L'objectif de cette thèse est d'utiliser MEMRI (manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging) pour étudier le traitement d'odeurs signifiantes dans le cortex olfactif primaire de rats dans les conditions les plus proches de la perception naturelle. MEMRI est une méthode fondée sur la détection d'un agent de contraste fonctionnel et rémanent de l'activité neuronale, le manganèse, qui a prouvé son efficacité pour montrer le traitement différencié d'odeurs dans le bulbe olfactif chez l'animal vigile. Cependant, cette technique a été surtout utilisée pour tracer les voies neuronales, mais relativement peu pour explorer des fonctions sensorielles. C'est pourquoi nous avons conduit deux études visant l'une à définir les conditions d'application du manganèse et l'autre à optimiser le traitement des images MEMRI, avant d'aborder la question biologique proprement dite. S'appuyant sur ces développement méthodologiques, nous avons ensuite utilisé MEMRI pour étudier les variations du traitement d'odeurs signifiantes (odeurs de nourriture et de prédateur comparées à une situation de contrôle) dans le cortex olfactif primaire de rats. Nous avons montré que le traitement cérébral d'une odeur de prédateur est différent de celui de la situation de contrôle dans le cortex olfactif primaire. Nous avons confirmé ce résultat par immunomarquage Fos dans le cortex piriforme. Mis ensemble, les résultats de MEMRI et Fos suggèrent que le traitement cérébral d'une odeur peut varier en terme de taille de populations de neurone recrutés ainsi qu'en termes d'intensité de l'activation de ces neurones. Enfin, les résultats MEMRI montrent qu'un message olfactif crucial, pour la survie, est traité asymétriquement dans le cerveau. Les avancées méthodologiques et scientifiques qu'apporte cette thèse ouvrent la voie à une meilleure compréhension du traitement cérébral des odeurs. / The aim of this thesis was to use MEMRI (manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging) for studying the processing of behaviorally significant odors in the rat primary olfactory cortex, under conditions close to natural perception in awake animals. MEMRI is a method based on the detection of o functional and remanent contrast agent, manganese, which has proved to be valuable dor studying odor processing in the olfactory bulb. However , this method has mainly been used to trace neuronal pathways, but seldom to explore sensory functions. Here, we have conducted two studies to define the conditions of application of manganese and to optimize processing of MEMRI images. Based on these methodological developments, we have then used MEMRI to investigate the activation of central olfactory structures following exposure of awake rats to biologically relevant odors (food and predator odors compared to a control situation). MEMRI revealed that a predator is processed differently from the control situation in the primary olfactory cortex. Fos immunolabeling in the anterior piriform cortex corroborated this result. Altogether, MEMRI and Fos results suggest that olfactory processing may rely on both the intensity of activation and the size of neuronal populations recruited. Finally, MEMRI revealed that the olfactory message, crucial for survival, is asymmetrically processed in the brain. Methodological and scientific advances brought by this thesis will be useful for better understanding brain olfactory processing.

Våld riktat mot kvinnor, som mest sker i form av våld i nära relationer, är en avspegling av ojämn maktstruktur mellan män och kvinnor. Därmed anses våld mot kvinnor som en maktutövning, där kvinnors rättigheter och grundläggande friheter utsätts för kränkning. Våld kan innehålla dolda former, vilket sker när dessa former inte namnges eller definieras. Dessa former involveras sällan under det fysiska våldet och därför förblir de osynliga. Syftet med denna uppsats är, att öka kunskapen om hur kvinnor med olika bakgrund resonerar kring och definierar de dolda våldsformerna, det vill säga psykiskt, kontrollerande och sexuellt våld. Dessutom vill vi undersöka om socialisationsprocessen kan påverka kvinnors inställning till våldets olika former. Det empiriska materialet består av individuella intervjuer med sex kvinnor med olika bakgrund. Utifrån feministiska- och familjevåldsperspektivet som utgör centrala perspektiv för denna uppsats, samt med hjälp av hermeneutiska och tematisk analysmetoden har vi analyserat studiens empiriska data. Resultaten visar, att kvinnornas socialisation i förhållande till män, kan påverkas av både det sociala arvet och den sociala inlärningen. Det framkommer även att kvinnorna i vissa avseenden har definitionssvårigheter när det gäller en del våldsformer. Utöver det visar det sig att kvinnornas inställning till olika våldsformer påverkas av ett antal faktorer, inte minst det sociala arvet, som är ett återkommande tema i det empiriska materialet. / Violence directed against women, most of which occurs in the form of violence in close relationships, is a reflection of uneven power structure between men and women. Thus violence against women is considered a power exercise, where women's rights and fundamental freedoms are subjected to violation. Violence may contain hidden forms, which occurs when these forms are not named or defined. These forms are rarely involved in physical violence and therefore they remain invisible. The purpose of this paper is to increase the knowledge about how women of different backgrounds resonate and define the hidden forms of violence, namely psychological, controlling and sexual violence. In addition, we want to investigate whether the socialization process can affect women's attitude towards the various forms of violence. The empirical material consists of individual interviews with six women with different backgrounds. Based on the radical phenomenon and family violence perspective, which constitutes central perspective for this paper, as well as the hermeneutic and thematic analysis method, we have analyzed the empirical data of the study. The results show that women's socialization relative to men can be influenced by both the social heritage and social learning. It also appears that the women in some respects have definitional difficulties in some forms of violence. In addition, it appears that women's attitude to different forms of violence is influenced by a number of factors, not least the social heritage, which is a recurring theme in the empirical material.

