Marketing de lugares se caracteriza como uma ferramenta para a gestão das trocas que ocorrem no âmbito territorial possibilitando o fortalecimento da competitividade e da imagem de uma determinada localidade através da geração e entrega de valor a seus diferentes mercados e da atração de investimentos que assegurem seu desenvolvimento no longo prazo. Neste cenário, esta pesquisa apresenta como objeto de estudo o recife artificial multifuncional, estrutura implantada em ambiente marinho com a finalidade de promover a proteção costeira, aprimorar as condições de surfe e criar novos habitats marinhos. Sob a perspectiva de marketing, o potencial benefício deste programa de ação está ancorado no desenvolvimento do lugar e na entrega de valor aos seus públicos a partir da manutenção da infraestrutura local de forma sustentável, da oferta de lazer aos usuários, do aumento do número de visitantes e do incremento da rede de serviços. Neste contexto, o objetivo da tese é a investigação dos impactos resultantes da implantação do recife artificial multifuncional e da relação entre as bases conceituais do marketing de lugares com suas implicações práticas a fim de incentivar o avanço desta linha de pesquisa, principalmente no Brasil, onde o conhecimento da área se encontra em estágio embrionário. Para tanto, a pesquisa qualitativa exploratória aqui presente se divide em duas partes. A primeira apresenta a revisão teórica abordando o conceito de marketing de lugares e três grandes blocos do marketing para fundamentar o raciocínio: produto, segmentação e posicionamento. A segunda parte desenvolve o estudo de caso da cidade de Gold Coast na Austrália contando com coleta de dados por meio de análise documental e entrevista. Os resultados observados na pesquisa indicam que a implantação do recife artificial multifuncional trouxe uma significativa contribuição para o desenvolvimento de longo prazo da localidade analisada e que grande parte das implicações práticas do marketing de lugares observadas no caso encontra-se alinhada à teoria revisitada. O estudo permite ainda sugerir recomendações para localidades que planejam implantar o recife artificial multifuncional em seus programas de ação. / Place marketing is characterized as a tool for the management of exchanges that take place in the territorial scope thus strengthening competitiveness and image of a particular place by generating and delivering value to its different markets and attracting investments to ensure its development in the long term. In this scenario, this research presents as the object of study the multipurpose artificial reef, a structure implemented in the marine environment in order to promote coastal protection, improve surfing conditions and create new marine habitats. From a marketing perspective, the potential benefit of this action program is anchored in place development and value delivering to its stakeholders, through the maintenance of local infrastructure in a sustainable way, the leisure offer to users, increasing the number of visitors and the enhance in services network. In this sense, the objective of the thesis deals with the investigation of impacts resulting from the implementation of multipurpose artificial reef and the relationship between the conceptual bases of place marketing with its practical implications in order to encourage the advancement of this field of research, especially in Brazil, where knowledge of the area is in the embryonic stage. To that end, the exploratory qualitative research hereby is divided into two parts. The first presents a theoretical review addressing place marketing concept and three major marketing blocks to support the reasoning: product, targeting and positioning. The second part develops the case study of Gold Coast City in Australia relying on data collection through documents analysis and interview. The results from this research indicate that the implementation of the multipurpose artificial reef brought a significant contribution to the long term development of the place in analysis and much of the practical implications of place marketing observed in the case are in line with theory revisited. The study also allows suggesting recommendations for places planning to deploy multipurpose artificial reef in their action programs.

