O presente trabalho pretende estudar o fenômeno do federalismo pela perspectiva tridimensional do Direito. Primeiramente, esboçar-se-á o federalismo de uma perspectiva fática, a primeira e mais natural associação humana. Depois, analisaremos a valoração do federalismo, ou seja, a intervenção de um processo racional no curso associativo natural do federalismo. Exemplificamos a valoração do federalismo a partir da teoria contratual de Montesquieu, o qual desenvolve um verdadeiro esqueleto organizacional da extensão territorial dos Estados, conformando as grandes monarquias às pequenas repúblicas: república federativa. Por fim, colocaremos em prática o federalismo fático, associado aos valores, no campo normativo dos clássicos modelos do Direito Constitucional: o federalismo Norte- Americano e o federalismo Alemão. / The present work intends to study the phenomenon of federalism from the tridimensional perspective of Law. Firstly, a picture of federalism from a factful perspective shall be drawn, as the first and most natural form of association. Later, the perceived value of federalism, which is, the intervention of a rational process in the course of federalism’s natural association, shall be analyzed. The perceived value of federalism is exemplified from Montesquieu’s contractual theory, which develops a real organizational scheme for the territorial extension of the States, applicable to both large monarchies and small republics: federative republic. At last, the model of factful federalism shall be put to practice, associating its values to the normative field of the classic constitutional law models: the American and the German federalism.

O presente trabalho pretende estudar o fenômeno do federalismo pela perspectiva tridimensional do Direito. Primeiramente, esboçar-se-á o federalismo de uma perspectiva fática, a primeira e mais natural associação humana. Depois, analisaremos a valoração do federalismo, ou seja, a intervenção de um processo racional no curso associativo natural do federalismo. Exemplificamos a valoração do federalismo a partir da teoria contratual de Montesquieu, o qual desenvolve um verdadeiro esqueleto organizacional da extensão territorial dos Estados, conformando as grandes monarquias às pequenas repúblicas: república federativa. Por fim, colocaremos em prática o federalismo fático, associado aos valores, no campo normativo dos clássicos modelos do Direito Constitucional: o federalismo Norte- Americano e o federalismo Alemão. / The present work intends to study the phenomenon of federalism from the tridimensional perspective of Law. Firstly, a picture of federalism from a factful perspective shall be drawn, as the first and most natural form of association. Later, the perceived value of federalism, which is, the intervention of a rational process in the course of federalism’s natural association, shall be analyzed. The perceived value of federalism is exemplified from Montesquieu’s contractual theory, which develops a real organizational scheme for the territorial extension of the States, applicable to both large monarchies and small republics: federative republic. At last, the model of factful federalism shall be put to practice, associating its values to the normative field of the classic constitutional law models: the American and the German federalism.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2017-01-26T20:21:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sueli Julioti.pdf: 1150897 bytes, checksum: b4ad4a55c16c81a7d5bec945fd9c9276 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T20:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sueli Julioti.pdf: 1150897 bytes, checksum: b4ad4a55c16c81a7d5bec945fd9c9276 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-30 / This research aimed to analyze the pedagogical practice of the teachers of literacy based on the formation of the National Pact for Literacy at the Right Age (PNAIC). The specific objectives are the following: identify whether there were changes in pedagogical practices of the teachers of literacy after their participation in the formation of PNAIC and see which subjects the teachers would add to the formation. We seek to answer the following questions: Were there changes in pedagogical practices of the teachers of literacy after their participation in the formation of PNAIC? Which one? The changes, if they occurred, make it possible to improve the literacy process? What subjects the teachers would add to the formation? Our hypothesis is that the formation conducted by PNAIC promotes changes in teaching practice because it is an area constituted dialogically, therefore, developer of reflection on the praxis, ideological and methodological concepts. The research was conducted in a public school located in the eastern of São Paulo/SP City. The subjects are six, which five are teachers who teach in the literacy cycle and participated in the training and one is a pedagogical coordinator, advisor in training. The methodology used was a qualitative approach and the data collection instrument were semi-structured interviews and observation as well as analysis of the official documents that rule the the present Pact. Data analysis was based on content analysis proposed by Bardin (2011). The research was based on the following authors: Soares (2003), Leal (2005), Ferreiro (1985), Freire (2015) to support the literacy category; Nóvoa (1999), Mortatti (2006), Sacristán (2008), Gatti (2015) to support the formation of teachers category. As results we found that: a) the PNAIC constitutes a necessary intervention for the Brazilian educational context and presents implementation strategies and well-designed partnerships; b) in general, course participants teachers and advisors, considered the PNAIC quite valid because it offers a consistent theoretical and practical instrumentalisation and has contributed to the improvement of pedagogical practice in literacy classes; c) the Pact focuses on the specific and limited aspect (continuing education for teachers in literacy and mathematics) and emphasizes the teaching work in an individual action perspective. The conclusion is that the PNAIC is a necessary measure but not sufficient for an effective promotion of the quality of education, which requires a number of other actions that go beyond the continuing education for teachers, such as: the collective literacy work in the school, the valorisation of education professionals, adequate infrastructure to schools, stimulus for the construction of curriculum proposals with the participation of teachers, the existence of consistent educational projects in educational networks and in schools, the use of the results obtained through evaluations for planning intervention strategies with the participation of public schools, among other measures. / Este estudio tiene por objeto analizar la práctica pedagógica de los (as) maestros (as) a partir de la formación del Pacto Nacional por la Alfabetización en la Edad Cierta (PNAIC). Los objetivos específicos son los siguientes: identificar si hubo cambios en las prácticas pedagógicas de los (as) maestros (as) de alfabetización después de la participación en la formación de PNAIC y ver que temas los (as) maestros (as) añadirían a la formación. Buscamos contestar a las siguientes cuestiones: ¿Hubo cambios en las prácticas pedagógicas de los (as) maestros (as) de alfabetización después de la participación en la formación de PNAIC? ¿Cuales? ¿ Los cambios, si se producen, pueden mejorar el proceso de alfabetización? ¿ Qué temas los maestros añadirían en la formación? Nuestra hipótesis es que la formación realizada por PNAIC promueve cambios en la práctica de la enseñanza, ya que es un espacio formado dialógicamente, por tanto, desarrolladores de la reflexión sobre la praxis, conceptos ideológicos y metodológicos. El estudio ocurrió en una escuela pública situada en el este de la ciudad de São Paulo/SP. Son seis sujetos en el estudio, cinco maestros (as) que enseñan en el ciclo de alfabetización y participaron de la formación y un coordinador pedagógico, consejero en la formación. La metodología utilizada fue un enfoque cualitativo y el instrumento de recolección de datos fueron entrevistas semiestructuradas y la observación y análisis de los documentos oficiales que rigen el Pacto. Análisis de los datos fue basado en el análisis de contenido propuesto por Bardin (2011). El estudio se basa en los siguientes autores: Soares (2003), Leal (2005), Ferreiro (1985), Freire (2015) para apoyar la categoría alfabetización; Nóvoa (1999), Mortatti (2006), Sacristán (2008), Gatti (2015) para apoyar la categoría formación de maestros. Los resultados encontrados son: a) el PNAIC constituye una intervención necesaria para el contexto educativo brasileño y presenta estrategias de ejecución bien diseñados; b) en general, los orientadores y maestros consideran el PNAIC muy válido, ya que ofrece una instrumentalización teórica y práctica consistente y ha contribuido para la mejora de la práctica pedagógica en las clases de alfabetización; c) el Pacto se centra en el aspecto específico y limitado (la formación continuada de los (as) maestros (as) en las áreas de alfabetización y matemática) y hace hincapié en las labores de enseñanza en una perspectiva de la acción individual. Se concluye que el PNAIC es una condición necesaria, pero no suficiente para la promoción efectiva de la calidad de la educación, lo que requiere el encaminamiento de una serie de otras acciones que están más allá de la formación continuada de los (as) maestros (as), tales como: el trabajo de alfabetización colectiva en la escuela, la valoración de los profesionales de la educación, la seguridad de la infraestructura adecuada a las escuelas, el estímulo para la construcción de propuestas curriculares con la participación de los (as) maestros (as), la existencia de proyectos educativos consistentes en redes de la educación y las escuelas, el uso de los resultados obtenidos a través de las evaluaciones para la planificación de estrategias de intervención con la participación de las escuelas públicas, entre otras medidas. / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo geral analisar a prática pedagógica de docentes alfabetizadores(as) a partir da formação do Pacto Nacional de Alfabetização na Idade Certa (PNAIC). Como objetivos específicos, elencamos os seguintes: identificar se ocorreram mudanças nas práticas pedagógicas dos docentes alfabetizadores(as) após a participação na formação do PNAIC e verificar quais temáticas as professoras acrescentariam à formação. Buscamos responder as seguintes perguntas: Ocorreram mudanças na prática pedagógica dos(as) docentes alfabetizadores(as) após a participação na formação do PNAIC? Quais? As mudanças, se ocorreram, possibilitaram a melhoria do processo de alfabetização? Que