The purpose of this thesis is to examine how gender is constructed in presentence reports written by social workers’ as mandated by 11§ LUL. Young offenders are often assigned normative masculine or feminine attributes by personnel at treatment centers, girls are considered emotional and in need of support while boys are considered disorderly and in need of structure. Young female delinquents are victimized which affects their culpability; they are less likely to be held responsible for the crimes they committed. Young male delinquents are viewed as aggressive and in control; they are more likely to be held accountable for their criminal actions. In this study we analyze 20 presentence reports using critical discourse analysis; ten reports about girls and ten about boys, in half of the reports the youth is diagnosed with ADHD (5 boys and 5 girls). Our main results show that gender construction occurs in presentence reports, for example it is crucial that girls’ are calmed down by means of adult support, while boys’ need to be activated and controlled. We also ascertain that youths with an ADHD-diagnosis often are perceived as victims and therefore attributed less culpability for their crimes, regardless of gender.

Thesis (M.P.H.M. (Primary Health Care Management))--Mahidol University, 2007.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [178]-182). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [178]-182). Also available on the Internet.

The essay is an interdisciplinary work linking History of Religion and Archaeology. The work is based on the study of the finds from a unique archaeological Italian Bronze Age site. The evidence in question has been recently excavated on the outskirts of the modern town of Noceto, Parma province, in northern Italy. It is dated to the end of the local Middle Bronze Age, which corresponds roughly to the 14th century BCE, and belongs to the local so called Terramare culture.   The site consist of a large wooden basin, which once stood in a relatively dominant position within a local Bronze Age village. The basin has been always completely filled with water. Thanks to the particular environmental conditions in the pool, organic material of cellulosic nature, such as wood, preserved very well. We therefore have very precise data about the structure itself and about an astonishing number of finds that have been retrieved from the basin. The basin was apparently used for a limited period of time, which has been estimated of a few generations or a maximum of 100 years. It was apparently used as a sort of “offer place” and hundreds of finds have been sunk in its water. Although depositions in wet areas are very common all over Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the Bronze Age, no other built structures such as the Noceto’s basin are known so far. Noceto provides strong indications of religious nature, since no productive activities or every day practices could be detected in connection to it.   With an eye to the debate on the materiality of religion, the aim of the essays is in the first place to investigate and discuss how the religious nature of the place can be understood, when working solely on the results of the religious activities that once have taken place around its margins. Secondly, the aim is also to attempt using the evidence from Noceto to discuss more broadly issues of Bronze Age religion.   The analysis of the material is carried out considering deposition rituals from the point of view of performance and agency theories. It is argued that the finds from the pool acted as indexes of agency and were part of performative event that linked together the people carrying out and/or watching the ritual, the place and the divine expressed by the place.   Considering that the significance of ritual performance has been seen, among other things, in the transformative power that is contextually assigned to rituals, it is believed that the finds from Noceto’s basin likely embodied an attempt to establish or secure positive transformations possibly in people life and in fundamental productive activities such as for instance agriculture. The sacred role of water during the Bronze Age has been addressed by several scholars, but it is generally connected to the ritual “usage” of particular places such as wetlands, caves, rivers and so on. Noceto’s basin provides the possibility for the first time to analyse an attempt to artificially and magnificently bring the sacred into a settlement area and thus possibly create the premises for more controlled or regular/regulated religious activities. / Uppsatsen är ett tvärvetenskapligt arbete som länkar samman religionshistoria och arkeologi. Arbetets fokus ligger på de arkeologiska fynden som grävdes fram från en unik rituell anläggning från Norra Italien. Anläggningen i frågan befinner sig i utkanten av staden Noceto, i Parma-provinsen. Den är daterad till slutet av den lokala mellersta bronsåldern, vilket ungefär motsvarar 1400-talet f. Kr.   