Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T21:16:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente estudo apresenta o resultado de uma pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, sobre a trama dos processos de inclusão/exclusão do Outro nas relações pedagógicas, no período de estágio curricular supervisionado do curso de Ciências Biológicas. O estágio foi o campo empírico e os(as) estagiários(as), orientadora/supervisora, alunos(as) e professoras/tutoras foram os protagonistas da trama, que estabeleceram relações pedagógicas diversas. As relações pedagógicas foram observadas durante o estágio e depois analisadas à luz da teoria e dos documentos legais que normatizam o estágio. Na análise, que articulou a teoria e a prática das relações pedagógicas, utilizou-se dos seguintes conceitos: relação, outro, inclusão/exclusão, estágio curricular supervisionado e relação pedagógica. As relações pedagógicas que foram investigadas demonstraram que o estágio curricular supervisionado é um lugar de muitos Outros e que a inclusão/exclusão pode acontecer com qualquer um dos envolvidos na relação. E, também, mostraram q / The present study, which makes use of a qualitative methodoly, shows the result of a research project about the of inclusion/exclusion processes of others in the pedagogical relationships during the supervised curriculum training period from the Biology Science course. The practicum was the empirical field, and the trainee(s), supervisor, student(s) and professor(s) were the protagonists of the plot who established a variety of pedagogical relationships. The pedagogical relationships were observed during the training period and were then analyzed on the basis the theory about the subject, and the legal documents that standardize the training period. In the analysis, that articulated the theory and the practice of pedagogical relationships, there were used the following concepts: relationship, others, inclusion/exclusion, supervised curriculum training period and pedagogical relationship. The investigated pedagogical relationships demonstrated that the supervised curriculum training period is a place of many o

Nesta pesquisa estudamos a Biologia do Conhecer do epistemólogo chileno Humberto Maturana e discutimos as implicações educacionais da mesma. Foram investigadas as concepções sobre a relação pedagógica de 46 professores de ciências em exercício que aceitaram participar deste estudo exploratório com o objetivo de identificar o quanto essas concepções docentes se aproximavam ou se distanciavam das ideias propostas por Maturana. Para obter as concepções dos professores foi elaborado um com uma escala do tipo Likert com notas de 1 a 9. Além disso, se pediu ao professor que respondesse por extenso a quatro questões dissertativas. A análise quantitativa dos dados obtidos pela escala Likert, foi feita utilizando o teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) e o teste Tukey para comparação de médias. Os textos produzidos pelos professores foram analisados qualitativamente pelo método dedutivo utilizando três categorias teóricas. Os resultados mostram que as concepções expressas pelos professores se distanciam das ideias de Maturana. A emoção em sala de aula é considerada de extrema importância, mas a razão é ainda mais valorizada, o conhecimento é considerado o fundamento do humano. Em geral não se valoriza o diálogo, e aparentemente o professor desempenha seu trabalho utilizando uma máscara social. Finalmente se discute que a relação de ensino/aprendizagem deveria promover relações humanas na sala de aula, e se as ideias de Maturana fossem discutidas durante o processo de formação inicial e continuada de professores, poderiam estimular a reflexão do professor e gerar a possibilidade de transformações na relação pedagógica destes profissionais. / In this research we study the biology of Cognition of the Chilean epistemologist Humberto Maturana, and discuss his educational implications to the pedagogical relationship teacher-student-knowledge. We investigate also the conceptions of the pedagogical relationship of 46 active science teachers who agreed to participate in this exploratory study. The goal was to identify how close conceptions of science teachers are from the ideas proposed by Maturana. To get teachers ideas was prepared test asking if they agree or not with 15 ideas adapted from the works of the author, through a Likert-type scale with notes from 1 to 9. In addition, teachers were asked to respond in writing to four questions in order to share their criticisms, suggestions and thoughts about the test and also about the ideas of Maturana. The quantitative analysis of data obtained by scale Likert was made using the test analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test for comparison of averages. The texts produced by the teachers were analyzed qualitatively by deductive method using three theoretical categories. The results show ideas expressed by teachers do not match those from Maturana. The emotion in the classroom is considered of extreme importance, but the reason is even more valued, as knowledge is considered the foundation of human. In general the dialogue is not valued, and the teacher plays his role using a social mask. Finally it discusses that the relationship of teaching/learning should promote human relationships in the classroom. And that Maturana\'s ideas, discussed during the process of initial and continuous training of teachers, could stimulate the reflection of the teacher and generate the possibility of changes in pedagogical relationship of these professionals.

