically producing contextual analyzes using the disambiguation grammars. Finally, we will retrace the path that led us to set up local grammars to find the named entities. Hence, we were asked to create a MEDITEXT corpus of texts in Middle French between the end of the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.

Mit der vorliegenden Dissertation soll ein Beitrag zur Steigerung der Genauigkeit und Zuverlässigkeit einer sensorgestützten Objekterkennung im Fahrzeugumfeld geleistet werden. Aufbauend auf einem Erfassungssystem, bestehend aus einer Stereokamera und einem Mehrzeilen-Laserscanner, werden teils neu entwickelte Verfahren für die gesamte Verarbeitungskette vorgestellt. Zusätzlich wird ein neuartiges Framework zur Fusion heterogener Sensordaten eingeführt, welches über eine Zusammenführung der Fusionsergebnisse aus den unterschiedlichen Verarbeitungsebenen in der Lage ist, die Objektbestimmung zu verbessern. Nach einer Beschreibung des verwendeten Sensoraufbaus werden die entwickelten Verfahren zur Kalibrierung des Sensorpaares vorgestellt. Bei der Segmentierung der räumlichen Punktdaten werden bestehende Verfahren durch die Einbeziehung von Messgenauigkeit und Messspezifik des Sensors erweitert. In der anschließenden Objektverfolgung wird neben einem neuartigen berechnungsoptimierten Ansatz zur Objektassoziierung ein Modell zur adaptiven Referenzpunktbestimmung und –Verfolgung beschrieben. Durch das vorgestellte Fusions-Framework ist es möglich, die Sensordaten wahlweise auf drei unterschiedlichen Verarbeitungsebenen (Punkt-, Objekt- und Track-Ebene) zu vereinen. Hierzu wird ein sensorunabhängiger Ansatz zur Fusion der Punktdaten dargelegt, der im Vergleich zu den anderen Fusionsebenen und den Einzelsensoren die genaueste Objektbeschreibung liefert. Für die oberen Fusionsebenen wurden unter Ausnutzung der konkurrierenden Sensorinformationen neuartige Verfahren zur Bestimmung und Reduzierung der Detektions- und Verarbeitungsfehler entwickelt. Abschließend wird beschrieben, wie die fehlerreduzierenden Verfahren der oberen Fusionsebenen mit der optimalen Objektbeschreibung der unteren Fusionsebene für eine optimale Objektbestimmung zusammengeführt werden können. Die Effektivität der entwickelten Verfahren wurde durch Simulation oder in realen Messszenarien überprüft. / With the present thesis a contribution to the increase of the accuracy and reliability of a sensor-supported recognition and tracking of objects in a vehicle’s surroundings should be made. Based on a detection system, consisting of a stereo camera and a laser scanner, novel developed procedures are introduced for the whole processing chain of the sensor data. In addition, a new framework is introduced for the fusion of heterogeneous sensor data. By combining the data fusion results from the different processing levels the object detection can be improved. After a short description of the used sensor setup the developed procedures for the calibration and mutual orientation are introduced. With the segmentation of the spatial point data existing procedures are extended by the inclusion of measuring accuracy and specificity of the sensor. In the subsequent object tracking a new computation-optimized approach for the association of the related object hypotheses is presented. In addition, a model for a dynamic determination and tracking of an object reference point is described which exceeds the classical tracking of the object center in the track accuracy. By the introduced fusion framework it is possible to merge the sensor data at three different processing levels (point, object and track level). A sensor independent approach for the low fusion of point data is demonstrated which delivers the most precise object description in comparison to the other fusion levels and the single sensors. For the higher fusion levels new procedures were developed to discover and clean up the detection and processing mistakes benefiting from the competing sensor information. Finally it is described how the fusion results of the upper and lower levels can be brought together for an ideal object description. The effectiveness of the newly developed methods was checked either by simulation or in real measurement scenarios.

