This thesis deals with shares in companies representing participation rate of the shareholder in a company and his rights and duties resulting from. At first I analyse establishing and regime of companies. Then I deal with kinds of shares in company limited by quarantee and private limited company. Finally, I focus on profit share, settlement and liquidating share. The aim is to analyse new Czech legislation.

Cette thèse étudie la valorisation des prêts en fonction du risque de crédit, du coût de liquidité et de l’option de prépaiement. Un prêt émis par une banque pour un de ses clients corporate est un accord financier qui est souvent plus flexible qu’un prêt au particulier. Ces options permettent ainsi de répondre aux attentes de leur client, par exemple avec l’option de prépaiement qui permet au client, s’il le souhaite, rembourser par anticipation une partie ou l’intégralité de son emprunt.Le prépaiement est la principale option et il fait l’objet d’une étude dans cette thèse. Afin de décider si l’exercice de l’option est profitable l’emprunteur compare les paiements restants avec le montant restant dû de son prêt. Si la somme des paiements restants est supérieure au montant nominal alors il est optimal pour l’emprunteur de refinancer sa dette à un taux d’intérêt inférieur. Pour une banque, l’option de prépaiement est essentiellement un risque de réinvestissement, ie. le risque qu’un emprunteur décide de prépayer et que la banque ne puisse pas réinvestir son excès de liquidité dans un nouveau prêt avec les mêmes caractéristiques.La résolution du problème de l’option de prépaiement peut être modélisée comme une option américaine sur la dette de l’emprunteur. Nous avons choisi dans cette thèse de valoriser le prix d’un prêt et de son option de prépaiement par une résolution d’un modèle EDP plutôt qu’un modèle d’arbres binomiaux (chronophage) ou que des techniques de Monte-Carlo (problème de convergence). / This PhD thesis investigates the pricing of a corporate loan according to the credit risk, the liquidity cost and the embedded prepayment option. A loan contract issued by a bank for its corporate clients is a financial agreement that often comes with more flexibility than a retail loan contract. These options are designed to meet clients’ expectations and can include e.g., a prepayment option (which entitles the client, if he desires so, to pay all or a fraction of its loan earlier than the maturity). The prepayment is the main option and it will be study in this thesis. In order to decide whether the exercise of the option is worthwhile the borrower compares the remaining payments with the outstanding amount of the loan. If the remaining payments exceed the nominal value then it is optimal for the borrower to refinance his debt at a lower rate. For a bank, the prepayment option is essentially a reinvestment risk, i.e. the risk that the borrower decides to repay earlier his/her loan and that the bank cannot reinvest his/her excess of cash in a new loan with same characteristics.The valuation problem of the prepayment option can be modelled as an embedded compound American option on a risky debt owned by the borrower. We choose in this thesis to price a loan and its prepayment option by resolving the associated PDE instead of binomial trees (time-consuming) or Monte Carlo techniques (slow to converge).

The first two chapters are dedicated to the modeling and implementation of a stock-flow consistent framework that incorporates real estate as an asset in the portfolio of the household. The third chapter investigates the main determinants of mortgage repayment of Canadian households. This first chapter presents a five-sector stock-flow consistency growth model where the portfolio decision of the households includes their choice of how much real estate they are interested in holding. The primary aim of the chapter is to model the housing market using the stock-flow consistent approach to explain the current global financial problem triggered by the housing market. The model is then simulated to predict the behaviour of various variables and propose appropriate solutions to the financial problem in the hope of returning the economy to a suitable equilibrium. Households' portfolio consists of money deposits, bills, bank equities and real estate. The other sectors that interact with the household sector are the production firms, the banks, the central bank and the government. Aside from the household sector, the banking sector ends up holding some real estate equivalent to the amount of mortgages defaulted by the households. The supply of real estate from the production sector is therefore augmented by the additional ones held by the banks. The second chapter presents the implementation of the stock-flow consistency model of first chapter. The purpose of the chapter is to run a simulation of the model and experiment with shocks to determine the path of the economic variables of the model. Another objective in performing the experiments is to find policies for mitigating the housing crisis. The model is implemented using the Eviews computer modeling software and runs until a stationary steady state is achieved. Various shocks are applied to the baseline stationary state. The results of the monetary policy show that the mortgage rate shock is more effective in influencing the growth rate of the economy as well as controlling the real estate market. Government fiscal policy is also effective in regulating the housing market. A one-period temporary fiscal policy shock is even capable of generating permanent long run growth effects. Household expectations in future housing price increases or future high rates of housing returns have the effect of heating the real estate market without comparable increases in economic growth. Policy makers must keep these expectations in check. The third chapter analyzes the determinants of mortgage repayment options in Canada. With the freedom that comes with being debt-free and owning a home one will assume that households pay off their mortgages as soon as possible. However, there are factors that inhibit households from carrying out these payoffs. The study uses Canadian micro-level data to examine factors that drive households to default, prepay or continue to make regular mortgage payments. The research methodology uses multinomial (polytomous) logistic regression analyzes. The empirical results establish that the traditional mortgage related predictor variables for repayment are statistically significant with the expected signs. The results relating to the provinces are not significantly different from each other. The results did not however provide any significance in relation to mortgage rates and the number of children in the household.

