Magister Legum - LLM / As a case study, the paper analyzes the Bank’s role in the Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Oil Pipeline project (the project) in which the Bank has been involved since the year 2000. The paper presents the lessons, challenges and implications from this protection of human rights.

This essay investigates the status of alcohol consumption in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby (1925). The analysis focuses on character study reading of Jay Gatsby, and Tom and Daisy Buchanan in conjunction with Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of habitus, by placing habitus in the specific historical context of the novel. The analysis focuses on the social structures of the alcohol-consuming upper-class Americans, and the reproduction of internalized practices during Prohibition. Drinking alcohol is seen as a valued, cultural capital among the elite society and used as a tool in a competition of power. The Buchanans, as true members of their class, are constantly intoxicated. For Gatsby, a sober man and an imposter of the elite society, drinking has no cultural value. I argue that, from the cultural aspect, Gatsby’s fall is a consequence of his soberness among the drunkenness of the hierarchy.

Principles of administrative proceedings, abstract Focus of this diploma thesis is the issue of basic principles of administrative proceedings, but not in terms of basic procedure principles of administrative authorities as they are set out in § 2 to 8 of the Administrative Procedure Code, but in terms of procedural principles of administrative proceedings, as rules of procedure before administrative authorities. These principles represent a key element for understanding and interpretation of the procedural process in an administrative proceeding, but Administrative Procedure Code does not contain an express codification of these principles in its text. Goal of this thesis is to perform a detailed analysis of individual principles both individually and in context. The aforementioned principles of administrative proceedings usually occur in the form of mutually ambivalent pairs and their application during administrative proceedings presents many conflicting issues which stems from their implicitly general nature. The methodological basis of this thesis is the method of textual hermeneutics and general empirical-analytical paradigm based on the source material, which consists mainly of judgments and resolutions of the Supreme Administrative Court and is supplemented by relevant literature. The text of this...

The aim of this study has been to analyze the current Swedish drug policy discussion in mass media. In the discussion several different dividing lines are drawn up which highlights different standpoints in the drug policy. The study's methodological starting point is qualitative text analysis and analysis from the third dimension which entails that the macrolevel perspective is in focus. The study's theoretical referens frame originates from the problemperspective and the labeling theory. The results are showing that the dividing lines in the discussion are about the different points of view; harm reduction or prohibition. This is connected to the current drug policy debate about a decriminalization and legalization, or if Sweden should continue to keep a prohibition drug policy. In the discussion decriminalization is presented as a solution which would open up for the insertion of new harm reduction strategies, while a prohibition politic is considered to have a preventative effect on the whole population. The drug problems are complex which in turn make them really be about socioeconomical factors, class distinctions, stigmatization and labeling. The conclusion is that we stand before a possible change, that would mean parting from the prohibiton drug policy that is very firmly cemented in our society. The topical drug policy discussion in mass media is dominated by participants that advocate a conversion of the current drug policy which could be seen as an indicator that change is forthcoming. However, at the same time there is unwillingness amongst leading politicians in Sweden to open up for transformation which could amount to the Swedish drug policy to continue to be as it is. / Syftet med denna studie har varit att analysera aktuell svensk narkotikapolitisk debatt i massmedia. I debatten dras ett antal skiljelinjer upp som markerar olika narkotikapolitiska ståndpunkter. Studiens metodologiska utgångspunkt är kvalitativ textanalys och analys ur tredje dimensionen, vilket innebär att makroperspektivet är i fokus. Studiens teoretiska referensram utgår från problemperspektiv och stämplingsteorin.  Resultatet visar på att skiljelinjerna i debatten markeras av de olika synsätten om skademinimering eller prohibition. Detta har ett samband med den pågående narkotikapolitiska diskussionen i massmedia om avkriminalisering och legalisering eller om Sverige ska fortsätta driva en repressiv narkotikapolitik. I den massmediala debatten framställs avkriminalisering som en lösning som skulle kunna öppna upp för införandet av nya skademinimerande insatser, medan en repressiv politik anses ha en preventiv effekt på befolkningen i helhet. Narkotikaproblematiken är komplex, vilket gör att problematiken egentligen tycks handla om socioekonomiska faktorer, klasskillnader, stämpling och stigma.  Slutsatsen är att vi står inför ett eventuellt skifte inom svensk narkotikapolitik, vilket skulle innebära ett avsteg från den repressiva narkotikapolitiken. Den aktuella narkotikapolitiska debatten i massmedia domineras av aktörer som förespråkar en förändring av nuvarande narkotikapolitik, detta skulle kunna ses som en indikator på att en förändring är på gång. Samtidigt finns det en ovillighet bland ledande politiker att öppna upp för en förändring, vilket likväl kan innebära att den svenska narkotikapolitiken fortsättningsvis kommer förbli oförändrad.

