77 Abstract The aim of this work is to give readers a treatise on the legal regulation of expropriation together with its causes and starting points. Expropriation, as an inter-sectoral dynamic institute, has undergone long-term development. The current regulation was adopted relatively recently, and only practical application will show, whether the revolutionary or just cosmetic changes are necessary. Expropriation is a forced intervention to property rights on the basis of an individual administrative act, its main object are lands and then other objects. We need to realize, that the change in legislation can not address all the problems and ambiguities that may arise in the process of expropriation. Legal conditions and procedures are based on the constitutional limits, which have to be always respected. Although the meaning of this work is to create a treatise of applicable legislation of expropriation and make its evaluation, the first chapter contains a treatise on the concept of expropriation. To understand the rules alone is here with regard to the concepts defined by different authors as a narrower concept of forced expropriation of extreme and serious damage to public property rights of beneficiaries. The first chapter is closely followed by the second chapter, which governs the object of...

在台灣地區，由於社會變遷亟遽，經濟高度發展，人口增加與都市化的發展，竊盜犯罪問題日益嚴重；根據民意調查分析，國內民眾最為關心的，除了「經濟發展」就是「治安良窳」的議題。台灣地區自1999至2003年，每年至少有18萬輛以上的機車失竊，約有8萬輛以上找不回來；每年機車失竊，約流失新台幣152億元，因此機車竊盜問題值得深究。而，台北縣為全國人口的第一大縣，縣民幾近於每2人即擁有1輛機車，故以台北縣作探討，可以做為典範。 本研究透過三角交叉檢視法，以自行編制機車竊盜問卷之量化研究為主，有效問卷400份，再輔以參與觀察法及訪談法。訪問對象為國內實際操作之在職基層警察。 本研究重要發現：將機車竊盜問卷資料歸類成專業技能、防竊觀點、肅竊經驗、心態反應、服務品質與自我期待等區分六項。就基層警察使用電腦資訊而言，可推論仰賴「機械的垂直思考模式」的被動性，較「廣泛的水平思考模式」主動性為高。造成機車竊盜破獲率低的相關原因，有「不了解機車竊盜者，竊盜機車的過程」、「員警心態消極」、「法律審理流程冗長」、「贓物保管不易」、「追贓能力不足」以及「不了解機車竊盜者竊盜機車後的銷贓管道」等因素。大多數基層警察對研究機車竊盜問題之意願低落，陷入「想做，但不會做；想問，又不知怎麼問？要問誰？」的迷思。 另外；在基層警察問卷調查的回應中顯示：對於執行「行政介入」工作，感覺並不困難，但並不能真正了解以行政手段取代司法強制的意涵。基層警察受理報案的觀念正確而又積極；造成犯罪黑數，發生遲、匿報的原因，非在個人懶惰及想卸責、推諉、怕麻煩等因素；並從員警根本就不願意吃案，認為「提升警察專業能力」，可以提昇民眾對治安的滿意度。 本研究結果，具體提出了「行政介入」的刑事策略等防範竊盜的措施之道。「行政介入」的刑事策略，預期可使機車竊盜的發生率降低；那麼，民生痛苦指數必然是下降的、民眾對治安的滿意度也將會提昇，不啻是民眾、政府與警察間的的三贏，「優良治理」的刑事政策，會影響改善治安的期待效果，將獲得更進一步的確認。因而，本文具有理論以及實務上的貢獻。 / The theft crime is getting worse in Taiwan due to rapid social change, economic development, population growth, and urbanization. According to public opinion polls, Taiwanese are concerned deeply about either economic development or public security. More than 180 thousand motorcycles have been stolen during 1999 to 2003. Among these amounts, about 80 thousand motorcycles cannot be found thereafter. The average cost of those missed motorcycles is approximate 15.2 billion NT dollars every year. Therefore, the topic of preventing motorcycle from theft has to be further researched. Taipei County was selected as a case in this research for the reason that it is the most populous county in Taiwan and nearly one out of two residents owns a motorcycle. This research adopted the triangulation approach mainly by quantitative research with questionnaires. The valid questionnaires are 400 copies. In addition, this research also used the participant observation and interviewing as the auxiliary method. The defined interviewees to be sampled were the practitioners from the local police forces. The significant finding from this research: the questionnaires are categorized into six sections including professional skill, anti-theft awareness, theft tackling experience, emotion expression, service quality and self expectation. According to the custom of local polices using computer information the local polices could be inferred that they depend on the inactive「mechanical vertical thinking pattern」 more than on the active「wide lateral thinking pattern」. Several reasons cause the low clearance rate such as they don’t realize the thief and process of motorcycle theft, passiveness, lengthy judiciary process, difficulty to keep loots, incapability to trace the source of loots, not realizing the way how to sell loots and etc. Most of local polices have low intention for doing research on the motorcycle theft problem. They are facing the dilemma of incapability to solve the problem or no access to consultant. Furthermore, the response from questionnaires reveals that it is not difficult for local polices to acknowledge executing public intervention. However, they cannot comprehend the meaning of using public intervention to substitute for the judiciary enforcement. The conception of local polices for receiving theft cases is rarely accurate and active. The reasons causing dark figures of crime, delay cases and concealment are not because of local polices’ laziness and irresponsibility. The local polices are unwilling to cover up the reported theft cases. From the point of view, promoting police’s professional capability could uplift the satisfaction in public security from the citizens. The research finding has provided concrete solutions for theft prevention through the penal strategies of public intervention. The penal strategies in public intervention could be expected to reduce the motorcycle theft. Therefore, the misery index would be decreased and the satisfaction in public security will be improved. It is a win-win strategy among the public, government and police. The good governance in penal strategies can affect the expected results in bettering public security. This outcome will be further verified in the research. Thus, the research has its theoretical and practical contributions. Key words：public intervention good governance