Nesta pesquisa estudamos a Biologia do Conhecer do epistemólogo chileno Humberto Maturana e discutimos as implicações educacionais da mesma. Foram investigadas as concepções sobre a relação pedagógica de 46 professores de ciências em exercício que aceitaram participar deste estudo exploratório com o objetivo de identificar o quanto essas concepções docentes se aproximavam ou se distanciavam das ideias propostas por Maturana. Para obter as concepções dos professores foi elaborado um com uma escala do tipo Likert com notas de 1 a 9. Além disso, se pediu ao professor que respondesse por extenso a quatro questões dissertativas. A análise quantitativa dos dados obtidos pela escala Likert, foi feita utilizando o teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) e o teste Tukey para comparação de médias. Os textos produzidos pelos professores foram analisados qualitativamente pelo método dedutivo utilizando três categorias teóricas. Os resultados mostram que as concepções expressas pelos professores se distanciam das ideias de Maturana. A emoção em sala de aula é considerada de extrema importância, mas a razão é ainda mais valorizada, o conhecimento é considerado o fundamento do humano. Em geral não se valoriza o diálogo, e aparentemente o professor desempenha seu trabalho utilizando uma máscara social. Finalmente se discute que a relação de ensino/aprendizagem deveria promover relações humanas na sala de aula, e se as ideias de Maturana fossem discutidas durante o processo de formação inicial e continuada de professores, poderiam estimular a reflexão do professor e gerar a possibilidade de transformações na relação pedagógica destes profissionais. / In this research we study the biology of Cognition of the Chilean epistemologist Humberto Maturana, and discuss his educational implications to the pedagogical relationship teacher-student-knowledge. We investigate also the conceptions of the pedagogical relationship of 46 active science teachers who agreed to participate in this exploratory study. The goal was to identify how close conceptions of science teachers are from the ideas proposed by Maturana. To get teachers ideas was prepared test asking if they agree or not with 15 ideas adapted from the works of the author, through a Likert-type scale with notes from 1 to 9. In addition, teachers were asked to respond in writing to four questions in order to share their criticisms, suggestions and thoughts about the test and also about the ideas of Maturana. The quantitative analysis of data obtained by scale Likert was made using the test analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test for comparison of averages. The texts produced by the teachers were analyzed qualitatively by deductive method using three theoretical categories. The results show ideas expressed by teachers do not match those from Maturana. The emotion in the classroom is considered of extreme importance, but the reason is even more valued, as knowledge is considered the foundation of human. In general the dialogue is not valued, and the teacher plays his role using a social mask. Finally it discusses that the relationship of teaching/learning should promote human relationships in the classroom. And that Maturana\'s ideas, discussed during the process of initial and continuous training of teachers, could stimulate the reflection of the teacher and generate the possibility of changes in pedagogical relationship of these professionals.

[pt] O objetivo desta tese foi aprofundar meus entendimentos acerca da relação pedagógica construída por mim, a professora, e um grupo de alunos durante um curso de inglês como língua estrangeira (ILE), na empresa em que eles trabalhavam. Para atender a esse propósito, registrei esta vivência em forma de diário durante os oito meses em que durou o curso que ministrei. Além desse diário, analisei também o potencial exploratório gerado por atividades pedagógicas realizadas pelos alunos em sala de aula e correspondências enviadas por eles a mim. A percepção do entrelaçamento de aspectos sócio-históricoindividuais, conscientes e inconscientes, presentes nos enunciados dos participantes do evento pedagógico e registrados nos documentos referidos acima, levou-me a aproximar três discursos - a Prática Exploratória, a Psicanálise e a Filosofia da Linguagem de Mikhail Bakhtin - para buscar entender com mais profundidade a natureza da relação pedagógica e a qualidade da vida em sala de aula. A partir da análise das formas de relação percebidas por mim e por meus alunos em nosso convívio pedagógico, pude perceber também a importância de estarmos atentos aos aspectos individuais-afetivos presentes no ambiente pedagógico. Discuto a centralidade desses aspectos na construção da natureza amorosa da relação pedagógica, que identifico como monológica e/ou dialógica, com base nas formas de relação percebidas por mim em minha prática pedagógica. Minha tese pretende aproximar os conhecimentos e a postura reflexiva dos professores que se orientam pela Prática Exploratória do saber da Psicanálise freudilacaniana sobre o sujeito humano e alguns conceitos-chave da Filosofia da Linguagem. Com essa pretensão, esta tese busca preencher uma lacuna no campo do ensino de inglês como língua estrangeira dada a escassez de teorias que partam da prática profissional do professor- investigador nessa área. / [en] The objective of this thesis was to enhance my understanding about the pedagogical relationship constructed between myself, as teacher, and a group of students taking a course in English as a foreign language (EFL) in the corporation where they work. In order to achieve this aim, I kept a diary during the eight months of the course. In addition to this diary, I also analyzed the exploratory potential generated by the pedagogical activities of the students in the classroom and the written messages sent by them to me. The perceived interweaving of the socio-historical and individual aspects, at a conscious and unconscious level, which are present in the utterances of the course participants and registered in the above-mentioned documents, led me to bring together three discourses - Exploratory Practice, Psychoanalysis and the Philosophy of Language of Mikhail Bakhtin - in order to understand more deeply the nature of the pedagogical relationship and of the quality of life in the classroom. The data analysis also enabled me to perceive the importance of paying attention to the individualaffective aspects present in the pedagogical environment. I address the central contribution of these aspects to the construction of the loving nature of the pedagogical relationship, which I identify as monological and/or dialogical, based on the relationships perceived by me in my pedagogic practice. The intended contribution of my thesis lies in approximating the knowledge and reflective posture of teachers oriented by Exploratory Practice to the knowledge of Freud- Lacan´s psychoanalysis about the human subject and to some key concepts of the Philosophy of Language. Thus, this thesis seeks to fill a gap perceived in the field of teaching English as a foreign language, on account of the scarcity of theories that derive from teacher-researchers´ professional practice.