temáticas as docentes acrescentariam na formação? Partimos da hipótese de que a formação realizada pelo PNAIC promove mudanças na prática pedagógica por tratar-se de um espaço constituído dialogicamente, portanto, fomentador de reflexão a respeito das práxis, das concepções ideológicas e metodológicas. O universo da pesquisa é uma escola pública estadual localizada na zona leste da cidade de São Paulo (SP). Os sujeitos são seis, sendo cinco professores(as) que lecionam no ciclo de alfabetização e participaram da formação e um coordenador pedagógico, orientador na formação. A metodologia utilizada foi de cunho qualitativo e o instrumento de coleta de dados foram entrevistas semiestruturadas e observação, além de análise dos documentos oficiais que regem o referido Pacto. A análise dos dados foi baseada na análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin (2011). A pesquisa se fundamentou nos seguintes autores: Soares (2003), Leal (2005), Ferreiro (1985), Freire (2015) para fundamentar a categoria alfabetização; Nóvoa (1999), Mortatti (2006), Sacristán (2008), Gatti (2015) para fundamentar a categoria formação de professores. Como resultados, constatamos que: a) o PNAIC constitui-se em uma intervenção necessária para o contexto educacional brasileiro e apresenta estratégias de implementação e de parcerias bem delineadas; b) em geral, os orientadores e professores cursistas consideraram o PNAIC bastante válido, pois oferece uma instrumentalização teórico-prática consistente e tem contribuído para a melhoria da prática pedagógica nas classes de alfabetização; c) o Pacto focaliza o aspecto específico e pontual – a formação continuada dos(as) professores(as) nas áreas de alfabetização e da matemática – e enfatiza o trabalho docente em uma perspectiva de ação individual. Conclui-se que o PNAIC é uma medida necessária, mas não suficiente para uma promoção efetiva da qualidade da educação, que demanda o encaminhamento de uma série de outras ações que ultrapassam a formação continuada dos(as) professores(as), tais como: o trabalho de alfabetização coletivo na escola, a valorização dos profissionais da educação, a garantia de infraestrutura adequada às escolas, estímulo para a construção de propostas curriculares com a participação dos(as) professores(as), a existência de projetos pedagógicos consistentes nas redes de ensino e nas escolas, a utilização dos resultados obtidos por meio de avaliações para o planejamento de estratégias de intervenção com a participação do coletivo das escolas, entre outras medidas.

The aim of this thesis is to define nominal and real convergence within the area of the European Union and to assess its development on the example of the Czech and Slovak Republics. This dissertation is divided into three integrated sections. The theoretical part analyses basic economic concepts related to the issue of convergence and stability of joint economic units. The topics covered include the Maastricht criteria, their relevance, currentness and possible conflict between nominal and real convergence with the accession of new countries, then the theory of optimum currency area (OCA), theory of endogeneity and exogeneity and the linkage on fiscal policy and fiscal discipline in the environment of the European Union and the eurozone. Special attention is focused on the development of fiscal policy following from the establishment of the Stability and Growth Pact, including its reforms and recent changes in the form of the Euro Plus Pact and the Fiscal Convention. To satisfy the need for quantitative evaluation of given hypotheses, the second (empirical and analytical) part offers two self-constructed indices - the index of real convergence and fiscal discipline index. Based on these indices, relationship between the performance criteria of nominal and the real economy is monitored in the evaluated cohort. The last part of this work is dedicated to synthesis and application of findings from the previous sections upon which conclusions and recommendations for possible entry of the Czech Republic into the euro area are made.

The diploma thesis focuses on changes of the life of the German minority that was living in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s, in connection with the then press. The thesis deals with an influence of the reviving process, which is called Prague Spring and then the period of normalization on the progress of status of the German minority in the Czechoslovakia. The thesis presents events of the year 1968, that are related to the national minorities policy which led to reception of the Constitutional Act No. 144/1968 Coll., about the status of the national groups in the state. I also analyse the activisation of the members of the German minority for the purpose of formation of their cultural association named "Kulturní sdružení občanů ČSSR německé národnosti" (the Cultural association of the citizen of the German nationality in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic), which was enabled on the ground of the aforesaid constitutional law. The text also deals with the start of the period of normalization and its consequences for the German minority. The thesis also analyses the Czechoslovak media at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s with special regard to the only periodical press in the German language called the "Prager Volkszeitung". A very important part of the text is...