Introdução - A preocupação com a qualidade e disseminação dos dados em inquéritos é crescente no mundo. A integração entre banco de dados, planejamento da amostra, questionário e entrada de dados é fundamental para que resultados observados sejam válidos e precisos. A bibliografia pesquisada apontou que os inquéritos raramente produzem arquivos organizados, padronizados e prontos para disseminação, o que impossibilita estudar diferentes objetos de investigação com base em informações já coletadas. Objetivos - Implementar modelo hierárquico para entrada de dados em inquéritos epidemiológicos. Métodos - Foi utilizada a UML (Linguagem de Modelagem Unificada) para o projeto lógico e o Makeview do Epi Info para obtenção das estruturas de dados. Os testes foram feitos em um setor censitário do inquérito Acesso a Medicamentos - FAPESP. A documentação foi gerada no Makeview com ajuda de uma macro do Excel. Resultados - O modelo permite criar arquivos relacionais flexíveis, conforme a necessidade do objeto de estudo, com unidades estatísticas escolhidas dentre os 4 níveis hierárquicos: setor censitário, domicílios, indivíduos e questões específicas. Conclusão - A possibilidade de criar infinitas visões sobre os dados representa um avanço em comparação com o modelo plano. Deve ser usado como padrão em inquéritos epidemiológicos, pois permite estudar o efeito de conglomeração das unidades de análise, além de viabilizar a disseminação com dados organizados. O Epi Info pode ser usado para implementar modelos hierárquicos que considerem as variáveis do plano amostral. / Introduction - Concern about the quality and data dissemination in surveys is growing in the world. The integration between database, sample planning, questionnaire and data entry is fundamental to the accuracy and validity of the results. The bibliography showed that investigations rarely produce organized files, standardized and ready to dissemination, which makes impossible the study of various investigation objects based on information already collected. Goals - Implement hierarchical model for data entry in epidemiological surveys. Methods - It was used the UML (Unified Modeling Language) for the logical project and the Epi Info Makeview to obtain the data files. The tests were made in a census block of the Access to Medicines - FAPESP survey. The documentation was generated in Makeview with help of an Excel macro. Results - The model allows you to create flexible relational files, as the need to study subject, with statistical units chosen amongst the 4 hierarchical levels: census blocks, households, individuals and specific issues. Conclusion - The ability to create infinite views on the data represents a breakthrough in comparison to the flat files. It should be used as standard in epidemiological surveys, it allows studying the effect of conglomeration of analysis\' units, besides enabling the dissemination with organized data. The Epi Info can be used to implement hierarchical models that consider the variables of a sampling plan.

Localism places a special value on the local, and is increasingly prominent as a political doctrine. The literature suggests localism operates in three ways: bottom-up, top down and mutualistic. To assess its impact, localism needs to be seen within the broader context of multi-level governance. Here localism is examined in relation to three major themes: place, public value (PV), and institutional design. Regarding place, a key distinction is drawn between old and new localism. Old localism is about established local government, while new localism highlights the increasing room for manoeuvre that localities have in contemporary politics. This enables them to influence wider power structures, for example through trans-local organizing. With regard to public value, localist thinking makes a key contribution to core PV domains such as sustainability, wellbeing and democracy, as well as to others like territorial cohesion and intergovernmental mutuality. As for institutional design, the study is particularly concerned with ‘sub-continental’ political systems. A set of principles for the overall design of such systems is proposed, together with a framework of desirable policy outcomes at the local level. This can be used to evaluate how effective political systems are at creating public value in local settings. The thesis presents a comparative study of localism in two significant, sub-continental clusters: India/Kerala/Kollam and the EU/UK/England/Cornwall. Both can be seen as contrasting ‘exemplars’ of localism in action. In India, localism was a major factor in the nationwide local self-government reforms of 1993 and their subsequent enactment in the state of Kerala. In the EU, localism has been pursued through an economic federalism based on regions and sub-regions. This is at odds with the top-down tradition in British politics. The tension between the two approaches is being played out currently in the peripheral sub-region of Cornwall/Isles of Scilly. Cornwall’s dilemma has been sharpened by Britain’s recent decision to leave the EU. The thesis considers the wider implications of the case studies, and presents some proposals for policymakers and legislators to consider, together with suggestions for further research.