Η ανα χείρας διατριβή σκοπό είχε να θέσει προβληματισμούς για τον επαναπροσδιορισμό του νοήματος της παιδαγωγικής σχέσης των εκπαιδευτικών με τους μαθητές τους, σε συνάρτηση με το συμβουλευτικό ρόλο των εκπαιδευτικών. Τα ερωτήματα τα οποία κίνησαν το ερευνητικό ενδιαφέρον αφορούσαν στην ταυτότητα και στο ρόλο των εκπαιδευτικών σήμερα μέσα στη σχολική τάξη. Η έρευνα έγινε με δύο μεθοδολογικές προσεγγίσεις :ποσοτική και ποιοτική. Το δείγμα αποτελούνταν από δύο διαφορετικές ομάδες: (α) μία ομάδα Σχολικού Επαγγελματικού Προσανατολισμού (εκπαιδευτικοί οι οποίες ασχολούντο με το θεσμό του ΣΕΠ) και (β) μία ομάδα Γενικής Παιδείας (ΓΠ) (εκπαιδευτικοί οι οποίες δεν ασχολούντο με το ΣΕΠ). Συγκεκριμένα, διερευνήθηκαν τα ερωτήματα:  Πως επηρεάζεται η παιδαγωγική σχέση όταν οι εκπαιδευτικοί έχουν επίγνωση της πνευματικότητάς τους και του συναισθήματός τους;  Πως επηρεάζεται ο συμβουλευτικός ρόλος όταν οι εκπαιδευτικοί έχουν επίγνωση της πνευματικότητάς τους και του συναισθήματός τους; Τα ανωτέρω ερευνητικά ερωτήματα επιχειρήσαμε να τα απαντήσουμε μέσα από τη διερεύνηση: 1) των αντιλήψεων των γυναικών εκπαιδευτικών αναφορικά με τη συναισθηματική επίγνωση και την πνευματικότητά τους ως χαρακτηριστικά της ταυτότητάς τους, 2) των αντιλήψεων των γυναικών εκπαιδευτικών αναφορικά με την παιδαγωγική σχέση τους, 3) της επίδρασης του συναισθήματος και της πνευματικότητας των γυναικών εκπαιδευτικών (όπως οι ίδιες την αντιλαμβάνονται) κατά την πιθανή συμβουλευτική παρέμβαση τους σε διαχείριση κρίσιμων καταστάσεων μέσα στην τάξη (όπως τις αναγνωρίζουν οι ίδιες). Η έρευνα έγινε πρώτον μέσα από ποσοτική προσέγγιση και δεύτερον μέσα από ποιοτική προσέγγιση. Κατά την ποσοτική προσέγγιση ερευνώνται με ποσοτικά εργαλεία (κλίμακες Liekert) οι αντιλήψεις/εκτιμήσεις των γυναικών εκπαιδευτικών αναφορικά με  τον ρόλο της πνευματικής υπέρβασης στη ζωή τους , όπως εκφράζεται μέσα από τις διαστάσεις Πνευματικότητα/προσωπική σχέση με τον Θεό, της κλίμακας Δείκτης Πνευματικής Υπέρβασης (STrI Seidlitz et al. 2002)  τον ρόλο της Συναισθηματικής Νοημοσύνης στη ζωή τους, όπως εκφράζεται μέσα από τις διαστάσεις της κλίμακας συναισθηματικότητα (emotionality), ευζωίας (well-being),του αυτοελέγχου καθώς (self-control), και κοινωνικότητα/αντίληψη των συναισθημάτων των άλλων (sociability) (TEIQue-SF Petrides & Furnham,2001).  τη σχέση των διαστάσεων της κλίμακας Δείκτης Πνευματικής Υπέρβασης και των διαστάσεων της κλίμακας Συναισθηματικής Νοημοσύνης. Αναλυτικότερα :  Πως εκτιμούν οι γυναίκες εκπαιδευτικοί του δείγματός μας την Πνευματική Υπέρβαση και τις διαστάσεις της (παρουσία πνευματικότητας /προσωπική σχέση τους με τον Θεό);  Πως εκτιμούν οι γυναίκες εκπαιδευτικοί του δείγματός μας τη Συναισθηματική Νοημοσύνη σύμφωνα με τις διαστάσεις της;  Πως και αν σχετίζονται α) η Πνευματική Υπέρβαση και οι διαστάσεις της, β) η Συναισθηματική Νοημοσύνη και οι διαστάσεις της: με την ηλικία, τα έτη υπηρεσίας, την επιμόρφωση, την ενασχόληση με τον Σχολικό Επαγγελματικό προσανατολισμό  Οι δύο ομάδες ΓΠ και ΣΕΠ, διαφέρουν στις εκτιμήσεις τους ως προς τις δύο κλίμακες; Κατά την ποιοτική προσέγγιση ερευνώνται με ποιοτικά εργαλεία (συνέντευξη και αφηγηματικό ημερολόγιο) οι αντιλήψεις γυναικών εκπαιδευτικών αναφορικά με:  την επίγνωση της πνευματικότητάς τους-τα κριτήρια της πνευματικής Νοημοσύνης  την παιδαγωγική σχέση τους  την αφοσίωση και την κινητοποίηση στην εργασία τους  το συναίσθημα στην εργασία τους  τις υπαρξιακές ανησυχίες των μαθητών τους  τις αντιδράσεις τους στη διαχείριση αναγνωρισμένων κρίσιμων καταστάσεων μέσα στην τάξη  την επίγνωση και εμπλοκή ή μη εμπλοκή του συναισθήματος και των προσωπικών πιστεύω τους κατά τη συμβουλευτική ή μη παρέμβασή τους σε αναγνωρισμένες κρίσιμες καταστάσεις μέσα στην τάξη. Αναλυτικότερα:  Πώς επηρεάζει η επίγνωση της πνευματικότητας την παιδαγωγική σχέση των γυναικών εκπαιδευτικών;  Πώς επηρεάζει η επίγνωση της πνευματικότητας τον συμβουλευτικό ρόλο των γυναικών εκπαιδευτικών;  Πώς επηρεάζει η επίγνωση του συναισθήματος την παιδαγωγική σχέση των γυναικών εκπαιδευτικών;  Πώς επηρεάζει η επίγνωση του συναισθήματος το συμβουλευτικό ρόλο των γυναικών εκπαιδευτικών; Ο όρος «Πνευματικότητα» νοείται, στην παρούσα έρευνα, ως το στοιχείο της προσωπικότητας του ατόμου, το οποίο το ωθεί στην εκζήτηση/αναζήτηση του νοήματος, υπερβαίνοντας τον εαυτό του, τόσο στην προσωπική ζωή του, όσο και στις σχέσεις του με τους άλλους. Το «Συναίσθημα» ερευνάται μέσα από τη θεωρία της Συναισθηματικής Νοημοσύνης. Με άλλα λόγια, αξιολογείται ως ένα χαρακτηριστικό γνώρισμα της προσωπικότητας. Μελετάται, πιο αναλυτικά, εξάλλου και μέσα από τη Συναισθηματική Επίγνωση. Η Συναισθηματική Νοημοσύνη περικλείει ένα σύνολο ικανοτήτων και δεξιοτήτων μέσα από τις οποίες το άτομο είναι σε θέση να κατανοήσει δικές του συναισθηματικές καταστάσεις αλλά και να ερμηνεύσει συναισθηματικές καταστάσεις των άλλων. Ειδικότερα, η Συναισθηματική Επίγνωση αφορά στην πλευρά εκείνη της συναισθηματικής νοημοσύνης, η οποία ενέχει την αυτοαντίληψη και την αυτοαξιολόγηση των συναισθημάτων. Η πνευματικότητα και το συναίσθημα στην παιδαγωγική σχέση, σε συνάρτηση με το συμβουλευτικό ρόλο των εκπαιδευτικών, σύμφωνα με την υπάρχουσα αρθρογραφία δε διαφαίνεται να έχει αρκούντως διερευνηθεί σε ποσοτικό αλλά και ποιοτικό επίπεδο. Τα κυριότερα ευρήματα της ποσοτικής έρευνας δείχνουν, αφενός την αξιοπιστία των εργαλείων (STrI Δείκτης Πνευματικής Υπέρβασης, και TEI-Que SF)και την καλή προσαρμογή τους στο εν λόγω δείγμα, αφετέρου ότι δε σημειώνονται σημαντικές διαφορές ανάμεσα στις δύο ομάδες ΣΕΠ και ΓΠ με κριτήριο το συμβουλευτικό ρόλο. Το γεγονός της ενασχόλησης με το θεσμό του ΣΕΠ φάνηκε ότι δεν ήταν ισχυρό διαφοροποιητικό στοιχείο. Οι δύο ομάδες σημείωσαν σχεδόν ίδιες τιμές και στις δύο κλίμακες. Χαμηλή εν τούτοις συσχέτιση παρατηρήθηκε ανάμεσα στον παράγοντα Πνευματικότητα και τις συναισθηματικές διαστάσεις της κλίμακας συναισθηματικής νοημοσύνης. Τα ευρήματα της ποιοτικής έρευνας, αναφορικά με το νόημα της παιδαγωγικής σχέσης, έδειξαν ότι οι συμμετέχουσες στην έρευνα έχουν επίγνωση της αναγκαιότητας για επαναπροσδιορισμό του νοήματος της παιδαγωγικής σχέσης, το οποίο, σύμφωνα με τις αντιλήψεις τους, είναι συνάρτηση της επιμόρφωσης των εκπαιδευτικών στο γνωστικό τους αντικείμενο, αλλά και στις εκάστοτε ψυχολογικές ανάγκες της μαθητικής κοινότητας. Όσον αφορά στις αντιλήψεις των συμμετεχουσών για τη σημασία της παιδαγωγικής σχέσης, διαφορές σημειώνονται ανάμεσα σε άτομα τα οποία έχουν επίγνωση της πνευματικότητάς τους και σε άτομα τα οποία δεν έχουν. Οι περισσότερες συμμετέχουσες κατά την ποιοτική έρευνα ανέφεραν ως δυνατό τους σημείο του χαρακτήρα τους την ενσυναίσθηση. Τα κυριότερα ευρήματα της ποιοτικής έρευνας, αναφορικά με τη συναισθηματική επίγνωση για εμπλοκή ή συμμετοχή των συμμετεχουσών στην παιδαγωγική σχέση, αλλά και κατά τη διαχείριση κρίσιμων καταστάσεων μέσα στην τάξη, ήταν: α) η αγαπητική θέση και διάθεση προς τους μαθητές και β) η αναγνώριση, η επίγνωση αλλά και εκδήλωση των συναισθημάτων των συμμετεχουσών ως προϋποθέσεις για την παιδαγωγική σχέση. Αξίζει να σημειωθεί, ωστόσο, ότι οι συμμετέχουσες οι οποίες δήλωσαν θρησκευτική πνευματικότητα ανέφεραν τη συναισθηματική τους εμπλοκή/συμμετοχή πλέον εντόνως από τις υπόλοιπες συμμετέχουσες, εμβαθύνοντας και εκθέτοντας διεξοδικά το συναίσθημά τους. Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα της ποιοτικής έρευνας, η πνευματικότητα και η συναισθηματική επίγνωση επηρεάζουν θετικά την παιδαγωγική σχέση και το συμβουλευτικό ρόλο των εκπαιδευτικών. Δημιουργούνται δηλαδή από τις εκπαιδευτικούς οι προϋποθέσεις εκείνες ώστε η παιδαγωγική σχέση και ο συμβουλευτικός ρόλος να οδηγούν σε καρποφόρα αποτελέσματα για τους μαθητές, όχι μόνο σε επίπεδο γνώσεων αλλά και σε κατάκτηση ανθρωπιστικών αξιών. Επιπρόσθετα, οι εκπαιδευτικοί της ομάδας ΣΕΠ, σύμφωνα με τις αφηγήσεις τους πλησίαζαν τους μαθητές τους και σε ώρα διαλείμματος για να συζητήσουν μαζί τους προβλήματα τα οποία ενέκυπταν κατά την ώρα του ΣΕΠ. Η πνευματικότητα ωστόσο, εκδηλώνεται και επηρεάζει τη παιδαγωγική σχέση στο βαθμό που επιτρέπει την εκδήλωση και εμπλοκή της στην παιδαγωγική σχέση το ίδιο το άτομο. Λέξεις κλειδιά: Πνευματικότητα, Πνευματική Νοημοσύνη, Πνευματική Υπέρβαση, Συναισθηματική Νοημοσύνη, Συναισθηματική Επίγνωση, Συμβουλευτικός, Ρόλος, Παιδαγωγική Σχέση, Γυναίκες Εκπαιδευτικοί. / This dissertation aims at raising questions about the redefinition of the notion of the pedagogical relationship with students, as well as about the counselling role of educators. The questions that triggered the investigative interest in the present dissertation concern the identity and role of educators in the modern school classroom. Two methodological approaches were used for the research: quantitative and qualitative. The sample tested consists of two