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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

一籃子違約交換評價之演算法改進 / Improved algorithms for basket default swap valuation

詹依倫, Chan, Yi-Lun Unknown Date (has links)
各項信用衍生性商品中,最廣為人知的商品即為違約風險交換(credit default swap; CDS),但由於金融市場與商品的擴張,標的資產不再侷限單一資產而是增加至數家或數百家,而多個標的資產的違約風險交換稱為一籃子違約風險交換(basket default swap; BDS)。 根據Chiang et al. ((2007), Journal of Derivatives, 8-19.),在單因子模型中應用importance sampling (IS) 來估計違約給付金額,不僅可以確保違約事件的發生,還可以提高估計的效率,因此本文延伸此一概念,將此方法拓展至多因子模型。本文分為三種方法:一為將多個獨立因子合併為一邊際因子,並針對此邊際因子做importance sampling;二為找出其最具影響性的因子應用importance sampling;最後,我們針對portfolio C 於Glasserman ((2004), Journal of Derivatives, 24-42.) 將標的資產分為獨立兩群,我們將分段利用exponential twist及Chiang et al. (2007)所提出的單因子方法,提升違約事件發生的機率。 借由數值模擬結果,發現將多個獨立因子合併為一邊際因子的方法應用於標的資產為同質模型(homogeneous model),會有較佳的結果;對具影響性的因子應用importance sampling的方法於各種模型之下的估計結果都頗為優秀,但其variance reduction較差且流程較不符合現實財務狀況,方法三則為特殊模型的應用,其只適用於能將標的資產獨立分群的模型,並且估計準確與否和選取exponential twist的位置有重要關係,第四節我們將同時呈現兩個不同位置的估計值與variance reduction. / Credit default swap (CDS) is the most popular in many kinds of credit derivatives, but number of obligor couldn’t be one always because of the expansions of financial market and contracts. CDS which has been contained more than one obligor is called basket default swap (BDS). According to Chiang et al. ((2007), Journal of Derivatives, 8-19.), applying importance sampling to estimate the default payment in one factor model could not only guarantee the default event occurs but also improve the efficiency of estimation. So this paper extends this concept for expanding this method to multiple factors model. There are three methods for expanding: First, merge multiple factors into a marginal factor and apply importance sampling to this marginal factor; second, apply importance sampling to the factor which has higher factor loading and third, we consider portfolio C in Glasserman ((2004), Journal of Derivatives, 24-42.) and divide total obligors into two independent groups. We would use the ways of exponential twist and the method in one factor model of Chiang et al. (2007) considered in two parts to raise the probability of default event occur. Borrow by the result of numerical simulation, method 1 has better results when obligors are homogeneous model; the results of method 2 are outstanding in each model, but its efficiency is worse and the procedure doesn’t fit with the realistic financial situation; the third method is the application of the special model, it could only apply to the model which could separate obligors independently, and the accuracy of estimates is strongly correlated to the position of exponential twist. In section 4, we would display the estimator and variance reduction in two different positions.
2

利用PFM衡量我國未上市保險公司之違約風險

許士偉 Unknown Date (has links)
透過KMV公司用來衡量公開發行公司違約風險之Private Firm Model (PFM),衡量台灣公開發行的產壽險保險公司之違約距離,藉由違約距離與違約機率之關係,以得知我國未上市產壽險公司違約風險之大小。估計資產市值時,本文以稅前息前折耗前淨利(EBITDA)前三年、前四年、前五年的平均,期望解決公開發行公司所對應出資產市值為負的情況,但結果不顯著。估計資產報酬標準差時,對觀察值公司規模大小進行群組區分。壽險公司分組臨界點11.25,產險公司分組臨界點10.4,小規模群組呈現顯著。 由於我國上市保險公司家數有限,使得未上市保險公司之資產市值及資產報酬標準差必須以上市保險公司之迴歸式來估計,但少數幾家未上市保險公司估計出來之結果並不合理。並且都在往後的一年或兩年內即退出市場,或者這些少數公司,在市場的認知下原本就是具有財務問題之公司,故PFM可以適用於我們產壽險公司。 / This paper mainly discusses the listed companies’ default risks by KMV’s Private Firm model (PMF) and focuses on evaluating Taiwan’s insurance companies’ distance-to-default (DD). By comparing DD with respective historical default probability, we can obtain the magnitude of default risk of each listed companies. In estimating market asset value, we utilize the average EBITDA of 3-year-ago, 4-year-ago and 5-year-ago data as the proxy to resolve the probable minus-asset-value phenomenon, however the result is insignificant. Pertaining to forecasting asset variance, we categorize the studied companies by its respective capitalization. 11.25 is the decision point for life insurance companies and 10.4 is for Property & Casualty companies. Among the researched objectives, we find that small category displays significantly. Because of insufficient data from publicly traded insurers, while conducting asset value and asset variance by implementing regression methodology, our conclusion indicates acceptable only with few unsatisfactory exceptions. We successfully predict those distressed insurers stepped out the market in the following years. Hereafter, we assert that the PFM model is suitable for both life and P&C companies.
3