Contribuer à l’élaboration d’un concept européen commun de service public implique de dégager, dans une perspective historique, les principales convergences et divergences dans la construction quatre secteurs d'activités (police, éducation obligatoire, distribution d’eau et assainissement, transports collectifs), dans six pays (Allemagne, Angleterre, Belgique, Italie, France, Espagne et Suède). Si chaque pays a ses spécificités historiques et culturelles, ils ont tous été confrontés à des problèmes et enjeux analogues, auxquels ils ont apporté des réponses comparables. De l’étude monographique de la construction sociale des différents services publics étudiés, il est possible de repérer la constitution de mondes d’objets matériels et symboliques, notamment juridiques similaires, ainsi qu’une histoire sociale tendanciellement commune. L’institutionnalisation juridique de services publics accessibles à toutes les catégories de la population a nécessité une intervention publique massive. Dans ce processus, se dégagent des constantes de l’encadrement juridique, quelles que soient les époques et les lieux, tant dans la maîtrise publique de l’établissement des services (décisions préalables d’habilitation, déterminations de conditions de réalisation, concours financier public), que dans leur exploitation (fixations d’obligations envers le public, réglementation des modalités de financement, moyens de surveillance et contrôle). Des variantes apparaissent également qui dépendent davantage des époques que des secteurs d'activité ou des pays. Elles portent essentiellement sur le degré d’intervention publique directe dans la fourniture des services et sur le degré de concurrence effective dans les secteurs de service. Ces différents éléments constituent les composantes d’un concept commun européen, appréhendé dans sa complexité. Les profondes transformations en cours impulsées par l’orientation néolibérale de l’Union européenne posent la question du devenir de ce concept commun. / The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the elaboration of a common European concept of public service. Adopting an historical perspective, this research tries to identify the main similarities and differences in the processes of construction of four areas of activity - police, compulsory education, water supply and sanitation, and public transports - in seven countries: Belgium, England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. Even though each country has its own historical and cultural specificities, they have all faced analogous problems and issues and they have brought similar responses. Relying on monographic studies of social and historical construction of various public services, we may describe the formation of worlds of very different material and symbolic social "objects", including legal ones, through a relatively similar social history. The legal institutionalization of public services available to everyone has required massive public intervention. Whatever the times, areas, and countries, constants of legal regulation have emerged. They relate to public control of the establishment of services (preliminary empowerment decisions, definitions of conditions of implementation, public financial supports), as well as to their operation (institutions of obligations towards the public, regulation of financing, introduction of monitoring and control means). Variants have also appeared. They are more often linked to historical than national or sectorial contexts. These variants mainly relate to the degree of direct public intervention in the provision of services and to the degree of effective competition in the service sectors. The various constant elements are the core component of a common European concept of public service defined in all its complexity. The deep ongoing transformations driven by European Union's neoliberal orientations raise questions about the future of this concept.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseJGB.pdf: 1513867 bytes, checksum: 9b43d49293d7da266f4d2953d6f0bc6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-28 / This work analyzed the evolution of the relation between the sugar and alcohol complex and the State from 1975 to 2002, when there was a change from public intervention, marked by Proálcool , to a new situation, in which deregulation is proposed. We attempted to interpret the main political and economical stipulators of the process, as well as describe the way it happened and how the structure and performance of the process were affected. It is assumed that since 1985 the possibilities of an orchestration of social and economical interests allowing the maintenance of a national, public and continuous program to support the sugar and alcohol complex have narrowed. The financial crisis of the Brazilian State and the adoption of liberal politic orientation, the prevailing conditions