distinct groups: a) a Career Counselling/Vocational Education group (C.C. /V.E.) (female educators involved in the School Career Counselling/Vocational Education institution) and b) a General Education group (G.E.) (female educators not involved in the School Career Counselling/Vocational Education institution). Specifically, the questions examined are the following: • If educators are aware of their own spirituality and emotion o How does this affect their pedagogical relationship? o How does this affect their counselling role? We attempted to answer these questions through the exploration of the following: 1) How female educators understand emotional awareness and their spirituality as characteristics of their identity 2) The conceptions of female educators concerning their pedagogical relationship 3) The impact of both emotion and spirituality of female educators (according to their own conceptions) on their role as counsellors in the event of a critical situation in the classroom (as this is identified by the educators). The research was carried firstly through a quantitative and secondly through a qualitative approach. On the quantitative research, we used the Spiritual Transcendence scale (Seidlitz et al., 2002) and the Petrides & Furnham scale (translation by Petrides, Pita & Kokkinaki, 2007) in order to explore female educators’ conceptions and evaluations concerning: • The role of spiritual transcendence in their lives, as this is expressed through the dimensions Spirituality/personal relationship with God, of the scale STrI (Seidlitz et al. 2002) • The role of Emotional Intelligence in their lives, as this is expressed through the dimensions of the chart emotionality, well-being, self-control, and sociability (TEIQue-SF Petrides & Furnham, 2001). • The relationship between the dimensions of the two scales. On the qualitative research, we carried out interviews and used narrative diaries as tools to explore the female educators’ perceptions concerning: • Their awareness of their own spirituality – the criteria for Spiritual Intelligence • Their pedagogic relationship • Their devotion and motivation in their work • The ontological concerns of their students • Their responses to recognisably critical situations in the classroom • Their awareness of their emotions, and the possible involvement of their emotions and personal beliefs when they give counsel, or their detachment in recognisably critical situations in the classroom In this study, “Spirituality” is understood as a quality each individual possesses as part of their personality, which urges them to seek meaning by transcending themselves both in their private lives and in their relationships with others. Emotion is explored through the theory of Emotional Intelligence. In other words, it is being assessed as a personality trait, which is also examined more thoroughly through the concept of Emotional Awareness. Emotional Intelligence encompasses a set of competences and skills, which enable individuals to comprehend their own emotional states as well as interpret those of other people. More specifically, the aspects of Emotional Intelligence involving notions of self-conception and self-evaluation of emotions constitute Emotional Awareness. According to the existing literature in the field, Spirituality and Emotion in the pedagogical relationship, in conjunction with the counselling role of educators, do not seem to have been sufficiently investigated on the quantitative and qualitative levels. The principal findings of the quantitative research indicate the reliability of the tools employed (STrI - Spiritual Transcendence Index – and TEI-Que SF) as well as their adaptability to the tested sample, whilst showing that there are no significant differences between the aforementioned C.C./V.E. and G.E. groups, as far as the educator’s counselling role is concerned. Involvement in the School Career Counselling/Vocational Education institution did not appear to be a strong differentiating element. Both groups manifested almost the same scores on both scales employed. Nevertheless, the correlation observed between the Spirituality parameter and the Emotion aspects of the Emotional Intelligence scale was weak, which led us to the implementation of the qualitative research. The findings of the qualitative research showed that the female