This thesis gives a picture of international status of Czechoslovakia in the time period 1969 -- 1989, it is specifically illustrated on relations with USA and Great Britain. After characteristics of the given time period and the czechoslovak foreign policy the thesis deals with the key events which influenced mutual relations with given states in the period of normalization. Further on the case of czechoslovak monetary gold is described. In the end the thesis analyses picture of Czechoslovakia in the U.S. and British media during the observed period.

Denna uppsats ämnar undersöka kvinnors utsatthet i våldsamma relationer och vilka konsekvenser som uppkommit till följd av dessa. Uppsatsen belyser varför en kvinna stannar i en våldsam relation, vad som får henne att lämna den samt hur hennes självidentitet har påverkats efter att hon lämnat mannen och den våldsamma relationen. Metoden som har tillämpats har haft en kvalitativ utgångspunkt med semistrukturerade intervjuer av fem kvinnor som utsatts för våld i en nära relation. Med hjälp av de teoretiska utgångspunkterna, becoming an ex: the process of rote exit, våldets dynamik och normaliseringsprocessen samt social kapital har det varit möjligt att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar som nämnts ovan. Resultaten visar att våldets normalisering under relationen är en betydande bidragande faktor till att en kvinna stannar i en relation där hon är utsatt för våld. Uppsatsens resultat visar att en bidragande faktor till varför kvinnan väljer att lämna en våldsam relation är finnandet av en symbolisk mening till att inte kunna stanna kvar.  En symbolisk mening kan vara att barnen far illa samt instinkten att mannen inte kommer ändra sitt beteende.  Studiens resultat påvisar en tydlig förändring i självidentitet hos samtliga kvinnor som medverkat. Nyckelord: Kvinna, intervjuer, våld i nära relation, våldsutsatt, separation, normalisering / This study aims to investigate how five women have been affected by intimate partner violence and what consequences it has brought upon them. It also clarifies why women stay in violent relationships and what it takes to leave it at the end. The study also explores the effects on women’s self-esteem after leaving a violent relationship.    The methodology used for this study has a qualitative approach and is processed through semi-structured interviews with five women who have experienced intimate partner violence. The theoretical theories that have been used and applied to this study are, “Becoming an example: the process of rotating the exit”, “The dynamics of violence and normalization” and “Social capital”.   The results of the study show that the normalization of intimate partner violence is a major (contributing) factor to why women stay in violent relationships. The contributing factor to why women choose to leave violent relationships is finding of a purpose and a symbolic meaning to not participate in these types of relationships. Examples of these purposes and meanings are the potential harm to children, if children are involved in the situation, or realization of that there are no signs of behavioral change. All five women who participated in this study show a significant change in regards of identity.   Keywords: Woman, interviews, intimate partner violence, victim of violence, separation, normalization.