of the oil market and the resistance of Petrobrás to the increase of alcohol production have contributed to this situation, as well as the little interest of car makers to develop ethanolpowered engines in the 1990 s. It is also assumed that the political pressure strength of sugar and alcohol complex representatives and the specific formal relations established with the federal administrative machine throughout decades have made the sugar and alcohol deregulation differentiated and marked by compensation policies. From 1975 to 1985, the complex counted on favored public policies that resulted in great increase of the production capacity, consumption and production of fuel ethanol. Since 1986, the price fixation policy for sugar and alcohol products was more unfavorable, resulting in production settling until 1990. The extinction of the Sugar and Alcohol Institute (IAA), in 1990, formally gave birth to deregulation, marked by constant tension between government and millers. The elimination of the public monopoly on sugar exportation and the defrosting of sugarcane, sugar and alcohol prices in 1999 are noticeable. In compensation, the addition of 20% to 24% of anhydrous ethanol to gasoline became obligatory; the gasoline was overtaxed in benefit of alcohol, and a specific source of production and buildup financing for sugar and alcohol was created. From 1990 to 2002, while alcohol production remained still, there was an increase of sugar production aiming the world market. Crop and industry yield did not show higher increase with deregulation. However, the work productivity did. The sugarcane production tended to concentrate in the centersouth, instead of the north-northeast. There was a considerable decrease in the number of mills, but the remaining became bigger. It can be concluded that in fact there was no complete deregulation, but actually a change resulting in a new regulation. We suggest that the public intervention should not be attached to opportunist interests, but a public/private agenda that contributes to the maintenance of the complex and guarantees alcohol supply to the society as an energy source. / O tema do trabalho foi a análise da evolução da relação do complexo sucroalcooleiro com o Estado, entre 1975 e 2002, em que houve a passagem de uma situação com forte intervenção pública, marcada pelo Proálcool, para outra, em que se propunha sua desregulamentação. Procurou-se interpretar os principais condicionantes políticos e econômicos do processo, descrever a forma como ele se deu e como foram afetados a estrutura e o desempenho do complexo. Assume-se que, desde 1985, foram-se estreitando as possibilidades de uma orquestração de interesses sociais e econômicos que permitisse a manutenção de um programa público contínuo e nacional de sustentação do complexo sucroalcooleiro. Contribuíram para isso a crise fiscal do Estado Brasileiro e a adoção de orientação política liberal, as condições prevalecentes no mercado do petróleo e a resistência da Petrobrás ao aumento da produção de álcool, bem como o pouco interesse da indústria automobilística no desenvolvimento de motores a álcool na década de 1990. Assume-se também que o poder de pressão política dos representantes do complexo e as relações formais específicas que se estabeleceram com a máquina administrativa federal, ao longo de décadas, fizeram com que a desregulamentação sucroalcooleira fosse diferenciada e marcada por políticas de compensação. De 1975 a 1985, o complexo contou com políticas públicas favorecidas, que levaram à grande expansão da capacidade produtiva, da produção e do consumo de álcool carburante. A partir de 1986, a política de fixação de preços dos produtos sucroalcooleiros foi mais desfavorável, conduzindo à estagnação da produção setorial, até 1990. A extinção do Instituto do Açúcar e do Álcool (IAA), em 1990, deu início, formalmente, à desregulamentação sucroalcooleira, marcada por uma constante tensão entre Governo e empresários. Merecem destaque a eliminação do monopólio público na exportação de açúcar e a liberação de preços da cana-de-açúcar, do açúcar e do álcool, encerrada em 1999. Em compensação, instituiu-se a obrigatoriedade de adição entre 20% e 24% de álcool anidro à gasolina, sobre taxou-se a gasolina em benefício do álcool e criouse fonte específica de financiamento da produção e estocagem alcooleira. Entre 1990 e 2002, enquanto mantinha-se estagnada a produção de álcool, a de açúcar crescia visando o mercado externo. Os rendimentos cultural e agroindustrial não apresentaram crescimento maior na desregulamentação, ao contrário da produtividade do trabalho. A produção canavieira tendeu a se concentrar no Centro-Sul em detrimento do Norte-Nordeste. Houve diminuição considerável do número de groindústrias e crescimento de seu tamanho médio. Conclui-se que, de fato, não houve uma desregulamentação completa, mas uma mudança em sua forma, constituindo-se uma nova regulamentação. Sugere-se que a intervenção pública não se prenda a interesses oportunistas, mas que se estabeleça uma agenda pública/privada que contribua para a manutenção do complexo sucroalcooleiro e que dê garantia à sociedade quanto ao fornecimento do álcool, enquanto fonte energética.