Push- and pull forces are considered the most important motivational factors in driving tourism demand. Push forces are motivational forces that arise due to the individual’s need to travel, while pull forces are destination attributes which pull the traveller to the specific destination and in doing so they satisfy the need of the traveller. Understanding why people travel, how they go about selecting their holiday destination and why one country is preferred to the other, is vital to the continued success of the tourism industry. The needs and wants of travellers are constantly changing, therefore, it is imperative that tourism businesses excel at developing new products and services which are better suited to the needs of consumers. The primary objective of this study was to determine the push- and pull forces that influence outbound destination choice in Nelson Mandela Bay Metropole. The study investigated and analysed how the independent variables (push- and pull factors) influence destination choice (dependent variable). From a comprehensive literature review, a hypothetical model was developed to test the relationships between push-and pull forces and destination choice. Twelve hypotheses were formulated to test the relationship between four push forces, eight pull forces and destination choice. The study sought the perceptions of Nelson Mandela Bay Metropole residents and utitised the quantitative research paradigm. A survey was conducted with the aid of a structured self-administered questionnaire, distributed via e-mail and as a hard copy. A combination of convenience- and snowball sampling was utilised. The final sample comprised 302 respondents. The validity of the measuring instrument was ascertained by using exploratory factor analysis. The Cronbach’s alpha values for reliability were calculated for each of the factors identified during the exploratory factor analysis. The top ten destinations visited and intended to be visited were indicated. United Kingdom was the most visited international destination for both leisure and business purposes, while The United States of America was the most popular international destination to visit next for both leisure and business purposes. Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to test the correlation and significance of the relationships hypothesised between the various independent and dependent variables. Three statistically significant relationships were found between the push forces (physical and stature motivators and destination accessibility) and destination choice. Four statistically significant relationships were found between the pull forces (events, natural attractions, political issues and general infrastructure) and destination choice. The empirical findings further confirmed that an inter-relationship between push- and pull forces within destination choice does exist. However, pull forces influence push forces to a larger extent. Analysis of variance calculations were used to identify if significant relationships exist between the twelve demographic variables and nine reliable and valid independent variables. Furthermore, post-hoc Scheffè tests identified where the significant differences occurred between the different categories. Cohen’s d-values were calculated in order to assess the practical significance of the mean scores. A total of sixteen practical significant relationships were identified. Travel companies should compile travel packages and tours that serve the needs of both leisure- and business travellers. They can use social media as a communication- and promotion tool to entice travellers to specific destinations. The business travel packages should be all inclusive and include transportation, accommodation and even entries to events. The visual aids, utilised within the marketing material, should entice travellers to want to visit these destinations, and outline the favourable general infrastructure available. When marketing outbound destinations, travel service providers must pay attention to demographical variables such as gender, age, ethnical affiliation, income and marital status to compile travel packages that satisfy the needs of specific groups.

Syftet med vårt examensarbete var att undersöka teorier om platsmarknadsföring i en svensk kommun och även undersöka vilken roll invånarna hade i utvecklandet av kärnvärden, som är grundläggande för platsmarknadsföringen. Vi gjorde en kvalitativ studie där vi intervjuade två respondenter och åtta invånare i den skånska kommunen Östra Göinge för att lokalisera information kring vilka kärnvärden kommunen skulle kunna grunda sin platsmarknadsförnig på. Intervjuerna jämfördes sedan med varandra och även med tidigare teoretiska studier inom platsmarknadsföring för att lokalisera tre kärnvärden som vi kunde använda som bas i en riktig marknadsföringskampanj, närmare bestämt en mässmonter. Studiens resultat visade att invånarna och respondenterna hade mycket lika åsikter kring hur Östra Göinge uppfattades och att en platsmarknadsföringskampanj måste grundas i invånarnas åsikter för att kunna lyckas optimalt. / The purpose of this essay was to investigate theories of placemarketing in Swedish municipalities and what role the residents have in the process of development core values, which are essential in placemarketing of municipalities. A qualitative study was made where we interviewed two respondents and eight residents in the Swedish municipal Östra Göinge to retrieve information about which core values the municipality could use in their placemarketing. The interviews where then compared to each other and previous studies in placemarketing to locate three core values that we then used as base in a marketing campaign, more precisely a showcase. The results of the study showed that the respondents and residents had very similar opinions and for a successful placemarketing the core values must have the residents support.

Yes / Residents are pivotal in the competitiveness of tourism destinations. Yet, their role as place-brand ambassadors needs better understanding, particularly in relation to social media, which directly link visitors to residents through user-generated-content (UGC). This paper explores residents’ roles as place-brand ambassadors on Twitter, using the case of Onomichi (Japan), where decreasing population meets economic dependence on tourism. From a content analysis of residents’ tweets, four distinct roles are identified, and corresponding types of content are mapped on a two-dimensional continuum based on direct vs. indirect word-of-mouth and the level of sentiment. Authors discuss implications for Destination Management Organizations (DMOs). Findings highlight the increasingly shifting role of residents towards being primary sources of place-marketing, especially due to social media, and as active proponents (rather than passive targets) of place-branding in the digital age. Such organic place-marketing may be the key to sustaining tourism in the face of rising anti-tourist sentiments worldwide.

This study focuses on the reformation of the cross-border political coalition in the Scandinavian region of Öresund, specifically the re-organization of Öresundskommitteen to Greater Copenhagen & Skåne Committee. Through the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis, the study critically examines the newly advocated regional strategy focusing on international place marketing of the collective brand Greater Copenhagen, underlying power structures and incentives of the reformation as well as the subsequent consequences for the regional development. The result highlights a political shift of focus, from the region in general to Copenhagen in particular, justified by the conviction of growing international competition and the regional core as undisputable ‘growth-machine’ for the whole region. Consequently, local projects can be legitimized as regional concerns, potentially supporting misallocation of regional funds, political and core-periphery polarization.

