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Showing 251 to 260 of 270 (0.037 seconds)Spelling suggestions: "subject:"[een] REFUGE"" "subject:"[enn] REFUGE""
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Effets de la densité parasitaire et de la condition corporelle sur les traits de personnalité et les performances cognitives d’un poisson d’eau douce (Lepomis gibbosus)Thelamon, Victoria 03 1900 (has links)
Le parasitisme est omniprésent dans l’environnement et une attention croissante est récemment apportée sur son impact sur les communautés écologiques. En effet, les parasites peuvent affecter la valeur adaptative des animaux sauvages, en altérant leur physiologie et/ou leur comportement. Ainsi, le rôle des parasites dans le maintien ou l’érosion des différences persistantes comportementales et cognitives entre individus est le sujet de nombreux débats et recherches. La relation entre l’infection parasitaire et le comportement de l’hôte est souvent complexe. Le comportement des individus agit sur leur susceptibilité au parasitisme, mais l’infection parasitaire peut aussi modifier le comportement de l’hôte, favorisant parfois la transmission du parasite. En outre, l’inclusion d’un proxy de santé, tel que la condition corporelle est importante à considérer dans des populations naturellement infectées où la santé des individus peut varier. Dans cette étude, nous avons examiné la relation entre un gradient de densité parasitaire, la personnalité (exploration et témérité), la cognition (apprentissage par stimuli aversifs) et la condition corporelle (Indice K de Fulton) chez les crapets-soleil (Lepomis gibbosus) sauvages, naturellement infectés par des endoparasites, comme le trématode responsable de la maladie du point noir (Trematoda : Apophallus sp. et Uvulifer sp.) et le ver solitaire de l’achigan (Cestoda : Proteocephallus ambloplites). Nous avons trouvé que l’exploration, mais pas la témérité, était répétable ce qui suggère que ce trait reflète la personnalité. De plus, l’exploration a diminué avec l’augmentation de la densité de parasites et la diminution de la condition corporelle de l’hôte. Ainsi, étant donné que la relation entre le comportement explorateur et la densité de parasites variait avec la condition corporelle, il est possible que les parasites aient un effet indirect sur le comportement de l’hôte en impactant sa physiologie. L’exploration variait également selon la densité de points noirs et la densité de cestodes, suggérant un potentiel conflit entre ces deux parasites, leurs hôtes finaux étant différents. Les individus avec plus de cestodes ont moins bien exécuté la tâche d’apprentissage, ce qui laisse à penser que ces parasites imposeraient un coût énergétique qui réduit les performances cognitives de l’hôte. Nos résultats contribuent à démontrer que les parasites et la condition corporelle de l’hôte doivent être pris en considération dans les études écologiques, comportementales ou physiologiques afin de mieux comprendre le maintien des variations inter-individuelles au sein des populations sauvages. / Parasites are ubiquitous in nature and increasing attention is given to their impact on ecological communities. Indeed, parasites can affect host fitness through changes in physiology and/or behaviour. Thus, their role in maintaining or eroding persistent inter-individual differences in behaviour (i.e. personality) and cognitive abilities in hosts is the subject of increasing study and debate. The relationship between parasite infection and host behaviour can sometimes be complex. For instance, personality traits may affect an individuals’ susceptibility to parasites. Conversely, parasite infection can itself modify host behaviour, sometimes favouring the parasite’s own transmission. In addition, including a general fitness proxy, such as body condition, is important when studying naturally infected populations, where individual health can vary greatly among individuals. Here, we examine the relationships among host body condition (Fulton’s K index), personality (i.e. exploration, boldness), cognition (aversive learning) and parasite density in wild pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), naturally infected with endoparasites, including trematodes causing blackspot disease (Trematoda: Apophallus sp. and Uvulifer sp.) and bass tapeworms (Cestoda: Proteocephallus ambloplites). We found that exploration but not boldness was repeatable, which suggests that this trait reflects personality. Host exploration decreased with both increasing parasite density and decreasing host body condition. Because the relationship between exploration and parasite density varied with body condition, this suggests a possible indirect effect of parasites on host behaviour through effects on host physiology. Exploration varied depending on blackspot and bass tapeworm density suggesting a possible conflict between these two parasites, as their final hosts are different. Inhibitory avoidance learning decreased with increasing cestode density, suggesting that these parasites could impose an energetic cost which decreases host cognitive performances. Our results provide more evidence that including host body condition and parasite density in ecological, behavioural or physiological studies can help better understand the persistence of inter-individual differences in wild populations.
