This thesis aims to examine which views of the human being that are manifested in the Swedish and Dutch legislation on prostitution. The theoretical framework consists of the humanist, the christian and the naturalistic views of the human being in combination with the concepts of autonomy and human dignity. The question is which views of the human being are manifested in the Swedish and Dutch legislation on prostitution? According to this thesis all three views of the human being can be traced in the legislations. The humanist view of the human being is most clearly manifested, in both the Swedish and Dutch legislation on prostitution, however their views are from different angles. Whereas the view of the Swedish legislation is that the autonomy and human dignity of the seller is violated in prostitution, the Dutch legislation on the other hand sees autonomy as the seller’s right to choose prostitution. In Dutch legislation both seller and buyer are seen as autonomous beings with ability to reason, and prostitution is seen as a trade transaction. In Swedish legislation the seller is seen as vulnerable and exposed and the buyer is seen as a criminal, and both seller and buyer are in need of change and help, in different ways.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:32:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mauricio Vaitsman Chiga.pdf: 1442774 bytes, checksum: 75fa1bf123deb94b883a9228e616a4a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-03 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The main objects of this research are certain subtle and ambiguities aspects of the slave holder s paternalism as it existed in Taubaté during the last decades of the 19th century. Our manuscripts sources were wills, registers of purchases and sales of slaves, actions of freedom and criminal proceedings. We selected the years between 1840 s and 1870 s in which to document the growing tensions that threatened the survival of slavery. Tensions between the slave owners rights and the new legal codes that tended to overwrite private intenders of slave owners in behalf the state authority. We also documented simultaneously with this process of a slow dilapidation the owner s power, a rising perception of the possibilities of attaining freedom that expressed itself in the daily lives of slaves and enriched their experience as human beings struggling for opportunities of survival / O paternalismo, do senhor de escravos, existente em Taubaté do século XIX foi pesquisado em documentos manuscritos como testamentos de última vontade, escrituras de compra e venda de escravos, ações de liberdade e processos criminais. Objetivou-se debater o encontro entre o poder do senhor de escravos e o campo de tensões estabelecido pela ambiguidade da escravidão. O período compreendido pelos anos de 1840 até 1870 foi o estudado, foram décadas, no império do Brasil, onde se afirmaram as forças políticas, econômicas e sociais conservadoras. O recorte temporal, pelo qual se optou trabalhar, deveu-se em seu início (1840) pelas acentuadas pressões sofridas pelo escravismo e, em seu término (1870) pelos choques do desmoronamento do poder dos senhores na Lei Rio Branco (1871), além das relações a que se submeteram os escravos e os senhores dentro de uma nova perspectiva sobre a escravidão: a partir de 1871 passou a existir uma possibilidade para o final da mão-de-obra escrava no Brasil. A perspectiva norteadora da pesquisa foi a leitura interpretativa do cotidiano do escravo, investigando-se a vivência do ser humano e a sua concretização de vida. É o fazer-se do homem comum desenvolvido e estudado pelo historiador E. P. Thompson que buscou nas próprias ações humanas as evidências de comportamento e ação; foi através da compreensão da dinâmica do processo vivido e das condições históricas que envolviam o cidadão que Thompson mostrou a experiência de vida da pessoa transformando-a para a condição de agente histórico

En 1919, une convention franco-polonaise qui vise à favoriser l'envoi de travailleurs polonais en France est signée. Dans ce texte, rien n’était indiqué sur la scolarisation des enfants polonais des ouvriers et parents. Or, ces derniers demandaient des ouvertures de cours en langue polonaise auprès de leurs employeurs pour leurs enfants. L'idée du provisoire et l’espoir d’un proche retour au pays régnait alors dans tous les esprits. Dès le début des années 1920 et face à cet impensé de la question scolaire, les autorités françaises devaient faire face à des mises en place de cours polonais, entre autre sous l’égide des compagnies minières. L'État polonais, de son côté, se penchait aussi sur cette question et en 1924, la question de l'ouverture de cours de langue et culture polonaise pour les enfants d'immigrés était évoquée lors de la Conférence franco polonaise qui se tenait à Paris. Les autorités