The main aim of the thesis is to analyse the British foreign and defence policy attitude toward the Baghdad Pact (Central Treaty Organisation, CENTO) and the Northern Tier countries from 1955-1964. The text seeks to outline the role and importance which the British foreign and defence policy attributed to the pact as well as the British perception of the Communist threat to the Middle East as it was reflected in the documents related to the British participation in the alliance. The text concentrates on the analysis of the British interpretation of the alliance, in particular with respect to the impact of the Cold War on the international relations in the Middle East (1955-1964) and the transformation which affected the British position and Special Relationship with the United States in the Middle East. The thesis follows the development of British foreign and defence policy between 1955 and 1964. Approaching the Baghdad Pact (CENTO) as a tool of British foreign and defence policy in the Middle East (1955-1964), it seeks to identify and specify the functions attributed to the pact by the British and Foreign Policy and outline their development and changing priority. In addition, the thesis analyses the development and structural problems of the Baghdad Pact (CENTO) from 1955 to 1964, connecting...

Le régime de cession des droits sociaux applicable des entre les membres d’une même famille est certes privilégié. Mais le législateur ne prend en compte que certains d’entre eux, à savoir, les ascendants, les descendants et certains collatéraux. Pourtant, les parts sociales ou actions font parties des biens patrimoniaux de la famille. Cette mise en société sert de prétexte à une meilleure gestion du patrimoine familial, mais aussi à sa cession au sein de la famille. L’objectif souvent non avoué est la pérennisation de l’entreprise familiale au sein de la famille. Toutefois, législateur ne reconnait toujours pas tous les types de schémas familiaux contemporains. Et pour cause, la notion de famille n’est pas définie en droit. Pourtant cette définition serait bien utile pour soumettre les cessions entre proches à un régime bien spécifique. La conséquence est que la pratique des affaires a développée quantité de règles pour permettre aux associés familiaux soit de rester ensemble au sein de la société ou d’en sortir. En effet, les aléas de la vie familiale commandent les cessions. Ce sont souvent des pactes extra-statutaires qui servent de support à la cession des titres. Le problème est qu’ils n’engagent que leurs signataires. Autrement dit, les associés familiaux non signataires de ces pactes ne sont pas concernés par ceux-ci. Pourtant, ils font partie de la même société et de la même famille. Peuvent-ils pour autant élever contestation en justice ? Car à bien des égards, ces pactes sont souvent à la frontière de l’illégalité notamment celle de l’interdiction des pactes sur succession future. Alors, la liberté de cession du cédant serait-elle empêchée dans le cadre d’une société familiale ? L’élément de réponse se trouve sans doute dans la consécration du pacte de famille, un nouvel outil juridique autonome destiné à compléter efficacement les statuts de la société. / The system of transfer of the corporate holdings of the company applicable between members of the same family is certainly privileged. But the legislator only takes into account some of them namely, ascendants, descendants and some collaterals. However, shares or stocks are part of the family's patrimonial assets. This incorporation serves as a pretext for better management of the family patrimony, but also for its transfer within the family. The often unstated aim is the sustainability of the family business within the family. However, legislator still does not recognize all types of contemporary family patterns. And for good reason, the notion of family is not defined in law. Yet this definition would be very useful to submit the transfers between relatives to a specific regime. The consequence is that business practice has developed a lot of rules to allow family partners to either stay together in society or get out of it. Indeed, the vagaries of family life command shares disposal. These are often extra-statutory pacts that serve as a support for the sale of securities. The problem is that they only commit their signatories. In other words, non-signatory family members of these pacts are not affected by them. Yet they are part of the same company and the same family. Can they raise a challenge in court? Because in many ways, these pacts are often on the borderline of illegality, including the prohibition of pacts respecting a future succession. Could the transferor's freedom of assignment be prevented in the context of a family company? The element of response is undoubtedly in the consecration of the family pact, a new independent legal tool designed to effectively supplement the company statutes.

No description available.