Entrepreneurship is significant to the production process for economic growth and development. The Nigerian government supports entrepreneurial development by providing business training for entrepreneurs across the country; however, the impact of such programs in current entrepreneurship in Nigeria has not been researched. This study was designed to examine the impact of the training on entrepreneurial outcomes such as profitability, revenue, and access to finance using the social construction framework and the theory of external control of organizations. Based on a quantitative quasi-experimental design involving a posttest comparison group, the impact of government support on randomly selected beneficiaries and nonbeneficiaries with the FCT was tested using an independent samples t test and binary logistic regression analysis. The results showed no significant relationship between business training and entrepreneurial outcomes. Additionally, it was not likely that an unemployed beneficiary would start a new business after the training, and trainees had difficulty accessing business loans. The social change implication of this study is that public sector institutions engaged in entrepreneurship development in Nigeria need pragmatic interventions that translate into positive entrepreneurial outcomes. They also need to focus on areas that cater for different categories of entrepreneurs such as age groups, educational level, business experience, and nature of the business to enhance effectiveness. Periodic assessment of the intervention programs is necessary using experimental and quasi-experimental studies. Therefore, this study can contribute to the data that public sector institutions can use to develop better interventions for entrepreneurs.

In Sweden, the retail sector is responsible for 8% of the total supply chain waste. Although the number is relatively small, the retail sector is of key importance for food waste minimization since retail stores collect large amounts of food and connect with consumers and producers in a limited, clearly defined number of places. Therefore, initiatives or policies implemented in retail may have major implications. The Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences (IVA) concludes that prevention of food waste and redistribution to humans are the only actions that contribute to Target 12.3, aiming to halve food waste per capita from both retail and consumer levels as well as reduce food losses in the production and supply sectors by 2030. Also, research concludes that the median benefit-cost ratio for reducing waste in the supply chain is 14:1, and that unawareness of this business case is a reason for insufficient implementation of food waste reduction. In the latest years, authorities and researchers have increased focus and emphasized importance of industry collaboration to reduce supply chain food waste; however, there are more scarce findings in literature on incentives for food waste reduction from a retailer perspective. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to understand barriers and incentives for prevention of food waste and price reduction, conversion and donation of surplus food from a retailer perspective, and thereby identify opportunities to increase incentives. A multiple case study of nine retailers from the three major Swedish retail corporations was chosen as methodology, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers working in each store. The results show internal and external barriers for reduction, the major ones being the business objective to always ensure consumer satisfaction and variability in demand (prevention); inefficient label creation due to health and safety regulations (conversion) and lack of available partnerships (donation). In terms of initiative prioritization, financial benefits are found to be the major driving force for waste reduction, why food waste prevention is the most favourable option and reduction initiatives prioritize expensive products. Also, the incentive for food waste reduction depends strongly on business case awareness and integration efficiency, where the study identifies opportunities to increase incentives when: i) retailers are aware of the business case of reducing food waste, but discouraged by certain constraints; ii) retailers are unaware of the business case; and iii) there is no existing business case / 8% av Sveriges totala matavfall uppkommer i livsmedelsbutiker. Trots denna relativt låga siffra är butikerna avgörande för minimering av matavfall: de samlar stora mängder mat på ett begränsat antal platser och implementerade initiativ och policy får därmed stor verkan. Kungl. vetenskapsakademin (IVA) har konstaterat att förebyggande av matavfall och omfördelning av överskott till människor är de enda initiativ som signifikant bidrar till att nå Förenta Nationernas hållbarhetsmål 12.3, att halvera matsvinnet per person i butik- och konsumentled, och minska matsvinnet längs hela livsmedelskedjan. Studier visar att det finns ett tydligt business case för reducering av matsvinn, att initiativ i