Anläggningen är en stor träbassäng, som en gång stod i en relativt dominerande position innanför ett boplatsområde. Bassängen har från början varit helt fyllt med vatten. Tack vare de speciella miljöförhållandena i poolen, organiskt material, såsom trä, har bevarats mycket bra. Vi har därför precisa uppgifter om själva strukturen och om ett förvånande antal fynd som fanns i bassängen. Anläggningen användes tydligen under en begränsad tidsperiod, som uppskattats av några få generationer eller maximalt c:a 100 år. Det arkeologiska materialet från poolen tyder på att det har haft en funktion som offer-plats och att hundratals objekt har sänkts i sitt vatten. Fastän deponeringar i våta områden är vanliga över hela Europa och Medelhavsområde under bronsåldern, liknande byggnader till Nocetos bassängen är än så länge inte kända. Nocetos pool ger starka bevis av religiös karaktär, eftersom tecken på produktiva verksamheter eller vardagsaktiviteter inte kunde upptäckas i den.   Med hänsyn till debatterna om religions materialitet är syftet med uppsatsen i första hand att undersöka och diskutera hur platsens religiösa natur kan förstås, om man bara arbetar med resultaten av de religiösa aktiviteterna som ägde rum kring den under bronsåldern. För det andra är målet också att försöka använda bevis från Noceto för att diskutera mer allmänna frågor kring bronsålderns religion och religiositet.   Materialet har analyserat med utgångspunkt i performance och angecy teorier. Det hävdas att fynd från poolen fungerade som indexes of agency och var ett grundläggande element av de rituella performansen som genomfördes vid bassängen.   Med tanke på att en grundläggande funktion i rituella performansen anses ligga bland annat i den transformativa kraften som tillskrivs ritualer, är förslaget att fynden från Nocetos bassäng uttrycker ett försök att åstadkomma positiva omvandlingar möjligen i människolivet och/eller i grundläggande produktiva aktiviteter såsom till exempel jordbruk. Den heliga rollen av vatten under bronsåldern har tagits upp extensivt. Särskilda platser, som våtmark, grottor, floder, källor och så vidare, har används för att deponera offer. Nocetos bassäng ger möjlighet för första gången att analysera ett försök att skapa en helgedom i ett bosättningsområde och därigenom att även skapa förutsättningar för möjligtvis kontrollerade eller regelbundna religiösa aktiviteter.

Studien syftade till att undersöka och få en förståelse för hur kvinnor, som blivit utsatta för sexuella trakasserier, resonerade kring att anmäla eller inte anmäla brottet till polismyndigheten. Vidare syftade studien till att undersöka kvinnors upplevelser av polismyndighetens bemötande vid en anmälan av sexuella trakasserier. Det empiriska materialet samlades in genom semistrukturerade djupintervjuer med nio kvinnor i åldrarna 19–30 år. Studiens resultat visade att kvinnorna förde olika resonemang bakom deras val att anmäla eller inte anmäla till polismyndigheten. Att vara ensam i anmälningsprocessen påverkade huruvida kvinnorna ville gå vidare med en anmälan eller inte, där andra offer som också blivit utsatta gav en känsla av validering och trygghet för kvinnorna. Trots att samtliga kvinnor som anmälde upplevde någonting positivt i polismyndighetens bemötande lyftes ändå flertal negativa erfarenheter av polisens bemötande upp. Att polismyndigheten bemötte kvinnorna genom att avråda kvinnorna från att genomföra en anmälan var något anmärkningsvärt i studiens resultat. Slutsatserna är att kvinnors resonemang kring anmälningsbenägenheten går i likhet med varandra och vad tidigare studier inom ämnet visat. Vidare visar studiens resultat även att det finns ett utbildningsbehov inom polismyndigheten gällande bemötandet av kvinnor som utsatts för sexuella trakasserier för att förhindra att den låga anmälningsbenägenheten fortgår. / The aim of this study was to examine and achieve a deeper understanding for how women, who have been subjected to sexual harassment reasoned behind reporting or not reporting their victimization to the police. Furthermore, this study aimed to investigate how women experienced the response they got from the police in a relation to reporting their victimization. The empirical data was collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews with nine women between the ages of 19-30. The results showed that women reasoned in different ways when deciding to report, or not, to the police. To be alone in the reporting process affected whether women wanted to proceed or not. Even though all women who reported their victimization to the police experienced something positive in their response, the negative experiences outweighed the positive. A remarkable finding for the study was that the police themselves discouraged women from reporting their victimization. The conclusions are that women’s reasoning’s behind reporting or not are similar to what previous research has presented. In conclusions, the findings suggest that training for police should emphasize how to initial response to women who has been subject to sexual harassment in order to prevent low levels of reporting.