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Thesis advisor: Thomas H. Groome / The unprecedented degrees and forms of injustice and inequality found in the world today call for renewed concern to educate for justice derived from critical reflection on the complexities of our present social reality. Responding to this pressing need, this dissertation is built on the premise that the central criterion of Christian living in the contemporary world should be the pursuit of justice; in this pursuit, the role of Christian religious education, in a life-giving way, is more crucial than ever. This dissertation seeks a theological rationale and a pedagogical approach that promote a critical social consciousness and a commitment to work for justice out of compassion as prompted by Christian faith. Grounded in Jesus’s vision of the Reign of God, the Christian faith should attest that compassion and justice are integral to each other; justice must always be realized through compassion, and compassion ever needs to reach into the works of justice. Affirming such compassion-motivated justice in the Christian faith as care for others and commitment to the common good, this dissertation offers a reflective discourse and aims to renew an educational vision of being fully human in terms of the pursuit of justice. Rather than a theoretical delving into the definition of justice as an abstract concept, this dissertation addresses the questions of why justice matters, what justice should be sought in our historical context from a Christian perspective, and what crucial role Christian religious education can play in this quest. Chapter 1 investigates the hindrances to education for justice in faith found both in our sociocultural context and in distortedly shaped Christian faith. The following three chapters explore the constituent aspects of compassion-motivated justice in Christian faith in terms of partiality, emotion, and agency. These are in contrast with three tendencies commonly associated with understanding justice—impartiality, undue rationality, and impersonal principles— respectively. Chapter 2 emphasizes Jesus’ vision of the Reign of God as the foundation for Christians’ pursuit of justice and the contemporary theological attentiveness to the reality of unjust suffering. Chapter 3 discusses the possibility of compassionate anger in the face of social injustice as a constructive force for commitment to the work of justice. Particularly drawing upon John Wesley’s thought, Chapter 4 examines Methodism’s unique understanding of human agency in a dialectic relationship with God’s grace, and with emphasis on a person’s authenticity and integrity in seeking social transformation. Chapter 5 searches for a pedagogical approach to shape Christians’ commitments to the work of compassionate justice by promoting a way of knowing as praxis with which to integrate personal and social transformations in a life of lived Christian faith. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Religious Education and Pastoral Ministry.

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In compliance with NCLB, states receiving Title I funding were to ensure that all teachers of core subject areas, including foreign languages, were highly qualified by the end of the 2005-2006 academic year. Given that 44 states assess teacher quality through The Praxis Series tests, and 32 of these rely on one of the Praxis II subject-matter tests to gauge foreign language competency (ETS, 2010a), research examining the perspectives of teacher candidates and faculty members regarding these licensure tests is needed. The purposes of this study were to (a) examine the perspectives of teacher candidates and faculty members regarding the Praxis II, (b) determine how their unique perspectives were influenced by their own classroom experiences as language learners, and (c) consider how the Praxis II experience might contribute to curricular reform including suggestions for altering pedagogical strategies, coursework, and the requirement of additional exposure to the target language independent of the four-walled classroom. Lortie’s (1975) framework of “apprenticeship of observation” (p. 61) provides a context to understand the perspectives of the Praxis II tests for licensure in foreign languages. The data revealed that three categories of Spanish teacher candidates emerged: (a) Confident Completer, (b) Surprised Prevailers, and (c) Frustrated Disregarders and each group prepared differently for the Praxis II as a result of their experiences in the language classroom as apprentice observers. Faculty members offered both similar and different perspectives of the Praxis II than did teacher candidates. Data suggested that the Praxis II can also serve to alter the behavior of teacher candidates and faculty members which may improve foreign language teacher preparation. Suggestions including course development and instructional strategies are included to assist teacher candidates in meeting the expectations of the Praxis II.

Essän handlar om hur min bildningsresa har gått från en förort till Stockholm och vad som hänt mig på min bildningsresa till Linnéuniversitetet. Från betong till en grönskande stad. Funderingar om tyst kunskap och mitt yrkeskunnande som lärare och pedagog och vad som hänt under vägen och vad som påverkat mina val.