genomsnitt genererar 14 gånger så stor finansiell vinning som kostnad för aktörer i livsmedelskedjan, men att många aktörer saknar vetskap om detta. Myndigheter och forskare har de senaste åren i en allt större utsträckning ägnat fokus åt, och betonat vikten av, samarbete i livsmedelskedjan för att reducera matavfallet. Mindre fokus har ägnat åts livsmedelsbutikernas incitament att genomföra de initiativ som anses nödvändiga för att matavfallet i Sverige ska reduceras. Syftet med studien var därför att, från ett butiksperspektiv, förstå rådande hinder och incitament för förebyggande matavfall samt prisreduktion, förädling och donering av överskottsmat, och därigenom identifiera möjligheter att öka dessa incitament. Studien genomfördes i form av en fallstudie av nio livsmedelsbutiker från de tre största livsmedelskedjorna i Sverige, där semistrukturerade intervjuer hölls med ansvariga från varje butik. Resultaten visar interna och externa barriärer för reduktion av matavfall, av vilka de signifikanta är att ständigt tillfredsställande av konsumenters önskemål och variation i efterfrågan (förebyggande av matavfall), ineffektivitet i tillverkning av innehållsförteckningar (förädling), samt avsaknad av fungerande partnerskap (donering). Finansiell vinning är den största drivkraften för reduktion av matavfall, varför matavfall helst förebyggs och dyra produkter prioriteras. Det råder en generell osäkerhet kring den optimala strategin för att reducera matavfall, samt bristande tid att ägna initiativ. Incitament för reduktion av matavfall beror därför i stor utsträckning på vetskap om ett initiativs business case, samt hur effektivt det kan integreras i butikens verksamhet. Möjlighet att öka incitament finns därmed där: i) livsmedelsbutiker har vetskap om ett business case, men förhinder att agera; ii) livsmedelsbutiker saknar vetskap om ett business case); och iii) det saknas ett business case.

La thèse a pour but d’étudier la possibilité et la faisabilité économique de démarches de diversification des produits et d’amélioration des caractéristiques qualitatives des aliments par les entreprises, dans un contexte dans lequel ces modifications sont soumises à des contraintes techniques induisent des coûts non négligeables, non nécessairement valorisés par le marché. Dans ce cadre, nous cherchons à comprendre dans quelle mesure il est possible pour les autorités publiques d’intervenir pour inciter les entreprises à consentir des efforts suffisants (en termes d’investissement en amont) de façon à favoriser la mise en marché de produits conformes à la qualité voulue par la société. Nous avons appliqué ces perspectives de recherches à deux problématiques sociétales importantes et d’actualité, à savoir la coexistence des filières OGM et non OGM et la question de la santé et de la nutrition à travers l’enjeu de l’entrée de gammes de produits plus acceptables d’un point de vue nutritionnel (moins de sucre, de gras, …). Ces problématiques qui occupent les deux parties de la thèse sont élaborées en mobilisant des outils de la Théorie de l’Organisation Industrielle. Les résultats montrent que les choix spontanés de gammes de produits par les firmes ne sont pas toujours socialement satisfaisant, ce qui implique dans certaines conditions une intervention publique. Dans le cas de la coexistence OGM/non-OGM, le produit non-OGM peut ne pas avoir la caractéristique souhaitée en absence de régulation. Pour ce qui est des enjeux nutritionnels, les firmes présentes sur le marché n’offrent pas systématiquement des aliments favorables sur le plan de la santé en l’absence d’intervention publique. La thèse aboutit à la conclusion générale qu’il est souvent nécessaire de combiner plusieurs instruments publics. Dans le cas de la coexistence OGM/non-OGM, les pouvoirs publics peuvent gérer de manière efficace la coexistence en agissant simultanément sur le seuil d’étiquetage, les conditions de réalisation des tests et contrôles et le niveau de la pénalité. Dans le cas de la question nutritionnelle, l’intervention par le biais d’une subvention à la R&D présente certaines faiblesses telles que le risque d’instrumentalisation de la subvention par la firme ou induit des distorsions au détriment de la santé publique. Ceci suggère de combiner la subvention à la R&D avec un autre instrument tel que la taxation. / Our research aims at analyzing the economic feasibility of approaches for product diversification and quality characteristics improvement by firms, in a context where these modifications are subject to technical constraints that induce high costs not necessarily valued by the market. In this context, we try to understand how it is possible for public authorities to intervene in order to encourage firms to make sufficient efforts (in terms of upstream investment) and facilitate the marketing of products in response to the needs of society. We apply these research perspectives to two important issues, namely the GM/non-GM coexistence and the health and nutrition issue through the development of product lines which are more acceptable from a nutritional point of view (for