考量違約風險、基差風險以及道德風險下之巨災債券價格封閉解:Muteki Ltd.地震債券之實證 / A Closed-Form Pricing Formula for Catastrophe Bonds with Default Risk, Basis Risk and Moral Hazard: Evidence from Muteki Ltd. Earthquake Bond

李峻豪 Unknown Date (has links)
本篇論文主要貢獻在於推導出考慮違約風險、基差風險以及道德風險下之巨災債券價格封閉解,透過敏感度分析來了解各個參數之變化對於巨災債券價格之影響,並依據市場上實際發行之Muteki地震債券的價格資訊以及實際損失資料來進行參數估計,以了解債券投資人對於災害發生的頻率以及損失的預期。本研究從敏感度分析的結果,驗證了在考慮違約風險、基差風險以及道德風險之下,巨災債券價格會隨著這些風險的提高而降低。另外也發現,在巨災發生到達率、巨災發生所造成的損失幅度、資產利率彈性等,會與巨災債券價格之變動呈現反向關係;然而在理賠門檻值的設定,以及巨災事件造成損失值達到理賠門檻後,投資人能領回之本金比例方面,則會與巨災債券價格之變動呈正向關係。最後,本文採用市場上實際發行之Muteki地震債券價格資訊,校估巨災事件發生頻率與預期損失,結果發現債券投資人對於災害發生頻率之預期遠高於債券發行方所提供的災害發生頻率,因此投資人只願意用較低的價格來購買此張地震債券以獲取較高的風險溢酬,也回應了一般而言巨災債券評等較低的現象。 / The contribution of this article is deriving the closed-form formula for catastrophe bonds with default risk, basis risk and moral hazard. We also calibrate parameters with the market information of Muteki catastrophe bond and the loss data from National geophysical data center. In order to understand the influence of the parameters, we check the results with sensitivity analysis. The results show that the consideration of default risk, basis risk, and moral hazard will drive down the catastrophe bond prices. We also discover that the loss frequency, loss severity, and interest rate elasticity of asset are correlated positively with the price of catastrophe bond; the setting of the trigger and the portion of the principal that investors can get back when the forgiveness trigger has been pulled are correlated negatively with the price of catastrophe bond. Eventually, we adopt the issuant information and the market price of the Muteki earthquake bond to calibrate the parameters of loss frequency and loss severity with our closed-form formula. We find that investors’ expectation of the seismic frequency are higher than issuers’, so investors only want to buy the catastrophe bonds with lower price, and to enhance the risk premium.
4

是否個股選擇權隱含波動率包含公司財務與違約風險的資訊內涵?

劉靜芬, Liou, Jing Fen Unknown Date (has links)
本文主要探討股票選擇權的隱含波動率是否能夠有效反應公司的財務風險與違約風險,並使用Merton (1974)與Black and Scholes (1973)的選擇權評價模型推導出每日的負債權益比率,作為公司財務風險的代理變數;違約風險的代理變數則是使用Bandyopadhyay (2007)的風險中立違約機率與真實世界違約機率。首先,本文觀察到隱含波動率和股票報酬率之間的確存在負向關係,除此之外,也發現非系統隱含波動率與股票報酬率之間也有負向關係。進一步研究非系統隱含波動率是否能夠反應公司風險,結果顯示當公司的財務風險與違約風險增加時,非系統隱含波動率會上升。最後,本文比較非系統隱含波動率與GARCH模型的波動率對公司財務風險與違約風險的資訊內涵,並執行包圍檢定、工具變數兩階段迴歸分析與非包覆模型的檢定,發現非系統隱含波動率的資訊內涵無法包圍GARCH模型的波動率,但兩者的資訊內涵互相交集。
5