Large-scale and long-term planning imposes extensive requirements on governance efforts regardless of whether it involves public organisations, private organisations, or both. The proportions of such planning entangle many actors and stakeholders as system components within and around a complex system. These system components and conditions in a complex planning environment introduce a diverse variety of strategic objectives into the planning. This study investigates how strategic objectives can affect the governance of complex planning systems, particularly in the context of national critical infrastructure protection. For this purpose, this thesis concentrates on a national planning procedure, STYREL, which Sweden has recently implemented for the case of power shortages. This case involves various actors from the national, regional and local levels who act on behalf of both public and private organisations in a planning process with four-year intervals, and it thus constitutes a relevant subject for this study. The investigation entailed the collection of evidence from documents and interviews. First, publicly available Swedish documents regarding the case provided an understanding of the planning. Second, interviews with decision-makers who are entrusted with this planning at municipalities and county administrative boards as well as with a few planners from power grid providers offered a deeper comprehension of both the proceedings in practice and the strategic objectives involved in this complex system for planning of critical infrastructure protection. Particularly, the findings resulted in several conceptual models that demonstrate these understandings in more detail. A soft system model visualises the problem situation and contains several elements, such as the system components, interrelations and conditions. Moreover, a multi-level planning model specifies sources of uncertainty in the planning and decision-making process that are associated with an insufficient alignment of strategic objectives in the STYREL case. These decompositions of the Swedish planning environment – both horizontal and vertical – further enabled this study to identify significant parameters of the systemic conditions and strategic objectives involved in such complex planning environments that challenge their governance. The findings of this study suggest that the Swedish process is not yet fully developed. The investigation particularly indicates that a better alignment of strategic objectives is necessary to ensure a selection of adequate goals and means that advances the future usability of the produced plan, which in turn would legitimate and strengthen this complex planning process for critical infrastructure protection. / Storskalig och långvarig planering ställer höga krav på styrning. Detta gäller oavsett om offentliga eller privata organisationer, eller båda, är involverade. Omfattningen av en sådan planering engagerar många aktörer och intressenter som komponenter inom och omkring ett komplext system. Dessa komponenter samt deras villkor inbäddade i en komplex planeringsmiljö skapar en mångfald av strategiska målbilder som följer med in till planeringen. Denna studie undersöker därför hur strategiska målbilder kan påverka styrningen av komplexa planeringssystem, särskilt i kontexten av skyddet av kritisk infrastruktur i samhället. Undersökningen fokuserar på en nationell planeringsprocess, kallad STYREL, som avser beredskapsplanering för elbristsituationer och som implementerats i Sverige. Planeringsmiljön omkring STYREL är ett relevant studieobjekt eftersom den involverar många aktörer från nationell, regional och lokal nivå. Dessa aktörer representerar offentliga och privata organisationer i den planeringsprocess som genomförs med fyraårsintervaller. Under undersökningens gång har bevis samlats in från dokument och intervjustudier. Först har offentlig tillgängliga dokument om fallet skapat en förståelse om planeringen. Intervjuer med beslutsfattare som är ansvariga för STYREL-planeringen hos länsstyrelser, kommuner samt elnätsbolag har sedan genererat en ännu djupare förståelse. Detta gällande både förfaringssättet i praktiken och de strategiska målbilder som är involverade i detta komplexa system för planering av kritisk infrastruktur-skydd. Resultaten ledde i synnerhet till några konceptuella modeller vilka demonstrerar förståelserna på ett detaljerat sätt. En systemmodell visualiserar problemsituationen och innehåller flera element såsom systemkomponenter, relationer och villkor. En multinivå-planeringsmodell specificerar källor av osäkerhet i planerings- och beslutsprocessen vilka är associerade med en otillräcklig harmonisering av strategiska målbilder i STYREL fallet. Dekompositionerna av den svenska planeringsmiljön – både horisontellt och vertikalt – gjorde det möjligt att identifiera signifikanta parametrar av de systemiska villkor och strategiska målbilder som är involverade i dessa komplexa planeringsmiljöer och utmanar deras styrning. Resultaten av studien indikerar att den svenska processen inte är fullt utvecklat. Undersökningen visar att en bättre harmonisering av strategiska målbilder är nödvändig för att säkerställa ett urval av adekvata mål och medel som skulle utveckla den framtida användbarheten av den producerade planen. Denna skulle i sin tur legitimera och stärka den komplexa planeringsprocessen för skyddet av kritisk infrastruktur. Därtill kunde detta främja en målgruppsorienterad kommunikation om risker och relevanta åtgärder. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för framläggningen av avhandlingen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 1 under granskning, delarbete 3 under granskning.</p><p>At the time of the defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 1 under review, paper 3 under review.</p>