[pt] A reivindicação que Gadamer faz de um caráter prático para a hermenêutica filosófica se deve, em grande parte, a uma releitura da filosofia prática de Aristóteles - tendo como principal referência o livro VI da Ética a Nicômaco - fortemente influenciada pela leitura ontológica proposta por Martin Heidegger. A retomada das noções aristotélicas, principalmente, de práxis e phronesis, oferece a Gadamer a possibilidade de realçar uma implicação ético-política no cerne da questão da compreensão. Esta última passará a ser pensada nos termos da interpretaçãoaplicação que ocorre no âmbito da vida prática, onde toda compreensão encontra-se operante enquanto dimensão fundamental de todo lidar com as coisas. Por essa razão, a relação entre hermenêutica e práxis abre um âmbito de reflexão e discussão que tem como principal objetivo um engajamento em defesa da razão prática, em detrimento da consideração de que toda racionalidade deve se apresentar, fundamentalmente, como lógico-científica. Deste modo, visamos com este trabalho refletir sobre a questão da práxis tal como pensada por Gadamer, apontando para uma pretensão filosófica fundamental: a defesa de uma universalidade para sua ontologia da compreensão. Para Gadamer, pensar uma hermenêutica filosófica é pensar a experiência universal de compreensão mútua que é inseparável do acontecer da vida em comum. É este o âmbito, a um só tempo, compreensivo e prático da sua hermenêutica filosófica. / [en] Gadamer s claim of a practical character involved in philosophical hermeneutics is based, to a large extent, on a rereading of Aristotle s practical philosophy - having as a main reference, the sixth book of the Nicomachean Ethics - strongly influenced by Heidegger s ontological reading of Aristotle. The reappropriation of Aristotelian concepts, mainly, of praxis and phronesis, offers the possibility of bringing to light the existence of an ethical-political implication within the center of the question of understanding. Such a question turns to be thought in terms of the happening of interpretation-application that takes place in the scope of practical life where all understanding finds itself already operative in the commerce with things in general. In this way, the relation between hermeneutics and praxis opens a scope of reflection and discussion that has, as a main objective, an engagement in favor of practical reason, in contrast with logical-scientific arguments. In this way, our aim in this work is to approach the question of praxis such as thought by Gadamer, in the light of a basic philosophical aim: his claim of universality to his ontology of understanding. For Gadamer, the thought of philosophical hermeneutics is the thought of the universal experience of mutual understanding that is inseparable from the happening of communitarian life. Such a realm is, the comprehensive as well as practical one of his philosophical hermeneutics.

[pt] A presente dissertação de mestrado tem como tema de investigação dois dos principais aspectos da poesia trágica do mundo grego antigo apontados pela reflexão desenvolvida por Aristóteles, na Poética: a noção de mimesis, que figura na própria definição da poesia trágica - tragédia é mimesis de ação - e a natureza da ação da qual a poesia trágica é mimesis; ou seja, o quê constitui uma ação verdadeiramente trágica. Com isso, o que procuramos foi a afirmação, não apenas da grandeza do olhar lançado por Aristóteles sobre a poesia trágica e o modo original como a tratou ao considerá-la enquanto um domínio próprio, enquanto um Cosmos, mas, sobretudo, a afirmação da Poética de Aristóteles, não obstante o seu caráter fragmentário, como obra originária de uma significativa reflexão acerca da essência da poesia trágica. / [en] The present dissertation investigates two of the most important aspects of ancient Greek poetry examined by Aristotle in the Poetics: the concept of mimesis, which constitutes part of the definition of tragic poetry - tragedy is mimesis of action - and the nature of the action of which tragic poetry is mimesis; what comprises a truly tragic action. Thus the aim was to affirm, not only the greatness of the ideas about tragic poetry that Aristotle proposed and the originality with which he treated the subject as independent of other forms, like a Cosmos, but also, above all, to affirm that Aristotle s Poetics, despite its fragmentary nature, could be thought as the first significant reflection about the essence of tragic poetry.