The discourse on Norrland (literally ‘North land’ in English) as essentially ‘different’ has been(re)produced in literature, politics and science for as long as the idea of ‘Norrland’ has existed. Thus,when investigating the discourse that constructs the identity of Norrland in opposition to a Swedishnational identity, it is important to connect these representations to their contemporary (andchanging) political-economic contexts. The aim of this thesis is to analyze contemporaryrepresentations in news, film, advertising and interviews to show how representations constructstereotypes informed by neoliberal ideals and internationally familiar stereotypes of a traditionalintransigent population positioned in Norrland and a modern and progressive population in theurban South. The findings in this thesis can be summarized as follows. First, Norrland has beenconsistently reproduced, resisted and reworked through various discursive networks and practicesover centuries, as simultaneously authentic and obsolete. Drawing on these discourses makes therepresentations of Norrland in the news become part of a wider discursive network that representsNorrland as an ‘internal other’ within Sweden. Secondly, discourses on Swedish modernity and onneoliberal growth and competition reproduce Norrland and its people as inferior to the rest ofSweden. These representations are reworked and resisted and result in ‘real’ material effects in, forinstance, the news media, place marketing and film. Thirdly, in order to resist these representationsand become part of the ‘modern’, progressive world, places and people need to adjust to neoliberalideals of competitiveness and growth. And, finally, people’s identities are affected by theseneoliberal ideals as they have to relate and react to the representations of different places andpeople and the discourse on the urban as progress. This results in different strategies in theconstruction of narrative identities. I conclude by arguing that these representations serve not onlyas contrasts but also as strategies in the quest to scapegoat certain groups for problems that initiallyoriginated in unequal opportunities and structures of power related to, for instance, ethnicity, class,gender and disabilities – something that is exacerbated by neoliberalist policies and ideologies. Themore pressure is put on individuals and places to produce constant growth, the more certain peopleand places are viewed as ‘unproductive’ and problematic. The problems of depopulation anddiminishing job opportunities in the inland areas of Norrland are thus blamed on the population through the representations of Norrland as an internal ‘other.’ / Away from the periphery – migration, livelihood strategies and place discourse in the periphery of Norrland

Den här uppsatsen handlar om vilken betydelse platsmarknadsföring har för den kommunala fysiska planeringen. Syftet med undersökningen är att redogöra för avsikten, processen och mottagandet av platsmarknadsföring. Studien genomförs genom att undersöka hur Stockholms stad och Solna stad har använt sig av platsmarknadsföring för Hagastaden utifrån olika analysteman. Hagastaden är ett relativt nytt område som ligger mittemellan Stockholm och Solna och vars syfte är att knyta ihop de två kommunerna i ett nytt kluster för life science, vilket innebär att stadsdelen ska bli en vetenskapsstad. Området valdes ut som analysfall eftersom arbetet med platsmarknadsföring har varit en central del i arbetet med förnyelsen av området. De teman som ligger till grund för analysarbetet valdes ut i syfte av att bryta ner den process som ligger bakom marknadsföringen av Hagastaden, vilka mottagare marknadsföringen har nått, eller önskade nå, samt hur platsens identitet påverkats och förändrats av den nya marknadsföringsstrategin. Uppsatsens problemformulering bygger på den ökande användningen av platsmarknadsföring och hur detta påverkar planeringen och dess mottagare. Det finns ofta ett bakomliggande syfte med platsmarknadsföring, vilket är att öka platsens attraktivitet och konkurrenskraftighet. Under de senaste åren har allt fler städer, kommuner och regioner börjat att använda sig utav platsmarknadsföring för att locka till sig investerare, besökare och nya invånare i hopp om att sätta just deras stad/plats på kartan. Varför det är på detta sättet finns det flera teorier bakom, men i den här studien fokuserar vi på globalisering, planeringsprocessen och politik, samt platsmarknadsföringens initiativtagare och mottagare. För att besvara syftet med studien och våra forskningsfrågor undersöker den här studien hur arbetet med platsmarknadsföring av Hagastaden sett ut genom att analysera processen, mottagarna av platsmarknadsföring samt platsens förändrade identitet. Resultatet av den här studien visar att Solna stad och Stockholms stad har använt sig av platsmarknadsföring i flera plandokument som berör projektet Hagastaden. Den gemensamt framtagna visionen om att skapa en modern och innovativ stadsdel har varit vägledande för arbetet, och samarbetet kan sammanfattas som väl fungerande. Det har dock funnits en obalans i beslut och genomförande, sett till de enskilda kommunerna. Projektet har även bestått av en marknadsföring som inte riktat sig lika mot alla målgrupper, vilket också är en komplicerad fråga eftersom många projekt automatiskt kan vara uteslutande beroende på vad som byggs. Det har även skett en drastisk förändring av områdets identitet i och med det koncept som marknadsförts. Det blir intressant att diskutera huruvida platsmarknadsföringen genomförts i en rättvis process, bemött olika målgrupper och kunnat påverka platsen i den utsträckningen som gjorts.