françaises refusaient à ce moment de légiférer et d’institutionnaliser ces enseignements. Mais pour ne pas heurter cet important partenaire polonais, le Comité central des houillères françaises, par l'intermédiaire d'Henri de Peyerimhoff, rédigeait une lettre où il invitait les employeurs à mettre en œuvre ce type de leçon selon deux façons : dans des écoles privées comme dans les écoles publiques. Suite à cela, entre 1925 et 1939, cinq circulaires étaient publiées par le Ministère français de l’instruction publique pour affirmer et préciser les principes réglementant ces cours pour enfants étrangers, immigrés ou d’ascendants immigrés. L'étude des communautés polonaises installées dans les espaces industriels et paternalistes basés près de Caen (département du Calvados) SMN-SMS (Société métallurgique de Normandie - Société des Mines de Soumont) et des classes de polonais qui étaient instituées nous permet de répondre à plusieurs interrogations. Nous pouvons ainsi nous demander, dans un premier temps, en quoi consistaient ces classes pour enfants étrangers (contexte, organisation, financement) mais surtout en quoi ces classes/structures scolaires s'inscrivaient contre une volonté d'intégration. Il est aussi pertinent de s’intéresser aux relations entre les différents acteurs. Autorités françaises et polonaises, mineurs, direction de la mine, C.C.H.F et à travers cela dégager la place, le rôle du moniteur dans une communauté polonaise en France. / In 1919, a Franco-Polish convention aiming to encourage the dispatch of Polish workers to France was signed. In this text, nothing was mentioned as to how the Polish children of work-ers and parents were to be educated, yet the latter were asking their employers that classes be opened and held in Polish for their children. The idea that this was temporary and the hope of soon returning to their homeland then prevailed in all minds. As from the early 1920s, and facing this unconsidered educational issue, French authorities had to contend with the setting up of Polish classes, among other things under the aegis of the mining companies. The Polish State, on its part, was also looking into the situation, and, in 1924, the issue of opening Polish language and culture classes for immigrant children was raised during the Franco-Polish Con-ference that was being held in Paris. At this point in time, French authorities were refusing to legislate and institutionalise these courses. But to not upset this major Polish partner, the Central Committee of French Coal Mines, through the intermediary of Henri de Peyerimhoff, drew up a letter in which it encour-aged employers to implement this type of lesson in two ways: in private schools as in state schools. Further to this, between 1925 and 1939, five circulars were published by the French Ministry of Public Instruction to assert and specify which principles were to regulate these lessons held for foreign children, be they immigrants or born to immigrant ancestors. Studying the Polish communities who settled in the industrial and paternalistic areas based near Caen (in the Calvados department), the SMN-SMS (Metallurgical Society of Normandy – “Société des Mines de Soumont”) and the Polish classes that were instituted enables us to answer several questions. We can thus wonder, initially, what these classes for foreign chil-dren consisted in (context, organisation, funding), but most of all how these classes/school structures went against a desire to integrate. Taking an interest in the relationships the various stakeholders had with one another is also relevant. The French and Polish authorities, miners, the mining board and C.C.F.C.M. (C.C.H.F in French), and through this establish the place, the role an instructor had in a Polish community in France.

The purpose of this study is to assess why the race and gender of defendants influence judges’ decisions using the focal concern theory. This study will require around 84 participants. Participants will be federal judges who will be recruited via email. In an online survey, participants will be randomly assigned to one of four conditions . Participants will all read a vignette which an individual was convicted for in trafficking of Xanax. The vignette will be manipulated by the name and accompanying a mugshot based on the race (Black/White) and gender (male/female) of the defendant. The expected result is that there will be a significant effect on sentencing time based on race and gender due to perceived offender characteristics (perceived culpability, perceived aggression). The judges’ prejudice (sexism, racism, and feelings of paternalism toward the defendant) will also have a significant effect on sentencing length. With more research about judges’ perceptions and biases, reforms can be implicated to reduce sentencing disparity and to make the legal system more fair.

