Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera vilka föreställningar om förövare som förekommer i medias artiklar om mäns våld mot kvinnor. Ett antal artiklar från Sveriges tre största kvälls- och dagstidningar har studerats och fokus har legat på hur män framställs som förövare, på vilket sätt kvinnor framställs som offer, men också på vilka eventuella förklaringar eller orsaker till våldet som finns i artiklarna. Som metod har diskursanalys använts och då främst Norman Faircloughs Kritiska diskursanalys. I analysarbetet har dock analysverktyg även från Diskursteori och Diskurspsykologi använts. Genusteorier utifrån bland annat R.W Connell har använts för att visa på den genusstruktur som finns i samhället. Även teorier kring media som normskapande har legat till grund för studien. I analysen av artiklarna framkommer bilden av den typiske våldtäktsmannen, föreställningen om det idealiska offret men också den stereotypa bilden av våldtäkt. Dessa stereotypa bilder eller myter får konsekvenser för både män och kvinnor i samhället. Det rör sig om hur kvinnor utifrån en förlegad syn på kvinnor och män, antas bära egen skuld för våldtäkter, hur kvinnor inte vågar anmäla våldtäkter som inte begåtts av den ”typiske våldtäktsmannen” och hur mäns våld mot kvinnor framförallt anses vara en kvinnofråga. Genom medias fokus på överfallsvåldtäkter hamnar också andra ”icke-typiska våldtäkter” i skymundan. I detta har media ett stort ansvar då de i sina framställningar av mäns våld mot kvinnor har ett val i vilka brott de rapporterar om och hur de beskriver de inblandade. I stort har detta betydelse för samhällets kamp mot mäns våld mot kvinnor och för jämställdheten mellan kvinnor och män.

I möten mellan människor sker samspelet på ett kommunikativt plan där den professionella förhållningen innebär att bemöta och inte bara att möta en annan person. Polisens bemötande har stor betydelse för hur ett brottsoffer bearbetar upplevelsen av brottet hon upplevt. Syftet med studien var att undersöka och beskriva polisens uppfattningar av bemötande av brottsoffer, utifrån deras personliga erfarenheter av att vara brottsoffer. Studien genomfördes med en fenomenografisk forskningsansats och kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer av sex poliser. I en fenomenografisk studie är avsikten att försöka hitta variationen i och kategorisera människors erfarenheter i det tilltänkta undersökningsområdet. Resultatet visade att polisens olika uppfattningar av bemötande av brottsoffer kunde delas in i tre kvalitativt skilda beskrivningskategorier. Naturligt-, förvärvat- och rutinmässigt bemötande. Naturligt bemötande var något som fanns med sedan uppväxten, förvärvat bemötande var något som förvärvades genom olika erfarenheter, i rutinmässigt bemötandet gick arbetsuppgiften före bemötandet av brottsoffren. Studien visade också att brottsoffrets lidande hade en avgörande betydelse för polisens bemötande. Fler studier inom ämnet är att rekommendera för att få en större inblick och förståelse för hur polisens erfarenheter kan avspegla sig i mötet med brottsoffer, samt att öka kunskapen om hur negativa följder av erfarenheter kan förebyggas inför nya möten med brottsoffer.

The following Bachelor’s thesis examines how three Swedish national newspapers (Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet and Aftonbladet), which all represent different points on the ideological spectrum, portray victim and perpetrator in their representation of rape during the year 2011. The thesis examines the newspapers news, editorial pages and reports of rape. The study uses a quantitative approach with qualitative elements which has its foundation in the theory of social constructivism and priming theory. Political science can be studied from the perspective of power, and media has a central role of this power. What media portrays and send out through their texts will have, and does have effect on the norms and values existing in the society. Therefore, it is of high importance to identify which discourse of rape these three newspapers sends out to the Swedish society during the year of 2011, after the many discussions of how rape is portrayed and that it seems to exist a discourse where one blame the victim herself for being raped. This study has shown that the focus has shifted from the victim to the perpetrator, which also has consequences, even though the focus still is on the victim but not to the same degree as before.