金融控股公司資本配置之實證研究-以富邦金融控股公司為例

鄭潔霙, Cheng, Chieh-ying Unknown Date (has links)
本研究基於資本效益之概念,探討金融控股公司合理之資本配置,並以2002年第4季至2005年第2季間富邦金融控股公司之財務資訊進行實證分析。首先,本研究應用Margrabe (1978)互換選擇權評價模式,計算金融控股公司經營所隱含違約風險之賣權價值。其次,利用Myers and Read (2001)邊際違約價值相等之原則,將資本分配至旗下各子公司。實證結果歸納如下: 1.各子公司所需配置之邊際資本大小依序為台北富邦銀行、富邦人壽、富邦證券、富邦產險。即邊際資本越大,子公司每承擔1單位負債需要配置更多之資本。 2.富邦產險、富邦人壽與富邦證券實際資本均遠高於理論配置之資本,台北富邦銀行實際資本則低於理論資本。在給定固定門檻利率下,各子公司資金成本大小依序為台北富邦銀行、富邦人壽、富邦證券、富邦產險。 本研究結果顯示,富邦產物保險公司以減資方式,將過剩之資本退還富邦金融控股母公司,與Myers and Read (2001)邊際違約價值相等之資本配置原則相符。
6

檢視違約風險利差、期限利差來代表規模效果、市淨比效果之能力 / How to use default spread and term spread to proxy size effect and B/M ratio effect

陳冠宇 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究目的旨在探討 Fama & French 三因子模型中,其所提及之高市淨率公 司相較低市淨率公司的風險貼水(HML), 規模效應風險貼水(SMB)兩因子,究竟可 以用哪一種總體經濟風險貼水來表徵?小公司相較大公司而言,因為其財務體質、 財務槓桿、乃至於信用狀況都普遍比大公司還要來的差,因而產生潛在的報酬差 異,但這個報酬差異,究竟是哪一種風險的風險溢酬?而成熟型股票相對於成長 型股票而言,因其已經處於成熟階段,往往此一階段之公司賬面舉債高,故價值 型股票之公司往往面臨巨額的利息費用,可以想見其獲利能力普遍會比成長型股 票還差,既然獲利能力較差,又因為價值型股票通常舉債程度都相對高的情況下, 到底哪種風險是造成價值型股票必須給予風險溢酬?依據本文的實證發現,上述 兩種狀況分別為成熟型公司相對於成長型公司,存在財務困境風險貼水,因為成 熟型公司是高市淨率(high 市淨率(B/M) ratio)而成長型公司是低市淨率(low 市淨 率(B/M) ratio),所以高市淨率公司相對於低市淨率公司確實存在風險貼水,依照 Hahn & Lee (2006),其發現此風險貼水可以利用期限利差(term spread)來代表, 另外,規模較小的公司相對於大公司而言也必須要給予額外的貼水,此稱為違約 風險貼水(Default Spread)。Hahn & Lee (2006)研究發現,小公司相較於大公司、 低市淨率相較高市淨率確實都存在貼水,本文的研究目的即為探討其在台灣股票 市場的真實性。研究期間為西元 2005 年至 2014 年,研究樣本為此期間上市公 司共六百多間的股票報酬率。 透過本篇研究的實證結果發現,在台灣的股票市場中,在大公司與小公司之 間,確實存在著風險報酬之差異,另外,在高市淨率與低市淨率的公司之間,也 存在著報酬之差異,因此我們可以試著思考,違約風險貼水以及財務困境風險貼 水是否真的存在。
7

住宅抵押貸款提前還款與違約風險動態條件機率分析

張偉智, Chang ,Wei-Chih Unknown Date (has links)
金融機構在承做住宅抵押貸款時,面臨兩種風險,分別是提前清償及違約。這兩種借款人風險行為對金融機構的資產管理產生相當大的影響,尤其在不動產證券化的推動上,都是評價證券價格的關鍵因子,因此,討論借款者提前還款與違約行為,是近年不動產證券化領域中重大議題。 借款人決定提前清償及違約與否,除了與借款人特性之外尚有房屋特性與財務選擇上的特性,且有許多影響因子並非維持在貸款起始的狀態,而是會在貸款存續期間內隨著時間遷移有所改變,因此,本文在進一步研究影響借款人行為時,處理時間相依變數,利用動態調整過後的變數來分析借款人提前清償及違約風險行為,觀察借款人特徵、房屋型態及貸款條件等變數與借款人風險行為的關係並進行證券價格MBS的評價。 實證結果顯示,借款人特徵部分並不會影響提前清償但會影響違約風險。且借款者在財務選擇上面,會有落後反映的現象,亦即隨著時間的經過,借款者才會選擇有利於自己的財務決策,且雖然本國貸款為浮動利率貸款,但是影響借款者最深的仍然是利率相關因素,且觀察到借款者對於財務上面的好處比壞處有更敏感的現象,顯示出借款者比較趨近於風險愛好者。 在MBS評價上發現,影響價格的最重要因素在於放款的品質,因此,要真正落實抵押住宅證券化的實行,關鍵在於金融機構必須篩選優良放款進行證券化,才能吸引投資人,增加住宅抵押貸款證券化發行的可行性。
8