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A Wildlife Management Internship at Balcones Canyonlands National Wildlife Refuge (BCNWR)Wolf, Megan Fay 30 April 2010 (has links)
No description available.
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Fate and Transport of Avian-Associated Pathogens in Western Lake Erie BeachesRea, Christopher L. January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
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[pt] OS ATOS ADMINISTRATIVOS E O INSTITUTO DA EXTRADIÇÃO À LUZ DO CASO CESARE BATTISTI / [en] THE ADMINISTRATIVE ACTS AND THE EXTRADITION INSTITUTE IN LIGHT OF THE CESARE BATTISTI CASEMARIA LUIZA BRANDAO MORITZ ATEM 26 March 2020 (has links)
[pt] O caso Cesare Battisti ficou amplamente conhecido dentro e fora da esfera jurídica, tornando-se um caso de grande interesse público. Dentro do meio jurídico, o caso despertou diversas questões, tais como a concessão de refúgio para criminosos condenados, a possibilidade de cassação da condição de refugiado e possibilidade de negativa do Chefe do Executivo de efetivar a extradição como uma decisão política e uma questão de soberania nacional. Ainda, o presente caso permanece suscitando questões, tendo o Supremo Tribunal Federal sido novamente provocado a se manifestar sobre a prescrição e decadência do ato administrativo que negou a entrega de Cesare Battisti para as autoridades italianas e sobre a possibilidade de sua expulsão e deportação. A presente pesquisa pretende, com base em estudos doutrinários, na análise do caso de Cesare Battisti e dos julgados do Supremo Tribunal Federal sobre extradição, analisar a possibilidade de revogação do ato administrativo do Chefe do Executivo que decidiu pela não entrega de Cesare Battisti ao Estado Italiano. / [en] The Cesare Battisti case became wildly known within and outside the legal scope, becoming a case of great public interest. Within the legal atmosphere, the case raised a number of issues, such as granting refugee status for convicted criminals, the possibility to cancel the refugee status and the possibility of the
Chief of the Executive Branch to refuse the enforcement of extradition as a political decision and a matter of national sovereignty. Moreover, the present case is still raising questions, and the Federal Supreme Court has once again been called upon to rule on the statue of limitations regarding of the administrative act
which denied Cesare Battisti s surrender to the Italian authorities and on the possibility of his expulsion and deportation. Based on doctrinal studies, the analysis of the Cesare Battisti case and the Supreme Court trials on extradition, the present work intends to study the possibility of repealing the administrative act
of the Chief of the Executive Branch, who ruled that Cesare Battisti would not be surrendered to the Italian State.
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[pt] DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DOS REGIMES DE REFÚGIO À GESTÃO MIGRATÓRIA MILITARIZADA DA OPERAÇÃO ACOLHIDA / [en] FROM THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REFUGEE REGIMES TO THE MILITARIZED MIGRATORY MANAGEMENT OF OPERATION WELCOMEMOISES DA SILVA ANDRIOLO 09 November 2021 (has links)
[pt] Este trabalho apresenta a constituição histórica dos regimes de proteção aos refugiados em suas três esferas - global, regional e nacional -, assumindo sua complementariedade na consolidação da proteção aos deslocamentos forçados. Partindo de uma pressuposição construtivista, esta abordagem apresentará os marcos de proteção ao refúgio como construtos históricos fomentados dentro de interações sociais e que estão em fluxo contínuo de especificação sobre os novos carecimentos humanos. Nessa perspectiva construtivista que integra abordagens interdisciplinares para os estudos internacionais, será empregado o vocábulo regime em relação às construções de proteção, com normativas, princípios e vias procedimentais em torno da temática do refúgio. Assim, emoldurado por uma estrutura cronológica, a pesquisa começará da esfera mais ampla da Convenção de 1951, passando pela esfera Regional para culminar no marco de proteção nacional ao refugiado. Especial enfoque será dado à esfera regional na ampliação da definição de refugiado, que se concretiza na América Latina por meio da Declaração de Cartagena de 1984, a fim de superar os limites eurocêntricos da definição clássica. Tal abordagem da região está conectada ao Brasil que incorpora na lei 9.474/97 a definição clássica internacional e a definição ampliada de graves e generalizadas violações de direitos humanos de Cartagena. Traçado o caminho, esta dissertação apresenta dentro do marco do regime nacional de refúgio a resposta brasileira ao fluxo de venezuelanos por meio da Operação Acolhida. Portanto, analisaremos os eixos da gestão migratória militarizada brasileira, que ocorre com forte proeminência das Forças Armadas. A esse respeito, o trabalho destaca a simultaneidade da lógica humanitária e securitária da resposta nacional, que demonstra ambivalência entre proteger o venezuelano e proteger-se dele. / [en] This work presents a historical constitution of the refugee protection regimes, in their three spheres - global, regional, and national – assuming its complementarity in consolidating the protection to the forced displacement. Starting from a constructivist presupposition, this approach will present the refuge protection framework as historical constructs fostered within social