example, less sugar, fat, salt…). These two research issues are developed by mobilizing the tools of the Theory of Industrial Organization. The results show that the spontaneous choice of product lines by firms is not always socially satisfactory, which implies that in certain conditions, public intervention is desirable. In the case of GM/non-GM coexistence, non-GM products may not have the desired characteristics in the absence of regulation. In terms of health issues, companies in the market do not offer high nutritional value foods in the absence of public intervention. Overall, this thesis concludes that it is often necessary to combine several public instruments. In the first study, we show that the public authorities can effectively manage the GM/non-GM coexistence by acting simultaneously through the labelling threshold definition, the quality tests and controls, and the level of the penalty cost in case of non compliance. In the second study, we show that an intervention through Research and Development (R&D) subsidies has some weaknesses such as the risk of manipulation of the grant by firms, or the possibility of triggering distortions to the detriment of public health. This suggests combining the R&D subsidies with another instrument such as taxation

Cette recherche porte sur le processus de constitution de la culture au Chili comme catégorie d’intervention publique entre 1989 et 2008.Ce processus s’amorce dans un contexte historique et socio-politique particulier caractérisé par la fin de la dictature annoncée par le plébiscite de 1988 et confirmée lors des élections démocratiques de 1989. La culture acquiert alors un rôle fondamental dans le développement social et politique du Chili. Son institutionnalisation cherchait en effet à ordonner un domaine d’intervention fragmenté et institutionnellement fragile et qui n’avait jusqu’alors jamais été doté d’une institution supérieure.Cette étude propose ainsi d’envisager le processus d’émergence de la culture comme un problème public pour ensuite analyser son institutionnalisation qui déboucha sur la création,en 2003, du Conseil National de la Culture et des Arts. La compréhension de ce processus et l’étude de la mise en œuvre du CNCA conduisent à mieux identifier les enjeux qui caractérisent et déterminent l’action publique culturelle dans le Chili d’après dictature. Cette recherche s’inscrit ainsi dans les débats posés par l’analyse des politiques publiques et en reprendra les principaux outils théoriques afin de mieux aborder le processus de constitution d’une catégorie d’intervention publique à travers trois axes centraux, les idées, les acteurs et les institutions, qui permettront d’articuler les approches cognitives de politiques publiques aux approches néo-institutionnalistes et d’instrumentation de l’action publique.L’analyse se développe alors autour de deux plans, l’un centré sur l’articulation entre les concepts et les valeurs et le repositionnement et le rôle des acteurs au sein d’un cadre institutionnel particulier. L’autre plan considère plus spécifiquement les enjeux de la mise en œuvre de l’institution culturelle et les tensions propres à ce processus relatives à la construction d’un idéal culturel national, à la récupération et à la recomposition d’espaces de pouvoir et à un cadre institutionnel flou et profondément marqué par les enclaves autoritaires héritées du passé. / This research deals with making culture a Public Intervention Category in Chile, from1989 to 2008.The process began in a particular historical and socio-political context characterized bythe democratic transition heralded by the 1988 plebiscite and consolidated by the 1989elections. At this time culture began to gain a fundamental role in the social and politicaldevelopment in Chile. Previously denied a formal organizational structure, the newinstitution’s cultural interventions were fragmented and fragile.This dissertation analyzes the National Council on Culture and Arts (NCCA) created in2003 and its work in the context of culture emerging as a public matter. In doing this we areable to identify the different issues in cultural policymaking that arose since the end ofauthoritarian rule. This investigation is a contribution to the debates on the analysis of publicpolicy, utilizing its main theoretical tools to dissect the process of establishing a category ofpublic intervention through three central themes: ideas, actors and institutions. Hence, thiswould connect the cognitive approaches of public policy marked by neo-institutionalism andinstrumentalist policymaking focuses.The analysis approaches the issue on two levels. The first one centers on the articulationbetween concepts and values with the realignment of policy actors within a specificinstitutional framework. Secondly, we will focus on the issues that arose in theinstitutionalization of culture, and the tensions involved in this process. We will especiallystress the deadlocks generated by the construction of a national cultural ideal under aninstitutional order characterized by “authoritarian enclaves” inherited from the former rule.