Diploma thesis is focused on marketing strategy of the company. Thesis was created in cooperation with Motor-Car Trenčín s.r.o. company, which is the authorized dealer of the Mercedes-Benz automobiles. The theoretical part is focused on the treatment of the theoretical knowledge. The analytical part of work i sused for the analysis of the company and marketing research. Proposal part of the thesis contains specific proposals to improve the existing marketing strategy of the company in the field of product, price, place and promotion.

<p>Bakgrund: En av de viktigaste förutsättningarna för att Bosnien och Hercegovina ska kunna åstadkomma en hållbar ekonomisk tillväxt, är att landet integreras i världsekonomin och skapar ett klimat som främjar utländska investeringar. Idag råder det hård konkurrens mellan länder när det gäller att attrahera utländska investerare, och det är upp till varje land att utveckla effektiva strategier för att kunna hantera konkurrensen.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad Bosnien och Hercegovina gör för att attrahera utländska direktinvesteringar. Vidare är vårt syfte att studera vilka effekter landets aktiviteter har på utländska investerare.</p><p>Metod: För att uppnå syftet med uppsatsen används en metodtriangulering bestående av intervjuer med experter, en enkätundersökning av utländska företag i Bosnien och Hercegovina, en deltagande observation samt olika rapporter och andra skriftliga källor.</p><p>Resultat och slutsats: Undersökningen visar att Bosnien och Hercegovina har flera fördelar som kan erbjudas till utländska investerare, framförallt naturresurser, men även turismsektorn har potential att utvecklas. Den makroekonomiska stabiliteten upplevs även som mycket fördelaktig. För närvarande finns det däremot fler hinder än fördelar för utländska investerare. Samtliga intervjurespondenter påpekar att den svaga infrastrukturen och den dåliga imagen som landet har i världen, försvårar för utländska investeringar. Faktorer som upplevs som hinder för utländska investerare bottnar främst i det fattiga företagsklimatet och det otillräckliga stödet från regeringen och andra statliga institutioner. Vissa framsteg har gjorts i detta avseende, men för närvarande är det svårt att göra landet konkurrenskraftigt när det gäller att attrahera utländska investerare. Avsaknaden av ett generöst heltäckande incitamentsprogram gör det omöjligt att framhäva de fördelar som finns. Det geografiska läget kan inte utnyttjas med den undermåliga infrastrukturen och de skatteincitamenten som erbjuds får föga effekt när affärsklimatet upplevs som oattraktivt med krångliga regler och långa procedurer. Detta beror på att landets tillgångar inte är identifierade och att få resurser används för att utveckla effektiva strategier för att marknadsföra dem. Uppgiften att förbättra landets image blir därför svår med de förutsättningar som ges.</p> / <p>Background: To become an economically self-sustainable country Bosnia and Herzegovina needs to create the necessary conditions for an accelerated economic recovery, an integration in the world economy and to create a business environment that promotes FDI. Because of the hard competition among countries there is a need to enhance the capacity to attract FDI. Each country has to develop efficient strategies in order to be competitive.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to examine what Bosnia and Herzegovina does to attract FDI and to identify those factors that are important in determining investment decisions and that influence the environment for conducting business in Bosnia and Herzegovina.</p><p>Method: In order to attain the purpose of the essay the authors have used a triangulation of methods consisting interviews with experts, a survey of companies that have made foreign investments in Bosnia and Herzegovina and a participant observation.</p><p>Results and Conclusions: The study identifies several available advantages for foreign investors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is a potential in industries based on natural resources, but there is also a potential for tourism. The macroeconomic stability is also seen as an advantage for the country. The results of the study also show that there are many obstacles for foreign investors. The interview respondents saw the undeveloped infrastructure and the bad image of the country as factors that aggravate the possibility to attract FDI into the country. The poor business environment and the weak support given from the government and other public institutions have been identified as those factors that mainly influence investment decisions negatively. Progresses have been made in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but not enough to be strongly competitive when it comes to attracting FDI. The lack of a general incentive program makes it difficult to emphasise the existing advantages. The weak infrastructure makes it hard to promote the favourable geographic position, and the tax incentives that are offered can hardly be used to attract FDI, because of the unattractive business climate with long administrative procedures. The assets in Bosnia and Herzegovina have not been recognized and there is no general strategy to promote them. Because of these conditions it’s difficult to improve the image of the country.</p>