Ce mémoire propose une analyse des justifications du paternalisme étatique dans les cas d’acrasie. Nous explorerons d’abord quelques théories et conceptions de l’acrasie, démontrant la nécessité de développer une conception de l’agent acratique qui soit en quelque sorte subdivisible. Mous exposerons par la suite en quoi cette conception de l’individu remet en question certains présupposés fondamentaux du libéralisme. Notre second chapitre sera consacré à une redéfinition de certains principes libéraux en fonction de notre conception de l’individualité. Cette redéfinition nous permettra d’expliquer comment l’intervention étatique de type paternaliste peut être parfois justifiée d’un point de vue libéral. Le cœur de notre argumentation mettra l’accent sur l’importance pour l’État d’assurer l’autonomie de ses citoyens en concevant leur raison comme faculté d’intégration personnelle. Notre troisième chapitre tentera d’explorer divers exemples de cas concrets où les principes développés plus tôt pourront s’appliquer. / The purpose of this master thesis is to analyze paternalistic justifications for State intervention in cases of acrasia. We first start by exploring some theories and conceptions of acrasia showing the necessity to develop a conception of the acratic agent as somehow subdivisible. We then show that this conception of the individual challenges some of the most central presuppositions for political liberalism. Our second chapter means to redefine some liberal principles according to our conception of individuality. This redefinition will enable us to explain how paternalistic State intervention can sometime be justified from a liberal point of view. Our argumentation will focus on the importance for the State to ensure the autonomy of its citizens by securing the role of their reason as a faculty of personal integration. Our third chapter means to explore diverse practical cases in which the principles developed earlier can apply.

O princípio do dano, assim como elaborado por John Stuart Mill em On Liberty, é tido como elemento fundamental à afirmação do liberalismo a partir do século XIX e seu desenvolvimento rumo ao século XX. Diante das nascentes democracias européias foi afirmado como um princípio absoluto de proteção à liberdade individual contra a imposição da moralidade pela opinião pública e pelo Estado. Mill partilhava o apreço de Tocqueville pela democracia sem deixar de temer a tirania das maiorias. Inicialmente, investiga-se o lugar do princípio do dano na filosofia política milliana e as fragilidades apontadas por seus críticos. Em um segundo momento, analisa-se sua influência na defesa das liberdades civis na Inglaterra da década de 1950, especificamente com a edição do Relatório Wolfenden que defendeu a descriminalização de práticas homossexuais, bem como o debate que se lhe seguiu sobre os limites do Direito protagonizado por H.L.A. Hart. Na última parte, o objeto do estudo é o princípio do dano agora inserido em uma doutrina liberal-perfeccionista, assim como formulada por Joseph Raz em A Moralidade da Liberdade. O objetivo final é revelar a existência de incoerências internas no princípio do dano, tanto em sua versão original como nas que lhe sucederam, de modo a impedir a fixação de uma espaço imune ao Direito e à imposição da moralidade. No entanto, visto da perspectiva adequada, o fracasso na elaboração de tal princípio deve ser relativizado, eis que no seu devir o princípio do dano serviu à reflexão acerca dos limites da coerção legítima, bem como ao aprimoramento de conceitos relevantes à filosofia política como moralismo legal, paternalismo e perfeccionismo jurídicos. / The harm principle, as elaborated by John Stuart Mill in On Liberty, is regarded as a key element to the assertion of liberalism from the 19th century and its development into the 20th century. Facing emerging European democracies it was stated as an absolute principle of individual freedom against the enforcement of morality by governments and public opinion. Mill, as well as Tocqueville, appreciate democracy but fear the "tyranny of the majority". Initially, we investigate the place of the Millian harm principle in his political philosophy and its weakness as pointed out by its critics. Then, we analyze harm principles influence on civil rights movement in Englands 1950s, notably in theWolfenden Reports debate between HLA Hart and Lord Patrick Devlin about the limits of the law. In the last section we face the liberal-perfectionism of Joseph Raz Morality of Freedom and his view about the harm principle. We argue as a final statement the existence of harm principles internal inconsistencies, both in its original version and later ones, that disables it to be an adequate liberal response to the legal enforcement of morality. However its failures, harm principle seems to produce a deep and useful debate about the legitimacy of such fundamental concepts of philosophy of law as legal coercion, legal moralism, legal paternalism and perfectionism.