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo avaliar o papel do silêncio na formação contratual. Analisa-se, tendo-se como base os conceitos da proposta e da aceitação, assim como suas principais modalidades, as formas pelas quais pode se dar a declaração negocial. Inicia-se, com o objetivo de compará-los com o silêncio, pelo exame dos meios não silenciosos de declaração negocial, individualizando-se e analisando-se criticamente as formas expressa e tácita, assim como os comportamentos concludentes, elementos objetivos da última. Mediante o estudo dessas formas e das teorias tradicionais do silêncio, conclui-se que a adotada pelo vigente Código Civil é a Teoria do Silêncio Qualificado. A partir daí, analisa-se o silêncio como forma de declaração negocial e sua evolução no Direito brasileiro e comparado para alcançar-se o vigente diploma civil, o qual prevê que o silêncio importa anuência, em seu artigo 111. Conclui-se, tendo-se como base o acima exposto, que o silêncio é forma de declaração negocial autônoma, não se constituindo, pois, sinônimo ou subespécie da declaração expressa ou da tácita. Infere-se, igualmente e por isso mesmo, então, que o silêncio é forma de aceitação à proposta contratual, desde que presentes os elementos qualificadores – circunstâncias e usos – previstos no dispositivo legal respectivo e desde que observados outros elementos aplicáveis às relações de Direito civil e contratuais, especialmente. Analisam-se por fim, exemplificativamente, outros elementos de concreção a serem observados para valoração do silêncio, como a confiança negocial e os fins econômicos e sociais. / The purpose of the thesis is the assessment of the silence’s role in the contract formation. Taking into consideration the offer and acceptance meanings as well as their categories, their means of declaration are analyzed. Starting with the comparison to the silence as an objective, the tacit and express declarations are critically assessed. Based on the studies above mentioned it is possible to conclude that the theory regarding the silence adopted by the Brazilian Civil Code is the so-called Qualified Silence Theory. Therefore, the silence as a contractual declaration and its evolution in the Brazilian Civil Law is examined in order to reach the current article in the Brazilian Civil Code concerning this issue provision. The silence is an autonomous means of will declaration and it is not attached to the express or to the tacit one. This way, the conclusion regarding the silence’s role in the contract formation is that it is a way of expressing acceptance since special circumstances are present in the case, as stated in the article 111 of the Brazilian Civil Code, and once other elements applicable to the civil law and, specially, contractual relations are observed. e desde que observados outros elementos aplicáveis às relações de Direito civil e contratuais, especialmente Eventually, other concretion components – besides those provided in the referred article, which are the case’s circumstances and the common/usual practices – need to be taken into consideration in the silence analysis, such as the trust and the economical and social goals.

Sammanfattning Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur män kan uppleva oinbjudna sexuella närmanden och/eller anspelningar från kvinnor. Detta kommer att göras med fokus på hur upplevelsen kring detta kan skilja sig åt mellan olika situationer och vad som bidrar till dessa skillnader i upplevelser. För att förklara detta används symbolisk interaktionism, genusteori, intersektionalitet och Focaults maktanalys. För att samla in material till denna analys har kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer använts där intervjuobjekten fått förklara vad de tolkar som ”oinbjudna sexuella närmanden och/eller anspelningar”, om hur de ser på situationer där de blivit utsatta samt vad de tänker påverkar denna upplevelse. De berättelser som framkommer i de genomförda intervjuerna visar på en ambivalens hos intervjuobjekten kring offerskap i relation till de oinbjudna sexuella närmandena och/eller anspelningarna, där två parallella spår av offerskap åskådliggörs. Det ena spåret handlar om att individen subjektivt tycker sig ha blivit utsatt för en handling som kvalar in under deras definition av det undersökta ämnet i objektiv mening. Det andra spåret handlar om att till följd av denna typ av handling känna sig kränkt eller i en offerroll, vilket intervjuobjekten själva uttrycker en svårighet i att känna igen sig i. Enligt intervjuobjektens berättelser räcker det inte med att de utsätts för sexuella närmanden och/eller antydningar av kvinnor för att de ska känna sig utsatta. Situationen behöver även kompletteras av särskilda omständigheter som riskerar att leda till ytterligare negativa konsekvenser för dem, eller som kraftigt begränsar deras upplevda handlingsutrymme. Detta vittnar om en makthierarki där männen inte upplever sig vara särskilt hotade av kvinnor förens relationen kompliceras utifrån bland annat en beroendeställning.