This essay is a selective review of Nordic literature with the aim to explore contemporary conceptions of male-on-female rape, to increase the understanding of how these can construct “a real rape”. To achieve this two questions were formulated: What circumstances can cause an incident not to be defined as rape? What circumstances can cause an incident to be defined as rape? Searches in international and Swedish databases led to initial selection of peer-review journal articles and dissertations that were reviewed against set criteria. These criteria were met by 8 studies, that were assigned codes, from which comprehensive categories were developed. The categories were analysed using Yvonne Hirdman’s concepts gender, separation and male superiority. The analysis shows that circumstances connected to the overall categories Situation, Victim and Offender construct “a real rape”. The circumstances are Relation, Alcohol, Saying no and how it is done, The woman’s sexuality, Resistance, How the woman feels afterwards, Physical violence, and Ordinary, normal and good men. It seems easier to define an incident as rape when these circumstances occur the “right” way. In conclusion, rape is constructed as a rather narrow concept which could make it difficult for women to name experiences as rape.

Abstract Bachelor Thesis, School of Economics at Vaxjo university Program: Enterprising and Business Development, EBD 362, Spring 2006 Authors: Jens Asp, Vivianne Holmer, Carl-Marcus Wahlstrom Examiner: Stig G Johansson Keywords: Services, cooperation, collaboration, customer offer, knowledge Title: Service firms in collaboration – A study of the development of small service firms in collaboration Nutek presented numbers during year 2005 witched show that the Swedish service sector, for the first time ever, was greater than the industrial sector. The kind of firms that develop most is small service firms without employees. The topic of interest in this bachelor thesis is to study how this kind of firms can develop. There is a great number of strategic options for firms to choose. The advantage for small service firms is their capability that they easily can adapt to the environment, but it also involve a vulnerability. For service firms, collaboration is an option to get less vulnerable but also a way to develop. In this study we want to get greater understanding of what happens in the single service firm when they collaborate whit other service firms in an imaginary (virtual) organization. Our question in this theses is: - In witch way do the imaginary organization affect the knowledge, the offer and the gross sales development in the single service firm? To answer this question, we have studied the relation of the service offer and the knowledge development in small knowledge service firms who collaborate trough an imaginary organization. Our theoretical framework is based on Hedberg (1994, 2002) and Normann (1995, 2001). The theoretical framework is also the base of our empirical study. We have accomplished ten interviews with small service firms, according to the criterion above. The study indicated following statements: - The knowledge, generated trough the collaboration develops the service offer. The firms that has been specialized trough the collaboration has harder to generate gross sales growth / Sammanfattning Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi Program: Enterprising and Business Development, EBD 362, VT 2006 Examinator: Stig G Johansson Nyckelord: Tjänsteföretag, samarbete, kunderbjudande, kunskap, kunskapsintensiv Den statliga myndigheten Nutek presenterade siffror under år 2005 som visade på att tjänstesektorn i Sverige för första gången är större än industrisektorn. Den typ av företag som utvecklas mest är främst småföretag utan anställda. Aktualiteten av att undersöka hur dessa små tjänsteföretag kan utvecklas ligger därför till grund för denna uppsats, liksom vårt intresse för marknadsstrategiska val. Antalet strategiska val för små tjänsteföretag är många. De små företagens storlek ger dem fördelar att lätt kunna anpassa sig till omvärlden, men medför även en sårbarhet. Många tjänsteföretag ser därför ett samarbete med såväl kunder som potentiella konkurrenter som ett sätt att bli mindre sårbara, men även för att utvecklas. Vi vill därför i denna uppsats visa på en djupare förståelse om vad som sker i det enskilda företaget då det ingår i ett samarbete av en imaginär karaktär. Vi har som utgångspunkt frågeställningen: Hur påverkar den imaginära samarbetsformen kunskapens, kunderbjudandets och omsättningens utveckling hos den enskilda företagaren? För att kunna svara på frågan har vi studerat förhållandet mellan kunderbjudandet och kunskapens utveckling i små kunskapsintensiva tjänsteföretag då de ingått i ett imaginärt samarbete. Vi har utgått ifrån att testa Hedbergs (1994, 2002) och Normanns (1995, 2001) teorier vilka även ligger till grund för vår empiriska studie. Empirin bygger på tio intervjuer med småföretagare vilka gått den ovan beskrivna vägen till mötes. Vi har genom studien bland annat kommit fram till:  Att den genom samarbetet genererade kunskapen, utvecklar kunderbjudandet.  Att de specialiserade företagen har svårare att generera ekonomisk tillväxt genom det imaginära samarbetet.