xii, 163 p. / The principle of respect for autonomy has been the center of gravity for the doctor-patient relationship for forty years, replacing the previous defining concept of physician paternalism. In this work, I seek to displace respect for patient autonomy with narrative and phronesis as the skills that must be mastered by the physician to engender a successful therapeutic clinical relationship. Chapter I reviews the current state of affairs in the philosophy of medicine and the doctor-patient relationship and explains how and why autonomy has become so central to physicians' understanding of how to conduct a clinical encounter with a patient. Chapter II argues that "respect for autonomy," while remaining a valid rule to be considered in some clinical relationships, cannot be the central concept that defines the relationship both because it fails to describe accurately human selfhood and also because it empirically lacks universal applicability--many humans, and most seriously ill patients, actually lack autonomy. Shared decision making, an autonomy-based model of the doctor-patient relationship, suffers from this critique of autonomy as well as its own shortcomings in that it maintains a strict fact/value distinction that is untenable. Chapter III introduces narrative philosophy and its extrapolation, narrative medicine, as a possible alternative to an autonomy model of care. I defend a narrative view of selfhood, while recognizing that even if we are in some sense narratively constituted, this still leaves many questions regarding the relationship between story and self, particularly in a clinical encounter. In Chapter IV, I seek to limit the claims of narrative by arguing that story and self can never be fully equated and that narrative must be understood as demonstrating alterity rather than eliminating it. In Chapter V, a new conception of the physician's role in the doctor-patient relationship is presented, combining phronesis, or practical wisdom, with narrative skill in four aspects of the clinical encounter: diagnosis, treatment, assistance in medical decision making, and emotional support of the patient. / Committee in charge: Naomi Zack， Chairperson； Cheyney Ryan， Member； Mark Johnson， Member； Mary Wood， Outside Member

Region Östergötland has encountered issue in ecological and economical overconsumption of single-used garments in healthcare sector among medical staff in Universitetssjukhuset Linköping. Proper approaches to reach solutions towards decrease of usage of single-used garments were targeted to be implemented for employees of healthcare sector. Two goals were established for this study. First of all, it was aimed to analyse consumer behaviour of employees in healthcare sector of Östergötland region to find out reasons that lay behind increase of single-time garments by employees. Secondly, the aim was targeted to examine what nudging techniques, if any, are feasible to use in positively changing current consumer behavior. The findings showed that nudging has a strong potential to be regarded as an effective tool in influencing healthcare workers of Linköping University Hospital disposable garments usage. Main behavioural reasons that triggered increase of disposable garments usage were detected as lack of information and old habits of medical staff. Application of information disclosure, framing, feedback and social norms nudging techniques were identified to have promising possibilities in impacting current behaviour and raise healthcare workers awareness about their consumption patterns.