風險貼水及交易成本對債券殖利率影響之實證研究 / The Effect of Risk Premium and Transaction Cost for Yield to Maturity

林聰欽, Lin, Tsung Chin Unknown Date (has links)
本研究探討國內債券市場如何決定債券殖利率之風險貼水及交易成本貼水,其中風險貼水可分為時間及信用風險貼水兩部份,屬於前者之重要變數有存續期間(Duration)與凸性(Convexity),屬於後者則有信用評等(Credit Ranking)與銀行擔保效果,而交易成本分析是在控制風險貼水因素後,看稅賦效果是否會影響投資者之必要報酬率。此外,本研究亦對殖利率曲線作分析,討論長短期資金市場是否存在明顯互動關係。首先對存續期間及凸性之特性作研究,檢測在既有到期期間變數下,加入存續期間及凸性對於債券殖利率邊際解釋能力的影響,冀描述國內投資者之訂價行為。其次就債券信用評等與銀行擔保效果作分析,公司債可能有不同信用等級,面對不等級公司債券,投資人或會要求不同程度之違約風險貼水,本文以實證對此作探討。又公司債因擔保與否,區分為擔保公司債及無擔保公司債,因此本研究關心的第二組變數是發行人為政府抑民間機構暨公司債之信用評等與銀行擔保效果。本研究亦對債券交易成本作探討,就證券交易稅而言,政府公債免徵交易稅而公司債券買賣須課徵千分之一的交易稅,因此我們想要知道存在公債與公司債之間,因稅賦差異造成交易成本不同,是否會影響到投資者的意願,故第三項變數為以證交稅為主之交易成本。最後對市場資金供需情形作分析,同時探討長短期資金市場是否存在互動關係,故第四項變數為全面資金供需情況。本研究藉檢測總體經濟資金供需變數對債券殖利率之影響,同時也可檢驗國內長短期資金市場之區隔程度。由於國內債市尚淺,仍舊有很大的發展空間,因此在可預期的未來,國內債券市場勢必會受到應有的重視。但由於早期國內債市之不發達及不受重視,使得有關債券資料的保存,特別是公司債券部份十分缺乏,連帶相關文獻亦寥寥可數,故本文以國內債券市場資料做實證研究、分析,冀望能有邊際之貢獻。
9

具有違約風險證券之最適投資組合策略 / Optimal Portfolios with Default Risks ─ A Firm Value Approach