participants in the survey were conscious of the necessity to redefine the meaning of the pedagogic relationship, which, in their view, is the correlation between further education for teachers in their fields and further instruction for the varying psychological needs of the school community. In contrast, with respect to the meaning of the pedagogic relationship, there were differences between individuals who were conscious of their spirituality and those who were not. Moreover, during the qualitative research, most female participants mentioned empathy as an asset to their characters. The most important finding in the qualitative research - relating to Emotional Awareness, both in the female participants’ intervention or involvement in the pedagogic relationship, and during crisis management in the classroom - was the loving stance and attitude towards the students: the identification, the awareness and the expression of emotions as preconditions for the pedagogic relationship. It is worth mentioning, however, that the female participants who had declared religious spirituality for themselves reported their emotional engagement/involvement more intensely than the rest of the female participants by further elaborating and describing their emotion thoroughly. Based on the research findings, we arrive at the conclusion that the Spirituality and Emotional Awareness parameters have a positive effect on the pedagogical relationship and the educators’ counselling role. Therefore, the educators set the preconditions necessary for the pedagogical relationship and the counselling role to lead to fruitful results for the students; not merely in terms of acquiring knowledge but also obtaining humanist values. Moreover, according to their own narratives, the educators from the C.C./V.E. group would approach their students during breaks if necessary, to talk about problems that surfaced during Career Counselling. Spirituality though, manifests itself and influences the pedagogical relationship to the extent that individuals themselves allow it to emerge and be part of that relationship. Key words: Spirituality, Spiritual Intelligence, Spiritual Transcendence, Emotional Intelligence, Emotional Awareness, Counselling Role, Pedagogical Relationship, Female Educators.

S’autoévaluer, c’est porter un regard de valeur sur soi, c’est aussi accepter de montrer quelque chose de soi. Mais pour montrer à qui ? Si le tiers, enseignant, parent ou camarade, est nécessaire, il est indispensable de s’interroger sur sa fonction et sur son regard. Cette relation questionne la transmission dans l’expérience éducative (Vieille-Grosjean, 2009). Si le but de l’enseignant est de rendre l’enfant compétent (Reboul, 1980), quel est le but de l’enfant qui apprend à l’école ? Cette étude empirique interroge la pratique de l’autoévaluation des compétences auprès des élèves du primaire. La pratique de l’autoévaluation, à condition qu’elle se situe dans le champ de la pédagogie, amène un espace de rencontre entre l’enseignant, l’élève et le savoir. Elle agit comme un révélateur des attendus des uns et des perceptions des autres et permet à l’élève de tendre vers un apprentissage expansif (Holzkamp, 1993). L’enfant en prenant conscience de sa responsabilité peut passer d’un être évalué à un être apprenant. / Self-evaluation involves making a value judgement of oneself. It also involves accepting to reveal something about oneself, but to whom ? If another person, such as a teacher, a parent or friend, is a necessary part of the process, it is vital to wonder about his or her role and his or her view. This relation calls into question the idea of transmission in educational experience (Vieille-Grosjean, 2009). If the goal of the teacher is to make a child competent (Reboul, 1980), what is the goal of the child who learns at school ? This empirical study examines the practice of skill self-evaluation among primary school students. The practice of self-evaluation, if situated in the area of pedagogy, creates a meeting space between the teacher, the student and knowledge. It reveals the expectations of some and the perceptions of others, and allows the student to work toward expansive learning (Holzkamp, 1993). The child can, by becoming aware of his/her responsibility, move from being a person who is being evaluated to a person who is learning.