<p>Abstract</p><p>Bachelor Thesis, School of Economics at Vaxjo university</p><p>Program: Enterprising and Business Development, EBD 362, Spring 2006</p><p>Authors: Jens Asp, Vivianne Holmer, Carl-Marcus Wahlstrom</p><p>Examiner: Stig G Johansson</p><p>Keywords: Services, cooperation, collaboration, customer offer, knowledge</p><p>Title: Service firms in collaboration – A study of the development of small service firms in collaboration</p><p>Nutek presented numbers during year 2005 witched show that the Swedish service sector, for the first time ever, was greater than the industrial sector. The kind of firms that develop most is small service firms without employees. The topic of interest in this bachelor thesis is to study how this kind of firms can develop. There is a great number of strategic options for firms to choose. The advantage for small service firms is their capability that they easily can adapt to the environment, but it also involve a vulnerability. For service firms, collaboration is an option to get less vulnerable but also a way to develop. In this study we want to get greater understanding of what happens in the single service firm when they collaborate whit other service firms in an imaginary (virtual) organization. Our question in this theses is:</p><p>- In witch way do the imaginary organization affect the knowledge, the offer and the gross sales development in the single service firm?</p><p>To answer this question, we have studied the relation of the service offer and the knowledge development in small knowledge service firms who collaborate trough an imaginary organization.</p><p>Our theoretical framework is based on Hedberg (1994, 2002) and Normann (1995, 2001). The theoretical framework is also the base of our empirical study. We have accomplished ten interviews with small service firms, according to the criterion above.</p><p>The study indicated following statements:</p><p>- The knowledge, generated trough the collaboration develops the service offer.</p><p>The firms that has been specialized trough the collaboration has harder to generate gross sales growth</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi</p><p>Program: Enterprising and Business Development, EBD 362, VT 2006</p><p>Examinator: Stig G Johansson</p><p>Nyckelord: Tjänsteföretag, samarbete, kunderbjudande, kunskap, kunskapsintensiv</p><p>Den statliga myndigheten Nutek presenterade siffror under år 2005 som visade på att tjänstesektorn i Sverige för första gången är större än industrisektorn. Den typ av företag som utvecklas mest är främst småföretag utan anställda. Aktualiteten av att undersöka hur dessa små tjänsteföretag kan utvecklas ligger därför till grund för denna uppsats, liksom vårt intresse för marknadsstrategiska val. Antalet strategiska val för små tjänsteföretag är många. De små företagens storlek ger dem fördelar att lätt kunna anpassa sig till omvärlden, men medför även en sårbarhet. Många tjänsteföretag ser därför ett samarbete med såväl kunder som potentiella konkurrenter som ett sätt att bli mindre sårbara, men även för att utvecklas. Vi vill därför i denna uppsats visa på en djupare förståelse om vad som sker i det enskilda företaget då det ingår i ett samarbete av en imaginär karaktär. Vi har som utgångspunkt frågeställningen: Hur påverkar den imaginära samarbetsformen kunskapens, kunderbjudandets och omsättningens utveckling hos den enskilda företagaren? För att kunna svara på frågan har vi studerat förhållandet mellan kunderbjudandet och kunskapens utveckling i små kunskapsintensiva tjänsteföretag då de ingått i ett imaginärt samarbete.</p><p>Vi har utgått ifrån att testa Hedbergs (1994, 2002) och Normanns (1995, 2001) teorier vilka även ligger till grund för vår empiriska studie. Empirin bygger på tio intervjuer med småföretagare vilka gått den ovan beskrivna vägen till mötes. Vi har genom studien bland annat kommit fram till:</p><p> Att den genom samarbetet genererade kunskapen, utvecklar kunderbjudandet.</p><p> Att de specialiserade företagen har svårare att generera ekonomisk tillväxt genom det imaginära samarbetet.</p>

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Essay 1: Traffic research shares a fundamental dilemma with other areas of empirical research in which humans are potentially put at risk. Research is justified because it can improve safety in the long run. Nevertheless, people can be harmed in the research situation. Hence, we need to balance short-term risks against long-term safety improvements, much as in other areas of research with human subjects. In this paper we focus on ethical issues that arise when human beings are directly affected in the performance of research by examining how the ethical requirements in biomedical research can inform traffic research. After introducing the basic ethical requirements on biomedical research, each