Esta pesquisa investigou a abordagem dada à práxis educativa nas pesquisas em Educação Ambiental Crítica, desenvolvidas em teses de doutorado e dissertações de mestrado inseridas no Banco de Teses do Projeto EArte. Este Projeto, o qual é o contexto mais amplo desta pesquisa, propõe-se a realizar um estudo do estado da arte da pesquisa em Educação Ambiental no Brasil desde 2008, envolvendo pesquisadores de cinco instituições universitárias brasileiras. A práxis educativa é uma dimensão fundamental na perspectiva crítica da Educação Ambiental (EA), realizando-se na unidade dialógica e/ou dialética entre teoria e prática, sujeito e objeto, sociedade e natureza e natureza e cultura, conforme autores da perspectiva crítica da educação ambiental. Por meio de uma análise documental das teses e dissertações em Educação Ambiental Crítica, em uma abordagem qualitativa da pesquisa educacional, esta pesquisa identificou e analisou 23 teses e dissertações deste Banco de Teses. Inicialmente, o corpus documental desta pesquisa foi analisado a partir de suas Fichas de Classificação, trazendo dados importantes sobre aspectos autorais, institucionais e de pesquisa destes trabalhos, permitindo caracterizá-los. Um mapeamento das principais referências teóricas relativas à abordagem da práxis educativa em cada um destes trabalhos foi também realizado. Em seguida, verificou-se, em cada trabalho, como o termo práxis/práxis educativa foi abordado, obtendo um panorama geral destas pesquisas, o que nos permitiu selecionar alguns trabalhos para uma leitura e análise mais aprofundada de suas versões completas. O referencial teórico do presente estudo foi construído, partindo do conceito de práxis em Marx e autores marxistas, passando pelos autores da perspectiva crítica da Educação, até chegar aos autores da perspectiva crítica da Educação Ambiental, a fim de compreender como este conceito de práxis foi sendo transposto nestes diferentes contextos até chegar nestas teses e dissertações em EAC. Como resultado desta análise, verificou-se uma multiplicidade de formas de abordagem da práxis/práxis educativa nesses trabalhos, trazendo diferentes implicações para a prática pedagógica em EA e contribuindo para uma diversidade de produção no campo da pesquisa em EA. / This research investigated the approach given to educational praxis in research in Critical Environmental Education, developed in doctoral theses and dissertations inserted in the Thesis Bank of the EArte Project. This project, which is the broader context of this research, proposes to carry out a study of the state of the art of research in Environmental Education in Brazil since 2008, involving researchers from five Brazilian university institutions. The educational praxis is a fundamental dimension in the critical perspective of Environmental Education (EA), taking place in the dialogical and / or dialectical unity between theory and practice, subject and object, society and nature and nature and culture, as authors of the critical perspective of environmental education. Through a documentary analysis of theses and dissertations in Critical Environmental Education, in a qualitative approach to educational research, this research identified and analyzed 23 theses and dissertations of this Bank of Theses. Initially, the documentary corpus of this research was analyzed from its Classification Sheets, bringing important data about the authors\', institutional and research aspects of these works, allowing them to be characterized. A mapping of the main theoretical references regarding the approach to educational praxis in each of these works was also carried out. Then, in each work, the term praxis / educational praxis was approached, obtaining an overview of these researches, which allowed us to select some works for a more detailed reading and analysis of their complete versions. The theoretical framework of the present study was constructed, starting from the concept of praxis in Marx and Marxist authors, passing through the authors of the critical perspective of Education, until reaching the authors of the critical perspective of Environmental Education, in order to understand how this concept of praxis was being transposed in these different contexts until arriving at these theses and dissertations in EAC. As a result of this analysis, there was a multiplicity of ways of approaching the praxis / educational praxis in these works, bringing different implications for the pedagogical practice in AE and contributing to a diversity of production in the field of AE research.