A presente tese discute a implementação do Projeto Alfa Tuning América Latina no Brasil, bem como se, e de que maneira, suas diretrizes foram incorporadas ao contexto da prática das universidades brasileiras participantes. O Projeto Alfa Tuning América Latina de acordo com os documentos oficiais, é uma proposta de afinação do ensino superior latino-americano e europeu, a partir de uma metodologia baseada na noção de competências e de uma rede de comunidades de aprendizagem. Desenvolvido em duas fases, a primeira, entre 2004 e 2007 e a segunda, entre 2011 e 2014, o Projeto Alfa Tuning América Latina integra as políticas de desenvolvimento e cooperação internacional da União Europeia e é financiado pela Comissão Europeia. Para análise do processo de implementação das diretrizes do Projeto Alfa Tuning América Latina nas universidades brasileiras participantes, considerando o cenário de governança multiescalar, os ajustes estruturais e espaço-temporais econômicos, políticos e sociais, foram estudados os relatórios oficiais do Projeto Alfa Tuning América Latina, realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com participantes da segunda fase do Projeto e analisados os projetos pedagógicos de seis cursos de graduação em universidades do Brasil. O referencial teórico da tese está pautado no ciclo de políticas e na análise das políticas interregionais de educação superior vinculadas ao entendimento da lógica global do modo de produção capitalista, sustentado-se, principalmente, nos seguintes autores: Bowe e Ball (1992), Ball (2012) e Harvey (2003; 2006; 2011; 2013). Este referencial permitiu compreender a relação do Projeto Alfa Tuning América Latina com seu contexto de influência (cenário de acumulação capitalista), contexto de elaboração da política (cenário da União Europeia) e contexto da prática (universidades brasileiras participantes). Desse modo, constatou-se que o Projeto Alfa Tuning América Latina é uma das ações de territorialização, desterritorialização e reterritorialização de políticas educacionais da União Europeia, que no cenário de governança multiescalar supera fronteiras nacionais para suprir as demandas do mercado global, em que a educação superior, pautada na competitividade, é vista como impulsionadora do desenvolvimento econômico. Verificou-se que o Projeto Alfa Tuning América Latina foi introduzido no Brasil fora dos marcos regulatórios do Estado, sendo acordado com universidades e docentes, desenvolvido a partir de redes políticas e não de decretos ou políticas públicas e que a implementação de suas diretrizes nas universidades brasileiras ocorreu de maneira pontual e discursiva. Entretanto, dada a complexidade das políticas inter-regionais que integram a dinâmica das regiões e das redes, os resultados do Projeto Alfa Tuning América Latina não podem ser dimensionados apenas pela implementação de suas diretrizes a curto prazo, mas também pelo seu potencial de influência nas políticas nacionais, pela adoção de conceitos, diagnósticos e metodologias e também pela possibilidade de legitimar outras políticas. / This thesis discusses the implementation of the Alfa Tuning Latin America Project in Brazil, as well as if and in what way its guidelines have been incorporated in the context of practice of the participating Brazilian universities. According to official documents, Alfa Tuning Latin America Project is a proposal to fine-tune both Latin American and European higher education, while having a methodology based on the notion of competencies and a network of learning communities as starting points. Alfa Tuning Latin America Project has been developed in two phases: the first one between 2004 and 2007, and the second between 2011 and 2014; it is part of the European Unions international cooperation and development policies and it is funded by the European Commission. In order to analyze the implementation process of Alfa Tuning Latin America Project guidelines within the participating Brazilian universities, while taking into account the multi-level governance scenario, as well as structural and spatio-temporal adjustments of social, political and economic order, Alfa Tuning Latin America Project official reports have been studied, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with participants in the second phase of the Project and the pedagogical projects of six undergraduate programs from Brazilian universities have been reviewed. The theoretical framework of this thesis is guided by the policy cycle approach as well as by the analysis of higher education interregional policies linked to the understanding of