This thesis focuses upon the impact of war upon the progressive movement in Texas during 1914-1918. Chapter I defines progressivism in Texas and presents an overview of the political situation in the state as relating to the period. Chapter II discusses the negative impact that the first two years of World War I had upon the reform movement. Chapter III examines the revival of the Anti-Saloon League and the 1916 Democratic state convention. Chapter IV covers the war between James E. Ferguson and the University of Texas. Chapter V tells how the European war became a catalyst for the reform movement in Texas following America's entry, and its subsequent influence upon the election of 1918. Chapter VI concludes that James E. Ferguson's war with the University of Texas as well as World War I were responsible for the prohibitionist victory in the election of 1918.

In today's society when the pressure is high on exploitation and on local governments and their decisions about resources, we must not forget our heritage. The built environment is an important part of the heritage and need to be taken care of and protected for future generations. Municipalities have the ability to work with preservation of historically valuable buildings with the help of the Planning and Building Law. By designing areas and impose restrictions on what the individual property owner may do with their building, the municipality can ensure that their ambitions of preservation are met. The purpose of this essay is to describe the methods that municipalities have available in the Planning and Building Law when it comes to the preservation of historically valuable buildings. The essay is partly based on a survey that was sent to the Swedish municipalities. The survey is primarily focused on the financial compensation a property owner may claim, if restrictions imposed on his building. An assumption that was made early in the process was that the compensation limits municipalities in planning for preservation. A previous study showed that financial compensation was not a problem in local preservation work. The conclusion I make after analyzed the answerers of the survey is that the majority of the responding municipalities, due to possible claims for financial compensation, in fact hesitant at imposing restrictions when planning for preservation of the historically valuable buildings. The survey also shows signs that building sanction fees rarely are charged for breaches. / I dagens samhälle som kantas av högt exploateringstryck och den ökade pressen på kommunerna och deras beslut om resurser, så får vi inte glömma vårt kulturarv. Den byggda miljön är en viktig del i kulturarvet och behöver tas hand om och bevaras till kommande generationer. Kommunerna har möjligheten att arbeta med bevarande av kulturhistoriskt värdefull bebyggelse med hjälp av plan- och bygglagens regler. Genom att planlägga områden och införa restriktioner för vad den enskilde fastighetsägaren får göra med sin byggnad, kan kommunen säkerställa att deras bevarandeambitioner uppfylls. Syftet med denna uppsats är att beskriva de metoder som kommunerna har att tillgå i planoch bygglagen när det kommer till bevarande av kulturhistoriskt värdefull bebyggelse. Uppsatsen bygger delvis på en enkät som har skickats ut till Sveriges kommuner. Enkäten inriktar sig främst på den ekonomiska ersättning som en fastighetsägare kan göra anspråk på, om restriktioner påförs dennes byggnad. Ett antagande som gjordes tidigt i arbetet var att ersättningen begränsar kommunerna vid planläggning för bevarande. En tidigare studie visade att den ekonomiska ersättningen inte var ett problem i kommunernas bevarandearbete. Den slutsats som jag kommer till efter en analys av svaren från enkätundersökningen är att majoriteten av de svarande kommunerna, på grund av eventuella anspråk på den ekonomiska ersättningen, i själva verket tvekar vid införande av restriktioner för bevarande av kulturhistoriskt värdefull bebyggelse. Enkätundersökningen visar även tendenser på att byggsanktionsavgifter sällan tas ut vid överträdelser.

Principles of administrative proceedings, abstract Focus of this diploma thesis is the issue of basic principles of administrative proceedings, but not in terms of basic procedure principles of administrative authorities as they are set out in § 2 to 8 of the Administrative Procedure Code, but in terms of procedural principles of administrative proceedings, as rules of procedure before administrative authorities. These principles represent a key element for understanding and interpretation of the procedural process in an administrative proceeding, but Administrative Procedure Code does not contain an express codification of these principles in its text. Goal of this thesis is to perform a detailed analysis of individual principles both individually and in context. The aforementioned principles of administrative proceedings usually occur in the form of mutually ambivalent pairs and their application during administrative proceedings presents many conflicting issues which stems from their implicitly general nature. The methodological basis of this thesis is the method of textual hermeneutics and general empirical-analytical paradigm based on the source material, which consists mainly of judgments and resolutions of the Supreme Administrative Court and is supplemented by relevant literature. The text of this...