of the major requirements is discussed in relation to traffic research. We identify the main areas where biomedical research and traffic research differ, and where the ethical requirements from the former cannot easily be transferred to the latter. We then point to some of the issues that need to be addressed for a systematic approach to the ethics of traffic research. Essay 2: The requirement of always obtaining participants’ informed consent in research with human subjects cannot always be met, for a variety of reasons. In this paper, research situations where informed consent is unobtainable are described and categorised. Some of these kinds of situations, common in biomedicine and psychology, have been previously much discussed, whereas others, more prevalent in for example infrastructure research, introduce new perspectives. The advancement of new technology may lead to an increase in research of these kinds. The paper also provides a review of methods intended to compensate for a lack of consent and their applicability and usefulness for the different categories of situations are discussed, thereby providing insights into one important aspect of relevance for the question of permitting research without informed consent: how well that which informed consent is meant to safeguard can be achieved by other means. Essay 3: This paper starts with the assumption that it is morally problematic when people in need are offered money in exchange for research participation if the amount offered is unfair. Such offers are called “coercive”, and the degree of coerciveness is said to be determined by the offer’s potential to cause exploitation and its irresistibility. Depending on what view we take on the possibility to compensate for the sacrifices made by research participants, a wish to avoid “coercive offers” leads to policy recommendations concerning payment for participation. For sacrifices considered compensable we ought to offer either no payment or payment at a level deemed fair, while for sacrifices deemed incompensable we always ought to offer no payment. Essay 4: It is commonly thought that transactions that are the result of voluntary gift-giving do not constitute exploitation. This paper argues that exploitation is indeed possible in such situations, by showing how gift-giving can fulfil the two commonly proposed criteria for exploitation, namely that in an interaction between two persons one receives disproportionally little and the other disproportionally much of the resulting benefits, and that this disproportion is caused by the latter making inappropriate use of a disadvantage of the former. A theoretical approach to what such inappropriate use would amount to in cases of gift-giving is lacking. The paper therefore aims at spelling out such an approach. The method of reflective equilibrium inspires this endeavour, which proceeds by testing intuitions about examples that embody a set of possible conditions. It is concluded that three of the conditions are necessary for exploitation of gift-giving, namely (1) the giver incurs a loss, (2) the recipient has aimed for the gift, and (3) the gift is undeserved. / <p>QC 20140407</p>

This paper aims to describe how religion teachers in Swedish schools teach concerning questions about life issues and popular culture. To research the teachers' didactic approach to these issues, didactics has been defined with three educational questions: what, how and why. The essay focuses on teachers' effective implementation of teaching on life issues and popular culture, which we used a theory of offering meaningfulness describing what subject matter that may be imparted to the students. An offer of meaningfulness can be pursued and can be made visible in the context of what and how performs the teaching and also in the context where the teacher planned the teaching elements. The method that the paper has used is the interviews of four different active religious educators in Stockholm and Uppsala area. These interviews were conducted at every teacher’s workplace. The interviews were recorded and we used a semi- structured interview guide, which has been created to ensure that the important issues for the survey answered. The results show that religion teachers are experiencing a shortage of time, when planning the teaching elements of life issues teaching on life issues and popular culture. The results also show that when students receive instructions in the subjects concerning life issues and popular culture, it is usually in relation to the other world religions. In the discussion, our results were partially consistent with previous studies in the field of life issues and popular culture. The interviewed teachers created different offer of meaningfulness that the students could impart in their creation of answers to the questions of life.