the global logic of capitalism, while mainly drawing on the following scholars: Bowe and Ball (1992), Ball (2012) and Harvey (2003; 2006; 2011; 2013). This framework has enabled the understanding of the relation between Alfa Tuning Latin America Project and its context of influence (scenario of capitalist accumulation), its context for the development of the policy (European Union scenario) and its context of practice (participating Brazilian universities). In this way, we found out that Alfa Tuning Latin America Project is one of the actions taken by the European Union for the territorialization, deterritorialization and reterritorialization of educational policies, which in the multi-level governance scenario overcomes national borders toward meeting the demands of the global market, where higher education, featured by competitiveness, is seen as a driver of economic development. We observed that Alfa Tuning Latin America Project has been introduced in Brazil regardless of States regulatory frameworks by being agreed among universities and academics, while being developed through political networks rather than decrees or public policies and also that the implementation of its guidelines in Brazilian universities has happened in a specific and discursive way. Given the complexity of the interregional policies comprised in the dynamics of regions and networks, however, the results of Alfa Tuning Latin America Project cannot be merely assessed by the short-term implementation of its guidelines, but also by its potential of influence on national policies through the adoption of concepts, diagnoses and methodologies, as well as through the possibility to legitimize other policies.

Depuis l'invention de l'automobile à la fin du 19eme siècle, la taille du parc ainsi que l'importance du trafic routier n'ont cessées d'augmenter. Ceci a malheureusement été suivi par l'augmentation constante du Nombre d'accidents routiers. Un grand nombre d'études et notamment un rapport fourni par l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé, a présenté un état alarmant du nombre de blessés et de décès liés aux accidents routiers. Afin de réduire ces chiffres, une solution réside dans le Développement de systèmes d'aide à la conduite qui ont pour but d'assister le conducteur dans sa tâche de conduite. La recherche dans le domaine des aides à la conduite s'est montrée très dynamique et productive durant les vingt dernières années puisque des systèmes tels que l'antiblocage de sécurité (ABS), le programme de stabilité électronique (ESP), le régulateur de vitesse intelligent (ACC), l'assistant aux manœuvres de parking (PMA), les phares orientables (DBL), etc. sont maintenant commercialisés et acceptés par la majorité des conducteurs. Cependant, si ces systèmes ont permis d'améliorer la sécurité des conducteurs, de nombreuses pistes sont encore à explorer. En effet, les systèmes d'aide à la conduite existants ont un comportement microscopique, en d'autres termes ils se focalisent uniquement sur la tâche qu'ils ont à effectuer. Partant du principe que la collaboration entre toutes ces aides à la conduite est plus efficace que leur utilisation en parallèle, une approche globale d'aide à la conduite devient nécessaire. Ceci se traduit par la nécessité de développer une nouvelle génération d'aide à la conduite, prenant en compte d'avantage d'informations et de contraintes liées au véhicule, au conducteur et à son environnement. [...] / Since the origin of the automotive at the end of the 19th century, the traffic flow is subject to a constant increase and, unfortunately, involves a constant augmentation of road accidents. Research studies such as the one performed by the World Health Organization, show alarming results about the number of injuries and fatalities due to these accidents. To reduce these figures, a solution lies in the development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) which purpose is to help the Driver in his driving task. This research topic has been shown to be very dynamic and productive during the last decades. Indeed, several systems such as Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), Electronic Stability Program (ESP), Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), Parking Manoeuvre Assistant (PMA), Dynamic Bending Light (DBL), etc. are yet market available and their benefits are now recognized by most of the drivers. This first generation of ADAS are usually designed to perform a specific task in the Controller/Vehicle/Environment framework and thus requires only microscopic information, so requires sensors which are only giving local information about an element of the Vehicle or of its Environment. On the opposite, the next ADAS generation will have to consider more aspects, i.e. information and constraints about of the Vehicle and its Environment. Indeed, as they are designed to perform more complex tasks, they need a global view about the road context and the Vehicle configuration. For example, longitudinal control requires information about the road configuration (straight line, bend, etc.) and about the eventual presence of other road users (vehicles, trucks, etc.) to determine the best reference speed. [...]