O pastejo é considerado um fator determinante para a manutenção e conservação da vegetação campestre (campos) no sul do Brasil, sendo considerado o responsável por construir a heterogeneidade estrutural, a composição de espécies e a diversidade dos campos. Porém o manejo do pastejo é fundamental para sucesso da atividade pecuária, uma vez que longos períodos de pastejo excessivo e intenso ao invés de manter áreas campestres pode degradá-las, diminuindo a diversidade e produtividade, tornando os campos suscetíveis a invasão por espécies exóticas. Para o sucesso da relação construída entre o manejador, os animais e a vegetação, as estratégias de manejo que possibilitem uma pecuária rentável, mas que busque conservar a vegetação campestre, são fundamentais. O objetivo desta tese foi verificar os efeitos do pastejo sobre a vegetação campestre, tendo como ferramenta principal para isso, diferentes manejos. Os efeitos do pastejo foram avaliados através de índices de diversidade taxonômica e funcional, e da variação de atributos funcionais de gramíneas, analisando especificamente: (1) como estratégias de manejo contínuo e rotativo influenciam a dinâmica da vegetação campestre (biomassa, diversidade, riqueza e equitabilidade); (2) a influência do manejo do pastejo na composição e diversidade funcional de comunidades campestres descritas por gramíneas, e os efeitos sobre a variação intra- e interespecífica de atributos foliares (SLA e LDMC) das espécies de gramíneas; (3) o efeito de diferentes intensidades de pastejo (ofertas de forragem) nas diversidades alfa e beta das comunidades de plantas. Foram verificadas mudanças na diversidade, equitabilidade, riqueza de espécies, biomassa condicionadas pelo pastejo rotativo, que se mostrou benéfico para vegetação campestre. O pastejo rotativo proporcionou também um incremento na diversidade funcional, condicionado pela variação intra- e interespecífica nos atributos das gramíneas. Diferentes intensidades de pastejo promoveram diferenças de alfa e beta diversidade sob diferentes intensidades de pastejo. O pastejo demonstrou exercer papel determinante em toda a dinâmica campestre, tendo efeitos consideráveis em todos os níveis de avaliação, desde a riqueza de espécies até na diversidade funcional, ficando evidente que a decisão do manejo é fundamental tanto para a produtividade quanto para a manutenção da vegetação campestre. / Grazing is considered a determining factor for the maintenance and conservation of grasslands in southern Brazil and is considered one of the main driver of the structural heterogeneity, species composition and diversity of the grasslands. But the management of grazing is key to the success of livestock farming, since long periods of excessive and intense grazing instead of maintaining grassland, can degrade them, reducing the diversity and productivity, leading the grassland susceptible to invasion of exotic species. For the success of the relationship built between managers, animals and vegetation, a strategic management that allows an efficient farming together with the conservation of grassland vegetation is essential. The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effects of grazing on the grassland, based on different managements of grazing. The effects of grazing were evaluated by taxonomic and functional diversity indices, and the variation of functional traits of grasses, analyzing specifically: (1) how continuous and rotational grazing management influence the dynamics of grassland vegetation (biomass, diversity, richness and evenness); (2) the influence of grazing management on the functional composition and functional diversity in grassland communities described by grasses, and its effects on the intra- and interspecific variation of leaf traits (SLA and LDMC) of grass species; (3) the effect of different grazing intensities (forage dry matter offer) in the alpha and beta diversity of plant communities. Changes in diversity, evenness, species richness, and biomass were verified, which were conditioned by the rotational grazing that proved beneficial to grassland. The rotational grazing provided also an increase in functional diversity, due to intra and interspecific variation of the grasses traits. Different grazing intensities promoted differences in alpha and beta diversity under different grazing intensities. Grazing demonstrated to have a decisive role in the whole dynamics of grassland communities, with considerable effects on all levels here assessed, from the species richness to the functional diversity, becoming apparent that the management decision is very important for both the productivity and the maintenance of grassland structure and diversity.