Esta pesquisa investigou a abordagem dada à práxis educativa nas pesquisas em Educação Ambiental Crítica, desenvolvidas em teses de doutorado e dissertações de mestrado inseridas no Banco de Teses do Projeto EArte. Este Projeto, o qual é o contexto mais amplo desta pesquisa, propõe-se a realizar um estudo do estado da arte da pesquisa em Educação Ambiental no Brasil desde 2008, envolvendo pesquisadores de cinco instituições universitárias brasileiras. A práxis educativa é uma dimensão fundamental na perspectiva crítica da Educação Ambiental (EA), realizando-se na unidade dialógica e/ou dialética entre teoria e prática, sujeito e objeto, sociedade e natureza e natureza e cultura, conforme autores da perspectiva crítica da educação ambiental. Por meio de uma análise documental das teses e dissertações em Educação Ambiental Crítica, em uma abordagem qualitativa da pesquisa educacional, esta pesquisa identificou e analisou 23 teses e dissertações deste Banco de Teses. Inicialmente, o corpus documental desta pesquisa foi analisado a partir de suas Fichas de Classificação, trazendo dados importantes sobre aspectos autorais, institucionais e de pesquisa destes trabalhos, permitindo caracterizá-los. Um mapeamento das principais referências teóricas relativas à abordagem da práxis educativa em cada um destes trabalhos foi também realizado. Em seguida, verificou-se, em cada trabalho, como o termo práxis/práxis educativa foi abordado, obtendo um panorama geral destas pesquisas, o que nos permitiu selecionar alguns trabalhos para uma leitura e análise mais aprofundada de suas versões completas. O referencial teórico do presente estudo foi construído, partindo do conceito de práxis em Marx e autores marxistas, passando pelos autores da perspectiva crítica da Educação, até chegar aos autores da perspectiva crítica da Educação Ambiental, a fim de compreender como este conceito de práxis foi sendo transposto nestes diferentes contextos até chegar nestas teses e dissertações em EAC. Como resultado desta análise, verificou-se uma multiplicidade de formas de abordagem da práxis/práxis educativa nesses trabalhos, trazendo diferentes implicações para a prática pedagógica em EA e contribuindo para uma diversidade de produção no campo da pesquisa em EA. / This research investigated the approach given to educational praxis in research in Critical Environmental Education, developed in doctoral theses and dissertations inserted in the Thesis Bank of the EArte Project. This project, which is the broader context of this research, proposes to carry out a study of the state of the art of research in Environmental Education in Brazil since 2008, involving researchers from five Brazilian university institutions. The educational praxis is a fundamental dimension in the critical perspective of Environmental Education (EA), taking place in the dialogical and / or dialectical unity between theory and practice, subject and object, society and nature and nature and culture, as authors of the critical perspective of environmental education. Through a documentary analysis of theses and dissertations in Critical Environmental Education, in a qualitative approach to educational research, this research identified and analyzed 23 theses and dissertations of this Bank of Theses. Initially, the documentary corpus of this research was analyzed from its Classification Sheets, bringing important data about the authors\', institutional and research aspects of these works, allowing them to be characterized. A mapping of the main theoretical references regarding the approach to educational praxis in each of these works was also carried out. Then, in each work, the term praxis / educational praxis was approached, obtaining an overview of these researches, which allowed us to select some works for a more detailed reading and analysis of their complete versions. The theoretical framework of the present study was constructed, starting from the concept of praxis in Marx and Marxist authors, passing through the authors of the critical perspective of Education, until reaching the authors of the critical perspective of Environmental Education, in order to understand how this concept of praxis was being transposed in these different contexts until arriving at these theses and dissertations in EAC. As a result of this analysis, there was a multiplicity of ways of approaching the praxis / educational praxis in these works, bringing different implications for the pedagogical practice in AE and contributing to a diversity of production in the field of AE research.

Das Thema Technik spielt bei der frühen Philosophie Heideggers eine entscheidende Rolle, paradigmatisch zu sehen an der Analyse des Zeuggebrauchs in Sein und Zeit und in dem Wek Phänomenologische Interpretationen zu Aristoteles. Man kann sogar von einer impliziten Technikphilosophie in den frühen Vorlesungen von Freiburg und Marburg sprechen. Der rote Faden meiner Arbeit durchläuft die Rekonstruktion der phänomenologisch-hermeneutischen Wurzeln des Technikhermeneutik-Paradigmas. Das Denken Martin Heideggers über die technische Praxis kann im Lichte der frühen hermeneutischen Phänomenologie entziffert werden. Die sog. Ontologisierung der Praxis des frühen Heideggers erlaubt uns die technische Praxis besser zu erklären und zu verstehen. Eine Begründung der Technik muss die Möglichkeitsbedingung technischen Handelns thematisieren. Handeln ist keine Anwendung theoretischen Wissens im Mittel-Zweck-Schema. Es geht um eine pragmatische Wende der Phänomenologie. Die Technik besteht nicht prinzipiell aus Geräten und Artefakten, sondern aus Gebrauch, Praxis und Potential. Das Verhältnis von Mitteln und Zwecken darf nicht verkürzt werden, weil wir das Mittel-Zweck-Schema in einer Bewandtnisganzheit erfahren. Diese heideggersche Betrachtung der technischen Praxis gilt als eine Subversion der traditionellen Handlungstheorie. Die Analyse situativen Handelns und Wissens ermöglicht einen neuen Ansatzpunkt für die Technikphilosophie. Diese phänomenologische Auffassung Heideggers hat Konsequenzen für die begriffliche Rekonstruktion der technischen Praxis und damit für die Technikphilosophie überhaupt.