The first two chapters are dedicated to the modeling and implementation of a stock-flow consistent framework that incorporates real estate as an asset in the portfolio of the household. The third chapter investigates the main determinants of mortgage repayment of Canadian households. This first chapter presents a five-sector stock-flow consistency growth model where the portfolio decision of the households includes their choice of how much real estate they are interested in holding. The primary aim of the chapter is to model the housing market using the stock-flow consistent approach to explain the current global financial problem triggered by the housing market. The model is then simulated to predict the behaviour of various variables and propose appropriate solutions to the financial problem in the hope of returning the economy to a suitable equilibrium. Households' portfolio consists of money deposits, bills, bank equities and real estate. The other sectors that interact with the household sector are the production firms, the banks, the central bank and the government. Aside from the household sector, the banking sector ends up holding some real estate equivalent to the amount of mortgages defaulted by the households. The supply of real estate from the production sector is therefore augmented by the additional ones held by the banks. The second chapter presents the implementation of the stock-flow consistency model of first chapter. The purpose of the chapter is to run a simulation of the model and experiment with shocks to determine the path of the economic variables of the model. Another objective in performing the experiments is to find policies for mitigating the housing crisis. The model is implemented using the Eviews computer modeling software and runs until a stationary steady state is achieved. Various shocks are applied to the baseline stationary state. The results of the monetary policy show that the mortgage rate shock is more effective in influencing the growth rate of the economy as well as controlling the real estate market. Government fiscal policy is also effective in regulating the housing market. A one-period temporary fiscal policy shock is even capable of generating permanent long run growth effects. Household expectations in future housing price increases or future high rates of housing returns have the effect of heating the real estate market without comparable increases in economic growth. Policy makers must keep these expectations in check. The third chapter analyzes the determinants of mortgage repayment options in Canada. With the freedom that comes with being debt-free and owning a home one will assume that households pay off their mortgages as soon as possible. However, there are factors that inhibit households from carrying out these payoffs. The study uses Canadian micro-level data to examine factors that drive households to default, prepay or continue to make regular mortgage payments. The research methodology uses multinomial (polytomous) logistic regression analyzes. The empirical results establish that the traditional mortgage related predictor variables for repayment are statistically significant with the expected signs. The results relating to the provinces are not significantly different from each other. The results did not however provide any significance in relation to mortgage rates and the number of children in the household.

This PhD thesis investigates the pricing of a corporate loan according to the credit risk, the liquidity cost and the embedded prepayment option. A loan contract issued by a bank for its corporate clients is a financial agreement that often comes with more flexibility than a retail loan contract. These options are designed to meet clients' expectations and can include e.g., a prepayment option (which entitles the client, if he desires so, to pay all or a fraction of its loan earlier than the maturity). The prepayment is the main option and it will be study in this thesis. In order to decide whether the exercise of the option is worthwhile the borrower compares the remaining payments with the outstanding amount of the loan. If the remaining payments exceed the nominal value then it is optimal for the borrower to refinance his debt at a lower rate. For a bank, the prepayment option is essentially a reinvestment risk, i.e. the risk that the borrower decides to repay earlier his/her loan and that the bank cannot reinvest his/her excess of cash in a new loan with same characteristics.The valuation problem of the prepayment option can be modelled as an embedded compound American option on a risky debt owned by the borrower. We choose in this thesis to price a loan and its prepayment option by resolving the associated PDE instead of binomial trees (time-consuming) or Monte Carlo techniques (slow to converge).