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-10-20T21:14:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vago, Rejane Maria de Araújo.pdf: 1747422 bytes, checksum: 9e4b8b7ddc53061dae1c3baba177b56b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-10-20T21:22:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Vago, Rejane Maria de Araújo.pdf: 1747422 bytes, checksum: 9e4b8b7ddc53061dae1c3baba177b56b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-20T21:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vago, Rejane Maria de Araújo.pdf: 1747422 bytes, checksum: 9e4b8b7ddc53061dae1c3baba177b56b (MD5) / A Lei n º 11.892, de 29 de dezembro de 2008, instituiu a Rede Federal de Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica e criou os Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia. Entre os preceitos apresentados, a referida Lei define que as ofertas educativas da Educação Profissional e Tecnológica devem se inserir em um projeto de desenvolvimento nacional, articulando-se com os arranjos produtivos, sociais e culturais locais, identificados no âmbito da atuação dos Institutos Federais. Nessa perspectiva, este trabalho busca analisar a oferta dos cursos técnicos presenciais, nas formas integrada, concomitante e subsequente, pelos 38 Institutos Federais brasileiros e sua relação com os Arranjos Produtivos Locais. Questiona-se neste trabalho como é definida a oferta dos diferentes dos cursos técnicos pelos Institutos Federais no Brasil, e se existe relação entre essa oferta e os Arranjos Produtivos Locais. Para atingir os objetivos foram mapeados os cursos ofertados por meio do SISTEC; e identificados os Arranjos Produtivos Locais, com base em estudo desenvolvido pelo Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior (MDIC). Foram também levantados dados sobre os critérios, estratégias e fontes de informação utilizadas para definição da oferta de cursos técnicos, bem como os diferentes atores sociais envolvidos nessa definição, através de questionários aplicados com os Pró-Reitores de Ensino, informantes-chave desta pesquisa. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, de base predominantemente qualitativa e, complementarmente, utiliza-se de métodos quantitativos. Os resultados encontrados por meio do questionário, o qual foi respondido por 22 Institutos Federias, impõem uma reflexão sobre a importância do desenvolvimento de critérios mais claros e específicos para a definição dos cursos, resultante de um amplo processo de consulta à sociedade, baseado em análises sobre as condições geopolíticas, econômicas e sociais no âmbito de cada IF. Essa conclusão é também reforçada pelos resultados obtidos por meio da metodologia de correlação, ao revelar que a oferta de cursos técnicos presenciais de nível médio pelos 38 Institutos Federais atende a apenas 36% dos 667 APLs levantados. O conjunto destes resultados aponta para a existência de uma relação que precisa ser ainda melhor desenvolvida entre os cursos oferecidos e as características dos respectivos Arranjos Produtivos Locais. / The Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) was established by the Law No. 11.892 of December 29, 2008, which also created the Federal Vocational Education, Science and Technology Institutes (IF). Among its principles, this Law states that vocational and training education (VET) should be part of a national development project, linking up with the identified social and cultural production arrangements demands within the Federal Institutes (IF) framework. This paper analyzes the offering of in-person technical courses, in integrated, concurrent or subsequent format, by 38 (thirty eight) Brazilian Federal Institutes and its relationship with the Local Cultural, Social Productive Arrangements (APL). This research draws upon how the offering of in-person technical courses is defined by the Brazilian Federal Institutes, and if there is a relation between this offering and the social and cultural production arrangements within each Institute. This has been done by: identifying in-person technical courses offered by Brazilian Federal Institutes in the National Information on VET System (SISTEC); examining studies developed by the Ministry of Industrial and Commerce Development (MDIC) on local productive arrangements; and, through data upon criteria, strategy and source of information used for the definition of the offering of in-person technical courses, as well as data on the various social actors involved in that definition. Those data were collected by questionnaires applied to educational pro-rectors, considered key- informants to this research. The overall approach was exploratory and descriptive, mostly on qualitative basis, but also makes use of quantitative criteria. The findings obtained through the questionnaires applied and answered by 22 IF, highlight the relevance of developing clearer and more specific criteria for course definition, which should be a result of a wider process of public consultation as well as analyzed upon geopolitical, economic and social conditions within each Institute. This conclusion is inferred by the correlation methodology, which reveals that the offering of in-person technical secondary courses by the 38 (thirty eight) Federal Institutes covers about 36% of the 667 APL studied. It means that, to a certain extent, the Federal Institutes follow the rules for the course definition, but the relation between the offered courses and each APL feature is yet to be improved.