Cette recherche s'inscrit dans le contexte de la formation initiale des enseignants de français langue étrangère et s'intéresse à l'introduction des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) dans les pratiques pédagogiques. Notre travail s'interroge sur les apports d'un dispositif de télécollaboration (SLIC – Second Life Interculturel) mettant en relation de futurs enseignants de Master FLE de l'université Blaise Pascal avec des apprenants de FLE de Carnegie Mellon University à Pittsburgh (États-Unis) autour de la réalisation de tâches collaboratives à visée interculturelle au sein du monde virtuel Second Life. Ce projet s'appuie sur deux dimensions de la formation des enseignants : la mise en situation et la réflexivité. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre comment se construit la relation pédagogique entre futurs enseignants et apprenants de français langue étrangère lorsqu'ils sont amenés à travailler ensemble dans le cadre d'un dispositif de télécollaboration au sein d'un monde virtuel et que les étudiants français ont un rôle d'animateur. Cette recherche a deux visées : d'une part une visée descriptive en analysant les tâches, les interactions des participants et leurs verbalisations en vue de comprendre leurs comportements et les relations qu'ils tissent. D'autre part, cette recherche a une visée plus praxéologique dans le sens où les résultats nous permettent d'identifier des éléments de réflexion permettant d'améliorer la formation des enseignants de FLE aux TICE. Notre cadre théorique se situe dans le domaine de l'apprentissage des langues médiatisé par les technologies. Il relève de l'analyse des interactions et de la sociologie goffmanienne, et s'appuie essentiellement sur le modèle interactionniste de la relation interpersonnelle qui l'envisage selon deux dimensions : une dimension verticale qui concerne le système de places (hiérarchie vs. égalité) et une dimension horizontale (distance vs. proximité). Nous avons adopté une approche ethnographique. Les données recueillies ont été structurées sous forme de corpus d'apprentissage afin de les analyser en contexte. Dans une perspective inductive et émique, nous croisons différents types de données pour leur donner du sens et répondre à nos questions de recherche. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié le contexte du point de vue des caractéristiques des participants, de leurs attentes, du scénario pédagogique et de la manière dont les participants occupent l'espace interactionnel durant les séances dans le monde virtuel. Nous avons ensuite analysé le positionnement réciproque des participants dans leur manière de se présenter et avons croisé leurs différentes perceptions des rôles endossés par chacun. Enfin, nous avons examiné les décalages entre la prescription, la perception et la réalisation de deux tâches collaboratives. Notre recherche a permis de mettre en lumière la complexité de la construction de la relation pédagogique entre futurs enseignants et apprenants à travers l'étude de quelques observables permettant de reconstruire l'émergence et le développement de cette relation. Nous avons montré que les étudiants français tendent à créer un rapport hiérarchique avec les étudiants américains tout en essayant de développer une relation de proximité. Les apprenants américains acceptent la dimension hiérarchique mais tiennent à garder leurs distances. Ainsi, nous avons pu observer l'établissement d'un contrat didactique, proche de celui que l'on rencontre dans un contexte institutionnel où les rôles d'enseignant et d'apprenant sont fortement marqués. / This research focuses on the integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the initial training of teachers of French as a Foreign Language and on pedagogical communication. Our work examines the contribution of a telecollaborative project (SLIC: Second Life Interculturel). This project involved students from Université Blaise Pascal (Clermont-Ferrand, France) enrolled in a Master's program in French language teaching using ICT and advanced-level undergraduate students of French from Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburgh, United States). For all SLIC participants, the main objective was the development of intercultural communicative skills through collaborative tasks in the virtual world Second Life. This project was designed to take two important aspects of teacher training into consideration: active and reflexive learning.The aim of this thesis is to understand how students manage to develop pedagogical relationships online when involved in a telecollaborative project using a virtual world and how the teachers in training adopt the role of discussion leader. This study has two goals: firstly, a descriptive one, analyzing tasks and online interactions in order to better understand the actions of participants, as well as the relationships they build. Secondly, this thesis has a praxeological aim since the results allow us to identify some elements for reflection concerning the improvement of ICT integration in teacher training.The Computer-Assisted Language Learning domain provides the theoretical background for this thesis. The latter draws on theoretical foundations in interaction analysis and sociology. We use the interactionnist model of the interpersonal relationship considering two dimensions: a vertical dimension which concerns the rank system (hierarchy vs. equality) and a horizontal dimension (distance vs. closeness).We adopted an ethnographic approach. We collected and structured data into a LEarning and TEaching Corpus (LETEC) in order to analyze them in context. We crossed-analyzed different data types from the perspectives of the participants, adopting a "data first" procedure. First, we studied the context, looking at the students' characteristics, their expectations, the learning design and the way they occupied the interactional space during their working sessions in Second Life. Then, we analyzed their mutual positioning by examining the way in which the participants present themselves and the mutual perceptions they had of the role(s) played by each member of the group. Finally, we studied the gaps between prescription, perception and the realization of two collaborative tasks.Our research allowed us to highlight the complexity of the development of online pedagogical relationships between teachers in training and learners of French. We showed that the teachers in training tended to create a hierarchical relationship while trying to develop some closeness. The learners of French accepted the hierarchical dimension but kept their distances. Hence, we were able to identify the construction of a learning contract very close to what is usually observed in an institutional context in which the roles of the teacher and the student are heavily marked.