陳震寰, Chen, Jen-Huan Unknown Date (has links)
關於Merton (1969) 最適投資組合策略問題,所考慮之投資情境為:一個將其財富資金安排配置於風險性資產(各類證券)與無風險短期現金部位之投資人,在給定此投資人心目中財富效用函數之前提下,希望事先決定出投資組合之最適投資權重(策略),藉此達成在投資期滿時極大化財富效用之期望值。基於Merton (1974) 公司價值觀點,具有違約風險之證券(公司債與股票)乃是公司價值之衍生性商品,無法以傳統資產配置對股票與債券部位採取現貨方式處理最適投資策略,在此必需同時結合財務工程處理衍生性金融商品計價與避險之技術來解決。本研究利用Kron & Kraft (2003) 彈性求解法來針對市場是否有投資限制、債券提前違約、到期違約及利率隨機與否等假設,基於不同投資組合情境分析來最適投資部位策略。本研貢獻和究創新突破之處在於特別探討公司違約時,債券投資人不再享有全部公司殘值之求償權,此時股東亦享有部份比例之求償權,違約後之公司殘值將由債券投資人與股東兩者比例共分之特殊情境下,對數型態財富效用之投資人對於提前違約風險之接受度高於到期違約風險,若一般情境(股東無任何求償權)則為相反。此外亦特別提供最適成長投資組合之動態避險策略封閉解,藉以提供投資人面臨企業違約風險時應制定之投資決策與動態調整,使本研究臻至週延與實用。 / Under the Merton (1969) optimal portfolio problem, we only consider the specific investor, whose wealth utility follows the type of logarithm function; wants to maximize the expected value of the terminal wealth utility through determine the optimal investment strategy in advance. He divides his wealth into the riskless asset and risky assets such as the money market account and the various-risky securities issued by the corporate. Based on the Merton firm value framework (1974), the defaultable securities, such as the corporate bonds and stocks, are the derivatives instruments of the firm value. It will be inappropriate if we deal with this optimal portfolio problem under the original methods. Therefore, we need to handle this optimal asset allocation problem through the pricing, valuation and hedging techniques from the financial engineering simultaneously. This study apply the elasticity approach to portfolio optimization (EAPO, Kraft ,2003) to solve the optimal portfolio strategy under various scenarios, such as the market contains the investment constrain or not, intermediate default risks, mature default risk, interest rate risky under the stochastic process. The innovation and contribution of this paper are especially breaking the common setting and analysis the optimal-growth-portfolio strategy under the special scenario. In the common setting, as soon as the default event occurs, the residual firm value will be claimed by the corporate bondholders with fully proportion and the stockholder cannot share any residual value. Oppositely, the stockholder will be able to share the residual firm value proportionally with the corporate bondholder together under the so-called special scenario. We found that the investor would have higher acceptance of the premature default risk than the mature default risk in the special scenario. This phenomenon will be reversed under the common scenario. Furthermore, in order to make this study more completely and useful, we do not only illustrate the optimal investment strategy but also provide the closed-formed solution of the dynamic hedge strategy of the risky position, composed by the defaultable securities. This could help the optimal-growth-portfolio-oriented investor to make investment decision while they face the firm value downward decreasing.
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美國未上市產險公司違約風險預測-以KMV公司之PFM模型為例

吳明遠 Unknown Date (has links)
本文所使用信用風險評價模型為KMV公司用以衡量未上市公司之違約風險的PFM模型(Private Firms Model),主要的研究標的為美國未上市產險公司。此模型最主要的目的在求出公司的資產市值及資產市值報酬率波動度,並假設資產市值的變動遵循標準幾何布朗運動,因此在產險公司的資產市值小於某值後,該公司即算違約,其中資產市值平均與該值的距離稱為違約距離。而未上市產險公司缺少股價資訊,因此無法用一般的選擇權評價公式求得資產市值及資產市值報酬率波動度,所以先使用可以衡量上市產險公司資產市值的KMV模型(Moody's KMV EDF□),找出上市公司的資產市值及資產市值報酬率波動度,再找出財務比率與兩者的關係,最後再將這層關係套用到未上市產險公司,如此可以求得未上市產險公司之資產市值及資產市值報酬率波動度。 本文經過實證研究過後,發現套用從1991年到2000年上市產險公司資料中找出的關係,代入2000年的未上市產險公司資料來預測公司於2001年是否違約,其結果發現準確度並不高;接著且再以違約距離和少部份財務變數做為預測模型,代入2001年資料,以預測2002年未上市產險公司的違約與否,其準確率也與先前相近,兩者的解釋能力約都只有六成到七成,雖然如此,還是可以發現違約距離在解釋能力上還是有一定之貢獻,如果可以將違約的樣本群數量□加,應該可以提升預測的準確度。 / This theme is to measure the default probabilities of private P&C firms’ default in the U.S A. The model this paper used is called PFM (Private Firms Model). The asset value and asset volatility could be found by this model, but we must assume that the asset value will follow General Brownian Motion. After finding asset value and asset volatility, the next step is to find the default point. The distance between the expected asset value and the default point is DD (Distance to Default). However, the private P&C firms lack the relative stock information, so the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model couldn’t be used. In order to find the relationship between the private firms’ asset value and asset volatility, we can use Moody's KMV EDF□ (Expected Default Frequency) credit risk pricing model to measure the public P&C firms’ asset value and its volatility and find the relationship between those and firms’ financial ratios. Using the public firms’ relationship on private firms, the distance to default of the private firms can be found. Through the empirical research, the correct rate of this model on the private P&C firms in the U.S.A is low. Besides, let DD and other financial ratios be the variables to forecast the next year, the correct rate is still low, but we can find that DD’s ability to explain the default probability is 60~70%. Therefore, we can say DD is still the useful variable and if the sample size of default firm can be increase, the correct rate may be promoted.

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