[ES] La investigación de la ciudad informal ha ido priorizando el estudio de la disyuntiva aparente entre teoría y praxis en el análisis de las transformaciones socioespaciales. Si bien este enfoque investigativo ofrece una posición crítica para la revisión de las buenas prácticas públicas, relega de la reflexión dos temas consustanciales y articulados: la actualización de la marginalidad urbana como categoría conceptual y analítica vigente, y las transformaciones del tejido residencial que recrean matices de marginalidad urbana a pesar de la intervención. La tesis propone un marco explicativo para la actualización del concepto que sirva como categoría de análisis de la intervención pública, a través de un estudio crítico de los hechos constitutivos de la ciudad informal en correlatos afines a la marginalidad urbana. Para ello adelanta una revisión centrada en la significación e interpretación de paradigmas de las ciencias sociales y el urbanismo vinculados al espacio de la ciudad informal con herramientas cualitativas y cuantitativas. Lo anterior, con el fin de establecer la cercanía conceptual acudiendo a dimensiones, escalas y a la producción del espacio para, de este modo, determinar los niveles de heterogeneidad de la marginalidad urbana. Posteriormente, se presenta el contexto de la marginalidad urbana en Medellín como proceso histórico que se reproduce con matices actualizados y con la paulatina consolidación de la ciudad informal en el paisaje. Finalmente, a través de cartografía temática sobre los correlatos más cercanos a la dimensión físico-espacial, se verifican los tímidos efectos de la intervención para la transformación de la marginalidad en la ciudad informal en un sector de Medellín. En consecuencia, los modelos de gestión se implementan con diversos niveles, según el alcance del concepto de la marginalidad, y sus efectos suelen ser acciones restringidas y parcializadas. Esta paradoja no dialoga con el carácter procesual de las manifestaciones espaciales de la marginalidad, razón por la cual la ciudad informal de hoy es heterogénea, con una complejidad teórica anclada en nuevas marginalidades, en diversos ámbitos del desarrollo de la vida en la ciudad. Estos modelos, en síntesis, apuestan en la actualidad por cambios paisajísticos a través de piezas, abandonando premisas valiosas ya ensayadas y la riqueza semántica del término, a pesar de su capacidad de vincular diversos aspectos que le atañen a la ciudad informal. En ese sentido, la replicabilidad de la intervención debe pasar por la contextualización específica de las condiciones de base, la amplitud del concepto de marginalidad urbana y sus manifestaciones, especialmente en comparación con el resto de la ciudad, para de este modo fomentar diálogos más equilibrados entre la ciudad formal, la informal y el paisaje. / [CA] La investigació de la ciutat informal ha anat prioritzant l'estudi de la disjuntiva aparent entre teoria i praxi en l'anàlisi de les transformacions socioespacials. Malgrat que aquest enfocament de recerca ofereix una posició crítica per a la revisió de les bones pràctiques públiques, releguen de la reflexió dos temes consubstancials i articulats: l'actualització de la marginalitat urbana com a categoria conceptual i analítica vigent, i les transformacions del teixit residencial que recreen matisos de marginalitat urbana malgrat la intervenció. La tesi proposa un marc explicatiu per a l'actualització del concepte que servisca com a categoria d'anàlisi de la intervenció pública, a través d'un estudi crític dels fets constitutius de la ciutat informal en correlats afins a la marginalitat urbana. Per a això avança una revisió centrada en la significació i interpretació de paradigmes de les ciències socials i l'urbanisme vinculats a l'espai de la ciutat informal amb eines qualitatives i quantitatives. L'anterior, amb la finalitat d'establir la proximitat conceptual acudint a dimensions, escales i a la producció de l'espai per a, d'aquesta manera, determinar els nivells d'heterogeneïtat de la marginalitat urbana. Posteriorment, es presenta el context de la marginalitat urbana a Medellín com a procés històric que es reprodueix amb matisos actualitzats i amb la gradual consolidació de la ciutat informal en el paisatge. Finalment, a través de cartografia temàtica sobre els correlats més pròxims a la dimensió física-espacial, es verifiquen els tímids efectes de la intervenció per a la transformació de la marginalitat a la ciutat informal en un sector de Medellín. En conseqüència, els models de gestió s'implementen amb diversos nivells, segons l'abast del concepte de la marginalitat, i els seus efectes solen ser accions restringides i parcialitzades. Aquesta paradoxa no dialoga amb el caràcter processal de les manifestacions espacials de la marginalitat, raó per la qual la ciutat informal de hui és heterogènia, amb una complexitat teòrica ancorada en noves marginalitats, en diversos àmbits del desenvolupament de la vida a la ciutat. Aquests models, en síntesi, aposten en l'actualitat per canvis paisatgístics a través de peces, abandonant premisses valuoses ja assajades i la riquesa semàntica del terme, malgrat la seua capacitat de vincular diversos aspectes que li concerneixen a la ciutat informal. En aquest sentit, la replicabilitat de la intervenció ha de passar per la contextualització específica de les condicions de base, l'amplitud del concepte de marginalitat urbana i les seues manifestacions, especialment en comparació amb la resta de la ciutat, per a d'aquesta