The world has been concerned with the problem of nuclear disarmament since their first use in 1945, as they represent a consistent danger to all humankind. Effects of use or mere failure of technical facilities cannot be limited only to combatants. On the contrary, it is certain that in such case an overwhelming number of people would die and suffer. Apart from that, environment and infrastructure would be devastated, there would be serious climate changes and other catastrophical consequences. No country in the world is ready to face such a situation and to react adequately, especially when its economy has been severely harmed. Possible consequences of the use of nuclear weapons are addressed in the first chapter of this thesis. Second chapter explores already achieved level of legal regulation in areas of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. In the third chapter the process of creation of Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons from 2017, which aims at total elimination of nuclear weapons, is mapped in detail. Text of the Treaty itself including its flaws is analysed in chapter four. Following chapter five explains, why Treaty must be perceived "only" as a framework agreement, and goes through suggested provisions, which were not included in the final text. Chapter six is dealing with the matter of...

På grund av Covid-19 infördes ett alkoholförbud i syfte att minska smittspridningen i Sverige. Tidigare forskning visar att det finns ett samband mellan alkoholanvändning och våldsbrottslighet. Det är därmed av intresse att undersöka vilken påverkan alkoholförbudet haft på antalet misshandelsbrott i den offentliga miljön i Lund och hur det eventuellt förändrat arbetsuppgifterna för polisanställda med operativ inriktning respektive strategisk inriktning. Antalet anmälda samt självrapporterade misshandelsbrott har minskat mellan 2017 och 2021. Arbetsuppgifterna för de polisanställda skiljer sig åt eftersom vissa har ett strategiskt fokus och andra ett operativt fokus. Av resultatet i denna studie framgår det att misshandelsbrotten misnkat, både utfirån statistik av Polismyndigheten samt polisanställdas upplevda biild. Utifrån de fem semistrukturerade intervjuerna framgick det att arbetsuppgifterna för polisanställda med operativ inriktning förändrats mer än arbetsuppgifterna för polisanställda med strategisk inriktning. Samtliga polisanställda utför krogrelaterade arbetsuppgifter i mindre omfattnning och mer tid kan avsättas för andra relevanta arbetsuppgifter. Polisanställda med operativ inrikning hanterar samt förebygger en större mängd ungdomsbrott samt narkotikabrott medan polisanställda med strategisk inritkning i större utsträckning arbetar med grannsamverkan och att främja kontaktnätet med lokalsamhället. / Due to the Covid-19 the Swedish governement introduced an alcohol prohibition in an aim to reduce the spread of infection in Sweden. Previous research demonstrates that there is a conjunction between alcohol use and violent crimes. It is therefore of interest to investigate what impact the alcohol prohibition has had on the amount of assault crimes in the public environment in Lund and how it eventually have effected operational police officers and strategic police officers tasks of employment. The number of reported crimes and selfreported assault crimes has decreased between 2017 and 2021. The police officers tasks of employment differ because some have a operational focus and others have a strategical focus. The results in this study demonstrates that the assault crimes have decreased, both from statistics from the police department and police officers experience. From the five semistructured interviews it turned out that the operational police officers tasks of employment has changed more than strategical police officers. Both the strategical and the operational police officers perform restaurant-related tasks to a lesser extent and more time can be set aside for other relevant tasks. The operational police officers handle and prevent a large number of juvenile- and drugcrimes while the strategical police officers to a greater extent work with neighborhood cooperation and to promote the network of contact with the local community.

Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons was adopted in 2017. A variety of countrieschose to join, take a position as observers or reject the treaty completely. In this study anexamination of two cases where the country chose to take a position as observers, which isSchweiz and Sweden. The empirical material is two consequence analysis documentspresented by each country. A purpose with this study is to analyze arguments for and againstthe treaty, which is found in the empirical material, to explain why Schweiz and Swedenchose not to join the treaty. This is done in relation to the aspects; humanitarian dimension,security, cooperation and the substantial content of the treaty. Further analysis is based on theinternational relations theories liberalism and realism, which are used as approaches topresent explanations as to why these countries chose to be observers instead of joining thetreaty. The study has shown that a majority of the argument against the treaty is found to bestronger than the argument for joining the treaty, with an exception for arguments about thehumanitarian dimension where the argument for the treaty is stronger. Explanations presentedwith the theoretical approaches result in security playing a big role in the decision, as well asfuture cooperation with other countries based on security and a better possibility to continuedisarmament of nuclear weapons.