De nos jours, la simulation clinique haute-fidélité (SCHF) s’avère une stratégie pédagogique par excellence, étant de plus en plus adoptée par plusieurs établissements d’enseignement nationaux et internationaux en sciences infirmières, et ce, afin de préparer les étudiants à leur future pratique. En dépit des nombreux bienfaits associés à la SCHF, il appert que plusieurs étudiants peuvent ressentir un sentiment de stress, d’angoisse et d’humiliation s’ils ne reçoivent pas l’accompagnement nécessaire de la part de leur formateur dans ce contexte académique. Nonobstant que plusieurs chercheurs infirmiers mettent l’accent sur l’importance du rôle du formateur en contexte de simulation, leurs travaux n’ont pas étudié l’aspect de la relation formateur-étudiants. Pourtant, sa valeur ajoutée a été mise en évidence par de nombreux écrits scientifiques, mais dans d’autres contextes académiques, notamment en classe, en stage clinique et en ligne. De surcroît, ces études n’ont pas précisé la nature de la relation formateur-étudiants, ni l’ont exploré sous une perspective humaniste. Par conséquent, il s’est avéré judicieux d’ajouter le qualificatif « pédagogique » afin de souligner l’aspect éducatif de la relation et le qualificatif « caring » pour désigner son approche humaniste. À la lumière des écrits recensés et à notre connaissance, aucune étude en sciences infirmières n’a exploré ce type de relation en contexte de SCHF. Ainsi, cette recherche doctorale s’est intéressée à décrire et comprendre la signification de l’expérience vécue d’une relation pédagogique de caring (RPC) selon la perception d’étudiants infirmiers du premier cycle universitaire en contexte de SCHF. De plus, cette recherche phénoménologique descriptive a visé l’exploration des facilitateurs, des obstacles et des contributions associées à la RPC dans ledit contexte. L’Investigation Relationnelle Caring (Cara, 1997; Cara et al., 2017), méthode phénoménologique descriptive, a été choisie afin de répondre au but et aux questions de cette recherche. Des entrevues individuelles de type semi-structuré ont été réalisées auprès de 19 étudiants infirmiers, lesquels ont participé à une seconde entrevue visant la validation des récits synthèses issus des verbatim. Inspirée par la pédagogique émancipatoire relationnelle (Hills et Watson, 2011; Hills et al., 2021) comme perspective disciplinaire, l’analyse et l’interprétation des données recueillies ont permis aux cinq eidos-thèmes suivants d’émerger : (1) engagement authentique du formateur à l’égard des étudiants, (2) conscientisation du formateur quant aux barrières au développement de la RPC, (3) mise en œuvre d’un espace d’apprentissage sécuritaire pour les étudiants, (4) cocréation d’une collaboration empreinte de caring entre formateur-étudiants et, (5) nature pédagogique et caring de la relation contribuant à la transformation du processus d’apprentissage. Ces derniers ont favorisé l’émergence de la structure essentielle du phénomène étudié (RPC), laquelle correspond à : « un engagement authentique du formateur favorisant un espace académique sécuritaire dans le but de cocréer une collaboration humaniste avec les étudiants qui vise la transformation de leur processus d’apprentissage en contexte de simulation clinique haute-fidélité ». Cette recherche phénoménologique ajoute au corpus de connaissances en sciences infirmières une nouvelle description et compréhension de la signification de la RPC, mettant en évidence, ses caractéristiques, ses facilitateurs, ses obstacles, de même que ses contributions en contexte de simulation. Nos résultats révèlent que les formateurs jouent un rôle capital pour promouvoir des expériences d’apprentissage enrichissantes chez les étudiants dans ledit contexte. Diverses recommandations, découlant de nos résultats, ont été proposées dans différents domaines de la pratique infirmière, notamment la formation, la recherche, la clinique, la gestion et le volet sociopolitique. Enfin, ces dernières visent à offrir aux parties prenantes des pistes de solution concrètes pour concourir à l’avancement des apprentissages des étudiants et, plus largement, à l’humanisation de la formation infirmière en contexte de simulation. / Nowadays, the high-fidelity clinical simulation (HFCS) is an outstanding pedagogical strategy, which is increasingly being adopted by several national and international nursing institutions in order to prepare students for their future practice. Despite countless advantages pertaining to HFCS, it appears that many students may feel a sense of stress, anguish, and humiliation if they do not receive the necessary support from their educator in this academic context. Notwithstanding the fact that many nursing researchers emphasize the importance of the educator’s role within the context of simulation, their works did not study the aspect of the educator-students relationship. However, its added value has been highlighted by a large amount of scientific papers, but in other academic contexts, notably classroom, clinical and online environments. Moreover, these studies did not specify the nature of the educator-students relationship, nor did they explore it from a humanistic perspective. Consequently, it was appropriate to add the term “pedagogical” to emphasize the educational aspect of this relationship, and the term “caring” to refer to its humanistic approach. Based on the literature and to our knowledge, no nursing study has explored this type of relationship within the context of HFCS. Thus, this doctoral research was interested in describing and understanding the meaning of the lived experience of a caring pedagogical relationship (CPR) according to the perception of undergraduate nursing students in the context of high-fidelity clinical simulation. In addition, this phenomenological descriptive research aimed to explore its facilitators, barriers, as well as contributions from the students’ perspective. The Relational Caring Inquiry (Cara, 1997; Cara et al., 2017), a descriptive phenomenological method, has been selected to meet the purpose and questions of this research. Individual semi-structured interviews were realized with 19 nursing students, who also participated in a second interview to validate the narrative synthesis. Being inspired by the relational emancipatory pedagogy (Hills & Watson, 2011; Hills et al., 2021), as a disciplinary perspective, the analysis and interpretation of the data collected have allowed the following five eidos-themes to emerge: (1) authentic engagement of the educator toward students, (2) Educator’s conscientization regarding barriers to the development of the CPR, (3) implementation of a safe learning space for students, (4) cocreation of a caring collaboration between educator-students and, finally, (5) pedagogical and caring nature of the relationship contributing to the transformation of learning process. They subsequently facilitated the emergence of the essential structure of the studied phenomenon (CPR), which corresponds to: “an authentic engagement of the educator fostering a safe academic space in order to cocreate a humanistic collaboration with students to transform their learning process within the context of high-fidelity clinical simulation”. This research adds to the body of nursing knowledge a new understanding in regard to the meaning of the CPR by highlighting its characteristics, facilitators, barriers, as well as its contributions in the context of simulation. Our results show that educators play a vital role to promote enriching learning experiences among students in the aforementioned context. Various recommendations arising from our findings have been proposed in different domains of nursing, notably education, research, clinical, management, and sociopolitical. Finally, these aim to provide stakeholders with concrete avenues to advance students’ learning and, more broadly, to humanize nursing education in simulation settings.

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