manera fomentar diàlegs més equilibrats entre la ciutat formal, la informal i el paisatge. / [EN] Informal city research has been prioritizing the study of the apparent dilemma between theory and praxis in the analysis of socio-spatial transformations. Although this investigative approach offers a critical position for the review of good public practices, it relegates reflection to two consubstantial and articulated themes: the updating of urban marginality as a current conceptual and analytical category, and the transformations of the residential grids that recreate nuances of urban marginality despite the intervention. The thesis proposes an explanatory framework for updating the concept that serves as a category of analysis of public intervention, through a critical study of the constitutive facts of the informal city in correlates related to urban marginality. To this end, it advances a review focused on the meaning and interpretation of paradigms of social sciences and urbanism linked to the space of the informal city with qualitative and quantitative tools. The foregoing, to establish the conceptual closeness by going to dimensions, scales, and the production of space to, in this way, determine the levels of heterogeneity of urban marginality. Subsequently, the context of urban marginality in Medellín is presented as a historical process that is reproduced with updated nuances and with the gradual consolidation of the informal city in the landscape. Finally, through thematic cartography on the closest correlates to the physical-spatial dimension, the timid effects of the intervention for the transformation of marginality in the informal city in a sector of Medellín are verified. Consequently, management models are implemented at various levels, depending on the scope of the concept of marginality, and their effects are usually restricted and biased actions. This paradox does not dialogue with the procedural character of the spatial manifestations of marginality, which is why today's informal city is heterogeneous, with a theoretical complexity anchored in new marginalities, in various areas of the development of life in the city. These models, in short, are currently betting on landscape changes through pieces, abandoning already tested valuable premises and the semantic richness of the term, despite its ability to link various aspects that concern the informal city. In this sense, the replicability of the intervention must go through the specific contextualization of the basic conditions, the breadth of the concept of urban marginality and its manifestations, especially in comparison with the rest of the city, to promote more balanced dialogues. between the formal city, the informal city, and the landscape. / Montoya Arenas, C. (2022). Aproximación a la actualización del concepto de marginalidad urbana y sus rasgos espaciales en la ciudad informal [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/185138

[pt] A dissertação Comissão Nacional da Verdade, Arte e Intervenção Pública pretende estabelecer um diálogo entre design / comunicação visual, arte política e história do período ditatorial no Brasil, tendo como base empírica o Relatório da CNV (especificamente o Volume III: Mortos e Desaparecidos Políticos). A partir da análise do Relatório da Comissão Nacional da Verdade, criamos oficinas de estratégias de comunicação visual no âmbito da intervenção no espaço público, com a participação de jovens na faixa etária de 18 a 22 anos. Nessa pesquisa de campo, a metodologia desenvolvida propõe-se a provocar um debate ético e estético com o público alvo. O processo criativo desenvolvido com os alunos de graduação em design da disciplina de Linguagem e Comunicação Visual II, ministrada pela professora Simone Formiga - 2017.1 - PUC-Rio, proporcionou a construção de narrativas imagéticas sobre questões morais relativas às gravíssimas violações de direitos humanos deflagradas pelo regime ditatorial e expostas no Relatório. Ou seja, a partir dos conteúdos discursivos gerados nesta disciplina, desenvolvemos narrativas visuais ocupando o espaço público, com a finalidade de provocar questionamentos e reflexões na população acerca das vítimas do período do regime militar brasileiro. / [en] The dissertation National Commission of Truth, Art and Public Intervention intends to establish a dialogue between design - visual language -, political art and history of the dictatorial period in Brazil, with empirical basis on the CNV Report (specifically Volume III: Political Dead and Disappeared). Analyzing the work of the National Commission of Truth, we created workshops on visual communication strategies in the framework of artistic intervention in public space, with the participation of a group aged from 18 to 22 years. In the field research, the methodology developed aims to provoke an ethical and aesthetic debate with the target audience. The creative process developed with the undergraduate design students at Language and Visual Communication II discipline, given by Professor Simone Formiga - 2017.1 - PUC-Rio, provided the construction of imaginative narratives on moral issues about the severe violations of human rights triggered by the dictatorial period and exposed in the documents of the National Commission of Truth. So, from the discursive contents generated in this discipline, we developed visual narratives occupying the public space, with the purpose of provoking questions and reflections about the victims of the Brazilian military coup.