This research exposes to examination and understanding the law governing procurement of construction and engineering works and services. The thesis captures both development of common law and judicial determination of statutory law. It takes the form of published journal articles and conference papers which discuss legal issues relevant to construction procurement and conclude with recommendations for clients and construction project managers on how to better manage the procurement process. The work reveals, inter alia, the extent to which contract law regulates the tendering phase of construction procurement and places the client under an obligation to the tenderer characterised as 'fair dealing' or 'good faith'. Chapter 1 is of an introductory nature. Chapter 2 sets the crime of manslaughter arising out of construction site fatality as a procurement issue. The author notes the UK government's intention to introduce the new offences of reckless killing, killing by gross carelessness and corporate killing. Chapter 3 discusses cases where disaffected parties to the tendering process have made private law challenges of that process seeking compensation for the other party's alleged irregularities. The client is generally obliged in law to treat all tenderers equally and fairly and to refrain from evaluating tenders and awarding contracts other than in accordance with the rules set down in the tender conditions. Chapter 4 addresses the question: do traditional tendering processes encourage, or merely permit, contractor innovation? Several tender codes are reviewed to establish whether these codes provide for, or encourage, innovative proposals from competing bidders. Chapter 5 provides updating case material for the period 1999-2000 which helps to underpin the conclusions and recommendations set out in Chapter 12. Chapter 6 is a criticism of the NJCC's Code of Procedure for Single Stage Selective Tendering and the CIB's Code of Practice for the Selection of Main Contractors. Suggestions are made as to what a new tender code might include in the light of selected decisions of the common law courts. It is argued that a set of 'standard' tender rules should become the terms of a 'tender contract'. Those rules would properly reflect decisions of the courts and would be accepted by all parties to the process as a tender contract document. Chapter 7 discusses how the common law protects the integrity of construction procurement by imposed or assumed contractual obligations. Procurement of subcontract works is also considered. The author concludes that the tendering contract operates between main contractor and subcontractor as it does between owner/ developer and main contractor, and that the 'two contract' analysis provides the best basis for upholding integrity of the bidding process. Chapter 8 sets out advice for quantity surveyors and project managers derived from the decisions of the common law courts. The author argues that practice should be shaped to reflect the obligations assumed by parties in common law so as to avoid claims from aggrieved bidders. In Chapter 9 the focus shifts from private to public law. A Scottish court denied a remedy to the unsuccessful bidder on the grounds that the contract award process was unfair, unreasonable and in breach of natural justice. The author argues that a successful case might have been made out in private law and concludes with recommendations as to how the tender process might be better conducted. Chapter 10 deals with public procurement under the rules of the European Union (EU), noting a particularly important decision by the European Court of Justice that contracting authorities are obliged to treat all tenderers equally and fairly, a duty that parallels that found in common law and discussed in Chapters 2 through 8. Chapter 10 concludes with an article on Rv Portsmouth City Council (1996), reviewing both decisions at first instance and in the English Court of Appeal. Chapter 11 considers the risks of developers and contractors by examining the effectiveness of 'controls' imposed by common law when the usual statutory controls are temporarily withdrawn. It can be seen that the common law has not evolved to protect the interests of neighbours and local residents from the perils and hazards of property development which result in environmental degradation. This chapter concludes with recommendations as to how developer and constructors might minimise their impact on adjacent property owners. Chapter 12 presents a summary of the conclusions drawn from the completed research project and the author's recommendations for further research within the procurement topic.