Bakgrund: En av de viktigaste förutsättningarna för att Bosnien och Hercegovina ska kunna åstadkomma en hållbar ekonomisk tillväxt, är att landet integreras i världsekonomin och skapar ett klimat som främjar utländska investeringar. Idag råder det hård konkurrens mellan länder när det gäller att attrahera utländska investerare, och det är upp till varje land att utveckla effektiva strategier för att kunna hantera konkurrensen. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad Bosnien och Hercegovina gör för att attrahera utländska direktinvesteringar. Vidare är vårt syfte att studera vilka effekter landets aktiviteter har på utländska investerare. Metod: För att uppnå syftet med uppsatsen används en metodtriangulering bestående av intervjuer med experter, en enkätundersökning av utländska företag i Bosnien och Hercegovina, en deltagande observation samt olika rapporter och andra skriftliga källor. Resultat och slutsats: Undersökningen visar att Bosnien och Hercegovina har flera fördelar som kan erbjudas till utländska investerare, framförallt naturresurser, men även turismsektorn har potential att utvecklas. Den makroekonomiska stabiliteten upplevs även som mycket fördelaktig. För närvarande finns det däremot fler hinder än fördelar för utländska investerare. Samtliga intervjurespondenter påpekar att den svaga infrastrukturen och den dåliga imagen som landet har i världen, försvårar för utländska investeringar. Faktorer som upplevs som hinder för utländska investerare bottnar främst i det fattiga företagsklimatet och det otillräckliga stödet från regeringen och andra statliga institutioner. Vissa framsteg har gjorts i detta avseende, men för närvarande är det svårt att göra landet konkurrenskraftigt när det gäller att attrahera utländska investerare. Avsaknaden av ett generöst heltäckande incitamentsprogram gör det omöjligt att framhäva de fördelar som finns. Det geografiska läget kan inte utnyttjas med den undermåliga infrastrukturen och de skatteincitamenten som erbjuds får föga effekt när affärsklimatet upplevs som oattraktivt med krångliga regler och långa procedurer. Detta beror på att landets tillgångar inte är identifierade och att få resurser används för att utveckla effektiva strategier för att marknadsföra dem. Uppgiften att förbättra landets image blir därför svår med de förutsättningar som ges. / Background: To become an economically self-sustainable country Bosnia and Herzegovina needs to create the necessary conditions for an accelerated economic recovery, an integration in the world economy and to create a business environment that promotes FDI. Because of the hard competition among countries there is a need to enhance the capacity to attract FDI. Each country has to develop efficient strategies in order to be competitive. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to examine what Bosnia and Herzegovina does to attract FDI and to identify those factors that are important in determining investment decisions and that influence the environment for conducting business in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Method: In order to attain the purpose of the essay the authors have used a triangulation of methods consisting interviews with experts, a survey of companies that have made foreign investments in Bosnia and Herzegovina and a participant observation. Results and Conclusions: The study identifies several available advantages for foreign investors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There is a potential in industries based on natural resources, but there is also a potential for tourism. The macroeconomic stability is also seen as an advantage for the country. The results of the study also show that there are many obstacles for foreign investors. The interview respondents saw the undeveloped infrastructure and the bad image of the country as factors that aggravate the possibility to attract FDI into the country. The poor business environment and the weak support given from the government and other public institutions have been identified as those factors that mainly influence investment decisions negatively. Progresses have been made in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but not enough to be strongly competitive when it comes to attracting FDI. The lack of a general incentive program makes it difficult to emphasise the existing advantages. The weak infrastructure makes it hard to promote the favourable geographic position, and the tax incentives that are offered can hardly be used to attract FDI, because of the unattractive business climate with long administrative procedures. The assets in Bosnia and Herzegovina have not been recognized and there is no general strategy to promote them. Because of these conditions it’s difficult to improve the image of the country.