Thesis (DPhil (History))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLSIH ABSTRACT: This study is a political biography of D.F. Malan (1874–1959), the first of the apartheid-era Prime Ministers, and covers the years 1874 to 1954, when Malan retired from politics. It endeavours to provide a warts-and-all account of D.F. Malan which challenges prevalent myths and stereotypes surrounding his public persona and his political orientation. While the overwhelming focus is on Malan’s political career, special attention is paid to his personal life in order to paint a multi-faceted picture of his character. The biography is written in the form of a seamless narrative and employs a literary style of writing. It is based on archival research which utilised Malan’s private collection, as well as the private collections of his Nationalist contemporaries. Malan takes the centre stage at all times, as the biography focuses on his perceptions and experiences. Malan’s views regarding Afrikaner nationalism, which was his foremost political priority, are described, and are related to his views of British imperialism as well as other ideologies such as communism and totalitarianism. This study demonstrates that there is a notable link between Malan’s perceptions of race relations and his concerns about the poor white problem. It reveals that Malan’s racial policy was, to some extent, fluid, as were his views on South Africa’s constitutional position. Debates about South Africa’s links to Britain and the nature of the envisioned republic preoccupied Afrikaner nationalists throughout the first half of the twentieth century – and served as an outlet for regional and generational tensions within the movement. Malan’s clashes with nationalists such as Tielman Roos, J.B.M. Hertzog and J.G. Strijdom are highlighted as an indication of the internecine power struggles within the National Party (NP). By emphasising these complexities, this study seeks to contribute to a nuanced understanding of the South African past. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is politieke biografie van D.F. Malan (1874–1959), die eerste van die apartheid-era Eerste Ministers, en dek die jare 1874 tot 1954, toe Malan uit die politiek getree het. Dit poog om onversuikerde beeld van Malan te skets wat heersende mites en stereotipes aangaande sy openbare beeld en sy benadering tot die politiek uitdaag. Die fokus is hoofsaaklik op Malan se politieke loopbaan, maar besondere aandag word aan sy private lewe geskenk om sodoende veelsydige portret van sy karakter te skilder. Die biografie is in die vorm van naatlose narratief geskryf en maak van literêre skryfstyl gebruik. Dit is gebaseer op argivale navorsing, waartydens daar van D.F. Malan se privaat versameling gebruik gemaak is, sowel as die privaat versamelings van sy tydgenote. Malan is ten alle tye die sentrale figuur en die biografie fokus op sy persepsies en ervarings. Malan se denke oor Afrikaner nasionalisme, wat sy vernaamste prioriteit was, word beskryf en in verband gebring met sy opinie van Britse imperialisme, sowel as ander ideologieë soos kommunisme en totalitarisme. Die studie wys op die verband tussen Malan se denke oor rasseverhoudinge en sy besorgdheid oor die armblanke vraagstuk. Dit dui daarop dat Malan se rassebeleid tot sekere mate vloeibaar was. Dit was ook die geval met sy benadering tot Suid-Afrika se konstitusionele posisie. Afrikaner nasionaliste het tydens die eerste helfte van die twintigste eeu baie aandag geskenk aan debatte oor Suid-Afrika se verhouding tot Brittanje en die aard van die voorgenome republiek. Dit was tot mate weerligafleier vir reeds bestaande spanning tussen die onderskeie streke en generasies. Malan se botsings met nasionaliste soos Tielman Roos, J.B.M. Hertzog en J.G. Strijdom word belig as aanduiding van die diepgewortelde magstryd binne die Nasionale Party (NP). Deur op hierdie kompleksiteite klem te lê, poog die studie om bydrae te lewer tot meer genuanseerde begrip van die Suid-Afrikaanse verlede.

This thesis focuses on the significance of blood and the perception of the body in both learned and popular culture in order to investigate problems of identity and social exclusion in early modern Europe. Starting from the view of blood as a liminal matter, manifesting fertile, positive aspects in conjunction with dangerous, negative ones, I show how it was believed to attract supernatural forces within the natural world. It could empower or pollute, restore health or waste corporeal and spiritual existence. While this theme has been studied in a medieval religious context and by anthropologists, its relevance during the early modern period has not been explored. I argue that, considering the impact of the Reformation on people’s mentalities, studying the way in which ideas regarding blood and the body changed from late medieval times to the eighteenth century can provide new insights about patterns of social and religious tensions, such as the witch-trials and persecutions. In this regard the thesis engages with anthropological theories, comparing the dialectic between blood and body with that between identity and society, demonstrating that they both spread from the conflict of life with death, leading to the social embodiment or to the rejection of an individual. A comparative approach is also employed to analyze blood symbolism in Protestant and Catholic countries, and to discuss how beliefs were influenced by both cultural similarities and religious differences. Combining historical sources, such as witches’ confessions, with appropriate examples from anthropology I also examine a corpus of popular ideas, which resisted to theological and learned notions or slowly merged with them. Blood had different meanings for different sections of society, embodying both the physical struggle for life and the spiritual value of the Christian soul. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 develop the dualism of the fluid in late medieval and early modern ritual murder accusations against Jews, European witchcraft and supernatural beliefs and in the medical and philosophical knowledge, while chapters 5 and 6 focus on blood themes in Protestant England and in Counter-Reformation Italy. Through the examination of blood in these contexts I hope to demonstrate that contrasting feelings, fears and beliefs related to dangerous or extraordinary individuals, such as Jews, witches, and Catholic saints, but also superhuman beings such as fairies, vampires and werewolves, were rooted in the perception of the body as an unstable substance, that was at the base of ethnic, religious and gender stereotypes.