The first two chapters are dedicated to the modeling and implementation of a stock-flow consistent framework that incorporates real estate as an asset in the portfolio of the household. The third chapter investigates the main determinants of mortgage repayment of Canadian households. This first chapter presents a five-sector stock-flow consistency growth model where the portfolio decision of the households includes their choice of how much real estate they are interested in holding. The primary aim of the chapter is to model the housing market using the stock-flow consistent approach to explain the current global financial problem triggered by the housing market. The model is then simulated to predict the behaviour of various variables and propose appropriate solutions to the financial problem in the hope of returning the economy to a suitable equilibrium. Households' portfolio consists of money deposits, bills, bank equities and real estate. The other sectors that interact with the household sector are the production firms, the banks, the central bank and the government. Aside from the household sector, the banking sector ends up holding some real estate equivalent to the amount of mortgages defaulted by the households. The supply of real estate from the production sector is therefore augmented by the additional ones held by the banks. The second chapter presents the implementation of the stock-flow consistency model of first chapter. The purpose of the chapter is to run a simulation of the model and experiment with shocks to determine the path of the economic variables of the model. Another objective in performing the experiments is to find policies for mitigating the housing crisis. The model is implemented using the Eviews computer modeling software and runs until a stationary steady state is achieved. Various shocks are applied to the baseline stationary state. The results of the monetary policy show that the mortgage rate shock is more effective in influencing the growth rate of the economy as well as controlling the real estate market. Government fiscal policy is also effective in regulating the housing market. A one-period temporary fiscal policy shock is even capable of generating permanent long run growth effects. Household expectations in future housing price increases or future high rates of housing returns have the effect of heating the real estate market without comparable increases in economic growth. Policy makers must keep these expectations in check. The third chapter analyzes the determinants of mortgage repayment options in Canada. With the freedom that comes with being debt-free and owning a home one will assume that households pay off their mortgages as soon as possible. However, there are factors that inhibit households from carrying out these payoffs. The study uses Canadian micro-level data to examine factors that drive households to default, prepay or continue to make regular mortgage payments. The research methodology uses multinomial (polytomous) logistic regression analyzes. The empirical results establish that the traditional mortgage related predictor variables for repayment are statistically significant with the expected signs. The results relating to the provinces are not significantly different from each other. The results did not however provide any significance in relation to mortgage rates and the number of children in the household.

This master's thesis desribes the import process of aggregate invoices and prepayments into the gas trader's SAP IS-U information system. It explains some of the essential SAP terms and contains an analysis of final product requirements. Additionally, it concerns the implementation of the designed solution itself and describes achieved results. In conclusion, it mentions possible extensions.

La thématique de la précarité énergétique suscite un intérêt grandissant de la sphère économique, politique et sociale. Cette thèse en sciences économiques porte sur la représentation et l’analyse des interactions de trois postes fondamentaux dans les dépenses contraintes des ménages à savoir la santé, le logement, et l’énergie afin de faire apparaître des leviers pertinents pour la mise en place d’action de lutte contre la précarité énergétique. Celle-ci propose une analyse théorique et analytique originale, en abordant d’une part ce phénomène en termes d’équité permettant de mettre en exergue l’existence d’inégalités, justifiant ainsi la mise en place de mesures complémentaires, voire nouvelles, en faveur d’une plus grande équité entre individus concernant le bien énergie. D’autre part, la caractérisation de la dynamique de ce phénomène dispense de précieuses informations sur le type de mesures (i.e., aides au paiement de factures, modes de paiement de facture innovants, aides à la rénovation du logement) pouvant être mises en place pour contrecarrer ce phénomène, et ainsi participer à la poursuite des objectifs d’équité sous-jacents. Ensuite, l’analyse des conséquences de la précarité énergétique sur d’autres dimensions que celles faisant référence à l’énergie (i.e., santé) permet d’interpeller les décideurs politiques sur son aspect multidimensionnel et poreux avec d’autres dimensions de la précarité sociale. Ce phénomène est être un vecteur concourant à l’aggravation d’autres inégalités (i.e., inégalités de santé), pouvant ainsi compromettre la poursuite de l’objectif d’équité des décideurs publics. Enfin, l’étude de nouveaux moyens de paiement innovants du bien énergie (i.e., prépaiement), à moindres coûts, permet d’identifier le prépaiement comme un outil pouvant contribuer à l’atteinte des objectifs respectivement d’équité horizontale et verticale. / The topic of fuel poverty has generated an increasing interest in the economic, political and social spheres. This economics thesis examines the measurement and analysis of the interactions between three fundamental indicators of forced household expenses in terms of health, housing, and energy to identify the relevant factors needed for the implementation of actions that address and prevent fuel poverty. This paper presents an original theoretical and analytical study that investigates this phenomenon first in terms of equity, highlighting the existence of disparities and justifying the implementation of additional potentially new measures that promote greater equity in the allocation of energy among individuals. Furthermore, the study characterizes the dynamics of this phenomenon, providing invaluable information on the types of measures (e.g., social tariffs for energy, innovative models of payment for energy, housing renovation assistance) that could be implemented to prevent fuel poverty and thus address the underlying objectives of equity. The thesis then presents an analysis of the consequences of energy vulnerability on dimensions other than those directly referring to energy (i.e., health), raising political decision-makers’ awareness of the multidimensional and broad effects of fuel poverty on other dimensions of social vulnerability. Fuel poverty is a factor that contributes to the worsening of other disparities (i.e., health disparities), compromising public decision-makers’ pursuit of the objective of equity. Finally, the analysis of new innovative methods of payment that provide energy (i.e., prepayment) with fewer costs indicated that prepayment is a tool that could contribute to the respective goals of horizontal and vertical equity.