A análise da expressão gênica através de dados gerados em experimentos de microarrays de DNA vem possibilitando uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica e dos mecanismos envolvidos nos processos celulares ao nível molecular. O aprimoramento desta análise é crucial para o avanço do conhecimento sobre as bases moleculares das neoplasias e para a identificação de marcadores moleculares para uso em diagnóstico, desenho de novos medicamentos em terapias anti-tumorais. Este trabalho tem como objetivos o desenvolvimento de modelos de análise desses dados, propondo uma nova forma de normalização de dados provenientes de microarrays e dois modelos para a construção de redes regulatórias de expressão gênica, sendo uma baseada na conectividade dinâmica entre diversos genes ao longo do ciclo celular e a outra que resolve o problema da dimensionalidade, em que o número de experimentos de microarrays é menor que o número de genes. Apresenta-se, ainda, um pacote de ferramentas com uma interface gráfica de fácil uso contendo diversas técnicas de análise de dados já conhecidas como também as abordagens propostas neste trabalho. / The analyses of DNA microarrays gene expression data are allowing a better comprehension of the dynamics and mechanisms involved in cellular processes at the molecular level. In the cancer field, the improvement of gene expression interpretation is crucial to better understand the molecular basis of the neoplasias and to identify molecular markers to be used in diagnosis and in the design of new anti-tumoral drugs. The main goals of this work were to develop a new method to normalize DNA microarray data and two models to construct gene expression regulatory networks. One method analyses the dynamic connectivity between genes through the cell cycle and the other solves the dimensionality problem in regulatory networks, meaning that the number of experiments is lower than the number of genes. We also developed a toolbox with a user-friendly interface, displaying several established statistical methods implemented to analyze gene expression data as well as the new approaches presented in this work.

The aim of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of how threats and violence can be normalized in the children’s departments within the social services, through a qualitative study. We spoke to six social workers in a series of semi-structured interviews. We analyzed the material that we gathered through previous studies together with Eva Lundgren’s theory of the Process of Normalization. Conclusions that can be drawn from our research are that social workers experience a much larger deal of threats, rather than actual physical violence. The extent of threats targeted at social workers has led to a normalization, and to a culture of where these threats are accepted as a part of the work environment. Threatening situations mainly occur in direct correlation to immediate care of children. In order to cope with threats and violence, a collegial spirit and environment is essential, in combination with correspondence to the head of the administration. Social workers tend to normalize threats by finding other explanations to why the client acted in a certain manner, or by blaming themselves for the situation. There is no clear or given definition of what threats are in the workplace, but it is rather a personal definition, where social workers themselves categorize whether they acknowledge something as a threat or not. The normalization of threats on the other hand can be used as a coping mechanism, to protect oneself from the setbacks and negative effects that threats and violence can entail.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka upplevelser hos kuratorer som arbetar med kvinnor utsatta för partnervåld kring vad det är som påverkar kvinnors val att stanna kvar hos en våldsam partner. En kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts. Deltagarna bestod av sex kuratorer som arbetar på uppdrag från socialtjänsten och på kvinnojourer i mellersta Sverige med våldsutsatta kvinnor. I studiens resultat hittades fyra huvudteman med tillhörande subteman. Det första huvudtemat var Rädsla och bestod av två subteman: rädsla för sin egen säkerhet och rädsla för barnens säkerhet. Det andra temat var Kontroll och bestod av två subteman: mannens kontroll och kvinnans kontroll. Det tredje temat bestod av Psykologiska dilemman som i sin tur bestod av fem subteman: skuld och skam, sympati och medlidande, underskattning av våld, kvinnan ej redo, och hopp om förbättring. Det sista huvudtemat var Praktiska svårigheter och bestod av subteman: gemensamma barn, kvinnans tillgång till hjälp, och ekonomi. Dessa teman förklarar faktorer till vad det är som påverkar kvinnors val att stanna kvar hos en våldsam partner. Teorin om normaliseringsprocessen har använts för att förklara potentiella faktorer till varför kvinnor stannar kvar hos en våldsam partner. / The aim of this study was to examine the experiences of counselors, who work with woman who have been victims of intimate partner violence, about why woman decide to stay with an abusive partner. A qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews was conducted. The participants consisted of six counselors working within the social services and at women´s shelters in central Sweden with abused women. Four main themes with associated subthemes were found in the study's result. The first main theme was Fear and consisted of two subthemes: fear for their own safety and fear for children's safety. The second theme was Control and consisted of two sub-themes: the man's control and the woman's control. The third theme was Psychological dilemmas, which in turn consisted of five subthemes: guilt and shame, sympathy and compassion, underestimation of violence, the woman not ready, and hope for improvement. The last main theme was Practical Difficulties and this the meconsisted of subthemes: common children, women's access to help, and finances. These themes explained factors that affected women's choices to remain with a violent partner. The theory of the normalization process has been used to explain potential factors as to why women remain with a violent partner.

Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka poliser inom ingripandeverksamhets (IGV) upplevelser av kvinnans inställning till att medverkai utredningen, baserat på initiala brottsplatsförhör, i partnervåldsärenden.Vidare var syftet även att undersöka hur IGV-poliser upplever att manbör arbeta för att motivera kvinnor till att medverka i utredningen. SjuIGV-poliser intervjuades med en semistrukturerad intervjuguide somsedan analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Med hjälp av analysenidentifierades fyra teman samt åtta subteman. Resultatet påvisade attkvinnors inställning till att medverka i utredningen var negativalternativt ambivalent. Den negativa inställningen berodde till stor del pånormalisering av våldet samt misstro till polis och rättsväsende. Denambivalenta inställningen grundade sig i rädsla för våld samt ovisshetkring exempelvis rättsprocessen. Resultatet till den del av studien somsyftade till att förklara hur poliser upplever att de bör arbeta för attmotivera kvinnor till medverkan i utredningen påvisade att strategiersamt uppträdande är de mest centrala delarna. De strategier som ansågsmest centrala var patrullens uppbyggnad samt avskildhet. Att ha tålamodsamt den förhörsteknik som används under förhöret var de viktigastefaktorerna rörande hur man bör uppträda för att motivera kvinnor attmedverka i utredningen. Normaliseringsprocessen användes för attförsöka förklara kvinnors inställning till att medverka i utredningen. / The aim of this study was to examine police officer’s experiences ofwomen's attitudes towards participating in an investigation, based on theinitial crime scene hearing, in cases regarding domestic violence.Furthermore, the aim was also to investigate how police officer’s thinkthey should work to motivate women to participate in the investigation.Seven police officers were interviewed using a semistructured interviewguide. The results were analyzed using thematic analysis. Four themesand eight sub-themes were identified. The result showed that women'sattitudes toward participating in an investigation was either negative orambivalent. The negative attitude were due to normalization of theviolence and mistrust to the police and the legal system. Theambivalence attitude was caused by fear of repeated victimization anduncertainty concerning for example the legal proceeding. In terms ofhow police officer’s think they should work to motivate women toparticipate in the investigation, showed that strategies and appearancewere the two most central parts. There were two strategies that wereconsidered as most central. These were the structure of the patrol anddetachment. To have patience and how the hearing proceeds were seenas the most important factors regarding how to appear to be able tomotivate women to participate in the investigation. The Normalizationprocess were used as an explanation regarding women's attitudestowards participation in an investigation.

Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur professionella inom kvinnojouren förklarar mäns våld mot kvinnor i parrelationer. Studien är baserad på semistrukturerade telefonintervjuer med åtta anställda vid kvinnojourer belägna i olika delar av landet. Frågorna fokuserade på orsaker till att varför kvinnor stannar kvar i ett våldsamt förhållande samt de bakomliggande orsakerna till våld. Personalens svar har diskuterats mot bakgrund av befintlig forskning och teorier om mäns våld mot kvinnor. Vid analys av det empiriska materialet framkom fyra teman, nämligen 1) förklaringar till våldet, 2) normalisering / internalisering, 3) brist på socialt stöd och 4) brytpunkt. Resultaten visar att skälen till att kvinnor stannar kvar i våldsamma relationer, enligt personalen, kan vara både normaliseringen av våld och bristen på socialt stöd. Därtill kan patriarkala samhällsstrukturer som främjar en missuppfattad bild av maskuliniteten vara orsak bakom våld. En ökad kunskap hos berörda myndigheter samt tillhandahållandet av information till utsatta kvinnor tycks vara nödvändigt för att hindra förekomst av kvinnors utsatthet i en parrelation. / The purpose of this study is to create a deeper understanding of how Women's Aid Centre staff explain men's violence against women in intimate relationships. The study is based on semi-structured telephone interviews with eight staff in Women's Aid Centre in different parts of the country. Questions focused on the reasons for women to remain in a violent relationship and the underlying causes of violence. The staff’s answers are discussed in the light of existing research and theories on men's violence against women. When analyzing the empirical material four themes emerged, namely 1) explanations for the violence, 2) normalization / internalization, 3) lack of social support and 4) breaking point. The results show that, according to the staff, the reasons why women remain in violent relationships are to be found both in the normalization of violence and in the lack of social support. The patriarchal structures of society that promote a misunderstood image of masculinity are mentioned as a cause of violence. Increased knowledge among the relevant authorities and the information provision on vulnerable women is necessary to prevent the presence of women's vulnerability in a relationship.

The goal of this work is to present the daily working routine of Czech journalists employed in newspapers in the years 1965-1974, with an emphasis on examining the institutional level of external pressure on journalists, in contrast to self- censorship. The Prague Spring is seen as a milestone, which divide the work into three stages: The 'thawing' period before 1968, a period of relative freedom of expression from January 1968 to mid-1969 and then the following period characterised by the stabilization of the 'normalization regime' in the first half of 1970s.