O princípio do dano, assim como elaborado por John Stuart Mill em On Liberty, é tido como elemento fundamental à afirmação do liberalismo a partir do século XIX e seu desenvolvimento rumo ao século XX. Diante das nascentes democracias européias foi afirmado como um princípio absoluto de proteção à liberdade individual contra a imposição da moralidade pela opinião pública e pelo Estado. Mill partilhava o apreço de Tocqueville pela democracia sem deixar de temer a tirania das maiorias. Inicialmente, investiga-se o lugar do princípio do dano na filosofia política milliana e as fragilidades apontadas por seus críticos. Em um segundo momento, analisa-se sua influência na defesa das liberdades civis na Inglaterra da década de 1950, especificamente com a edição do Relatório Wolfenden que defendeu a descriminalização de práticas homossexuais, bem como o debate que se lhe seguiu sobre os limites do Direito protagonizado por H.L.A. Hart. Na última parte, o objeto do estudo é o princípio do dano agora inserido em uma doutrina liberal-perfeccionista, assim como formulada por Joseph Raz em A Moralidade da Liberdade. O objetivo final é revelar a existência de incoerências internas no princípio do dano, tanto em sua versão original como nas que lhe sucederam, de modo a impedir a fixação de uma espaço imune ao Direito e à imposição da moralidade. No entanto, visto da perspectiva adequada, o fracasso na elaboração de tal princípio deve ser relativizado, eis que no seu devir o princípio do dano serviu à reflexão acerca dos limites da coerção legítima, bem como ao aprimoramento de conceitos relevantes à filosofia política como moralismo legal, paternalismo e perfeccionismo jurídicos. / The harm principle, as elaborated by John Stuart Mill in On Liberty, is regarded as a key element to the assertion of liberalism from the 19th century and its development into the 20th century. Facing emerging European democracies it was stated as an absolute principle of individual freedom against the enforcement of morality by governments and public opinion. Mill, as well as Tocqueville, appreciate democracy but fear the "tyranny of the majority". Initially, we investigate the place of the Millian harm principle in his political philosophy and its weakness as pointed out by its critics. Then, we analyze harm principles influence on civil rights movement in Englands 1950s, notably in theWolfenden Reports debate between HLA Hart and Lord Patrick Devlin about the limits of the law. In the last section we face the liberal-perfectionism of Joseph Raz Morality of Freedom and his view about the harm principle. We argue as a final statement the existence of harm principles internal inconsistencies, both in its original version and later ones, that disables it to be an adequate liberal response to the legal enforcement of morality. However its failures, harm principle seems to produce a deep and useful debate about the legitimacy of such fundamental concepts of philosophy of law as legal coercion, legal moralism, legal paternalism and perfectionism.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ramon Vicente Garcia Fernandez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2016. / Este trabalho tem como objetivo abordar a Economia Comportamental, suas origens, conceitos-base e desdobramentos para a área de políticas públicas, com uma visão voltada para o Brasil. Tendo se consolidado como uma subdisciplina da economia, a economia comportamental se vale da interdisciplinaridade entre psicologia e economia, sendo ainda necessário abordar alguns termos básicos desta última. É o caso da utilidade esperada e o preceito do Homem Racional (Homo economicus), dos quais a economia comportamental é crítica. Estes pontos, por sua vez, fazem conexão com os estudos de Daniel Kahneman e Amos Tversky, pilares da economia comportamental, mas também de outros, como Richard Thaler e Cass Sunstein, que contribuíram amplamente para a aplicação da economia comportamental em termos prescritivos, formulando os conceitos de nudge e paternalismo libertário. Este movimento será abordado no decorrer do trabalho, buscando, ao final, relacioná-lo com aspectos de políticas brasileiras, como é o caso do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF). / This study aims to outline Behavioral Economics, its origins, main concepts and expansion towards public policy, while contemplating a Brazilian perspective. Consolidated as a field in Economics, Behavioral Economics is based on the interdisciplinarity between Psychology and Economics, which makes it necessary to approach some basic terms of the latter. Such is the case of expected utility and the principle of rationality of economic agents (Homo economicus), which is criticized by behavioral economists. These points in turn are connected to the studies of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, pillars to behavioral economics, but also others, such as those of Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein, who have largely contributed to the application of behavioral economics in prescriptive terms, mproposing the concepts of nudge and libertarian paternalism. This movement is going to be approached as this study follows, aiming to relate aspects of Brazilian Policies in the end, such as the case of the Bolsa Família program.