過去國內之抵押貸款提前清償與逾期還款之相關研究，在實證研究上最主要利用邏輯斯迴歸或是比例轉機模型( Proportional hazard model )分析影響一般住宅抵押貸款人提前清償與逾期還款之因素，並估計一般住宅抵押貸款人提前清償之機率。本文選擇採用研究抵押貸款時，國內未曾使用之卜瓦松迴歸( Poisson regression model )來估計比例轉機模型假設下影響提前清償與違約變數之參數，以研究影響抵押貸款借款人之提前償還與違約因素。 本研究結合比例轉機模型與卜瓦松迴歸模型，目的在結合兩模型之優點，在處理時間相依之共變數效率提高，並且在處理多重時間尺度的方程式較偏最大概似估計法直接，以得到較佳的研究成果。另外，過去國內提前清償與違約之文獻中並未加入利率走勢之變數，本研究加入再融資利率對31∼90天期商業本票利率之比率與再融資利率波動性兩變數，以考慮利率走勢對貸款者提前清償及違約行為之影響。 模型中的解釋變數包括地區、季節、抵押貸款年齡、貸款成數、貸款人年齡、性別、婚姻狀況、教育程度、職業、屋齡、房屋坪數、所得、貸款金額、月付額對薪資比、再融資利率/31∼90天期商業本票利率、再融資利率波動性等十六項。實證結果在提前清償部份，顯著正向之變數有貸款年齡、屋齡、房屋坪數、所得、月付額與薪資比，顯著負向之變數包括季節、再融資利率對31∼90天期商業本票利率之比率、貸款金額。在違約部份，顯著正向之變數包括貸款年齡、貸款成數、年齡、所得、月付額與薪資比、再融資利率對31∼90天期商業本票利率之比率；顯著負向之變數包括季節、教育程度及貸款金額。

金融機構在承做住宅抵押貸款時，面臨兩種風險，分別是提前清償及違約。這兩種借款人風險行為對金融機構的資產管理產生相當大的影響，尤其在不動產證券化的推動上，都是評價證券價格的關鍵因子，因此，討論借款者提前還款與違約行為，是近年不動產證券化領域中重大議題。 借款人決定提前清償及違約與否，除了與借款人特性之外尚有房屋特性與財務選擇上的特性，且有許多影響因子並非維持在貸款起始的狀態，而是會在貸款存續期間內隨著時間遷移有所改變，因此，本文在進一步研究影響借款人行為時，處理時間相依變數，利用動態調整過後的變數來分析借款人提前清償及違約風險行為，觀察借款人特徵、房屋型態及貸款條件等變數與借款人風險行為的關係並進行證券價格MBS的評價。 實證結果顯示，借款人特徵部分並不會影響提前清償但會影響違約風險。且借款者在財務選擇上面，會有落後反映的現象，亦即隨著時間的經過，借款者才會選擇有利於自己的財務決策，且雖然本國貸款為浮動利率貸款，但是影響借款者最深的仍然是利率相關因素，且觀察到借款者對於財務上面的好處比壞處有更敏感的現象，顯示出借款者比較趨近於風險愛好者。 在MBS評價上發現，影響價格的最重要因素在於放款的品質，因此，要真正落實抵押住宅證券化的實行，關鍵在於金融機構必須篩選優良放款進行證券化，才能吸引投資人，增加住宅抵押貸款證券化發行的可行性。