interactions, and which are in a continuous flow of specification over the new human needs. From this constructivist perspective that integrates interdisciplinary approaches to the international studies, the word regime will be used, in relation to the constructions of protection, with norms, principles and procedural pathways, around the theme of refuge. Thus, framed by a chronological structure, this research will start from the broader sphere of the 1951 Convention, passing through the sphere Regional, to culminate in the framework of national refugee protection. Special focus will be given to the regional sphere in expanding the definition of refugee, which takes place in Latin America, through the 1984 Cartagena Declaration, to overcome the Eurocentric limits of the classic definition. This approach of the region is connected to Brazil, which incorporates in law 9.474/97 the international classical definition and the expanded definition of serious and widespread human rights violations in Cartagena. Tracing this path, this dissertation presents, within the framework of the national refugee regime, the Brazilian response to the flow of Venezuelans, through the Operation Welcome. Therefore, we will analyze the axes of this Brazilian militarized migratory management, which occurs with strong prominence of the Armed Forces. Thus, this work highlights the simultaneity of the humanitarian and security logic of this national response, which demonstrates ambivalence between protecting the Venezuelans and protecting ourselves from them.
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Methodological investigations on vegetation typology and phytogeography of rain forests of tropical AfricaSenterre, Bruno B.M.L. 17 June 2005 (has links)
I. An original methodological discussion is proposed on the problem of the typology of tropical rain forest’s plant communities, based on the study of forest types across gradients of continentality and elevation, within Atlantic central Africa. These investigations were based on the statement that the main problems in forest typology are related to the non-zonal or zonal character of the different vegetation types and to non considering the relations and differences between forest strata.
II. Field data consisted in phytosociological homogeneous sample plots localized within different recognized phytogeographical entities, in a region of tropical Africa where these entities are known to be well conserved. A total of 37 such plots were inventoried in the region extending from the littoral forests of Ndoté, Equatorial Guinea, which are wet evergreen forests, to the continental forests of the Dja, Cameroon, known as evergreen seasonal forests. The studied region also included the oriental Atlantic forests of Equatorial Guinea, known as moist evergreen forests or caesalp forests. In various parts of this continentality gradient, some plots were localized within climax non-zonal formations, namely the submontane rain forests. The emphasis was put on the vegetation of the Monte Alén National Park.
The sampling methodology was willing to be as "complete ", including all strata, "quantitative ", enumerating all individuals, and "representative ", within each stratum, as possible. These multi-layers plots were realised using nested sub-plots, with a sampling size of 100 individuals for every ligneous stratum recognized (dominant trees, dominated trees and shrubs) and a sampling size of 200m² for the herbaceous and suffrutex stratum.
Forest types were defined independently for each stratum and the differences were analysed. A method was proposed for the simultaneous analysis of all floristic data, converting and standardizing the values from ligneous strata, on the one hand, and from understorey strata, on the other hand.
III. Ten forest types were described using IndVal and discussed in the general context of the guineo-congolian region, from a syntaxonomic view point (agglomerative classification) and from a phytogeographical view point (divisive classification). Homologies between these two approaches are described. The proposed phytogeographical system is based on an "open " conception of hierarchical classifications, combining advantages of agglomerative and divisive classifications. In concrete terms, the non-zonal criteria, for example the submontane variants, are categorised separately and in analogy with the zonal criteria, related to the usual phytochoria.
Analysis of ecological relationships for the 10 communities showed that the main variables related to the floristic variability in our mainland rain forests are elevation, rainfall, hygrometry (estimated using bryophytes cover levels) and distance to the ocean. The two extremes on the vertical microclimatic gradient, dominant trees stratum and herbaceous stratum, give similar typologies, however canonical analysis showed that for the herbaceous layer, non-zonal variables (hygrometry and elevation) were gaining more importance when the influence of the two zonal variables was attenuated. In every case, spatial autocorrelation was less important than the environment in explaining floristic variability but its role increased in the spatial arrangement of understorey species, whose dispersal capacity is generally lower than canopy trees. The phytosociological, phytogeographical and ecological description of forest types is accompanied by a physiognomical description using biological types spectrum, as well as architectural models, leaf sizes, etc.
With regard to diversity, we have demonstrated that species richness was higher from upper to lower strata because of the accumulation in lower strata of species from various strata. On the other hand, the proper stratum diversity, i.e. the structural set, decreased from dominant trees to shrubs. The proper diversity of the herb layer showed relatively high figures mainly due to the higher individual density in relation to the existence of microstrata. Within the 37 sample plots, 1,050 taxa have been identified to species or morpho-species levels, for a total of 25,750 individuals. These taxa represent 442 genus among 104 families. The richest forest type is found on the foothills of the Niefang range, on the windward side. This forest type is also characterised by a high number of oligotypic genus and by species belonging to functional types indicators of glacial refuges. These functional types are defined on the basis of the dispersal capacity and on kind of stand needed for effective germination. We formulated the hypothesis that this kind of "foothills refuge ", characterised by his zonal nature, could have been one of the rare refuges for species from mainland rain forests, while montane and fluvial refuges would mainly have preserved species from non-zonal forest types: (sub)montane and riverine.
Based on indicator species of submontane forests, a potential distribution map of this forest type has been realised at the Atlantic central African scale. More than 400 submontane forest localities have been mapped. These forests begin at 400m of altitude near the ocean, and progressively at higher altitude for increasing distance to the ocean. Many lowland localities also comprised submontane species, which could indicate the existence of ecological transgressions. These transgressions would allow migratory tracks for submontane species between isolated mountain ranges, not only during glacial periods, through heights at the northern and southern borders of the congo basin, but also contemporarily through the lowland riverine forest network, in the centre of this basin. Finally, a special attention has been attributed to littoral forests and to some cases of choroecological transgressions, coupled to the ecological equalization phenomenon.
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LIFE HISTORY AND CHEMOSENSORY COMMUNICATION IN THE SOCIAL AUSTRALIAN LIZARD, EGERNIA WHITIIBellamy, Robyn Lyle, robyn.bellamy@flinders.edu.au January 2007 (has links)
ABSTRACT
Social relationships, habitat utilisation and life history characteristics provide a framework which enables the survival of populations in fluctuating ecological conditions. An understanding of behavioural ecology is critical to the implementation of Natural Resource Management strategies if they are to succeed in their conservation efforts during the emergence of climate change. Egernia whitii from Wedge Island in the Spencer Gulf of South Australia were used as a model system to investigate the interaction of life history traits, scat piling behaviour and chemosensory communication in social lizards.
Juveniles typically took ¡Ý 3 years to reach sexual maturity and the results of skeletochronological studies suggested longevity of ¡Ý 13 years. Combined with a mean litter size of 2.2, a pregnancy rate estimated at 75% of eligible females during short-term studies, and highly stable groups, this information suggests several life history features.
Prolonged juvenile development and adult longevity may be prerequisite to the development of parental care. Parental care may, in turn, be the determining factor that facilitates the formation of small family groups. In E. whitii parental care takes the form of foetal and neonatal provisioning and tolerance of juveniles by small family or social groups within established resource areas. Presumably, resident juveniles also benefit from adult territorialism. Research on birds suggests that low adult mortality predisposes cooperative breeding or social grouping in birds, and life history traits and ecological factors appear to act together to facilitate cooperative systems.
E. whitii practice scat piling both individually and in small groups. Social benefits arising from signalling could confer both cooperative and competitive benefits. Permanent territorial markers have the potential to benefit conspecifics, congenerics and other species. The high incidence of a skink species (E. whitii) refuging with a gecko species (N. milii) on Wedge Island provides an example of interspecific cooperation. The diurnal refuge of the nocturnal gecko is a useful transient shelter for the diurnal skink. Scat piling may release a species ¡®signature¡¯ for each group that allows mutual recognition.
Scat piling also facilitates intraspecific scent marking by individual members, which has the potential to indicate relatedness, or social or sexual status within the group. The discovery of cloacal scent marking activity is new to the Egernia genus. E. Whitii differentiate between
their own scats, and conspecific and congeneric scats. They scent mark at the site of conspecific scats, and males and females differ in their response to scent cues over time. Scat piling has the potential to make information concerning the social environment available to dispersing transient and potential immigrant conspecifics, enabling settlement choices to be made.
This thesis explores some of the behavioural strategies employed by E. whitii to reduce risks to individuals within groups and between groups. Scents eliciting a range of behavioural responses relevant to the formation of adaptive social groupings, reproductive activity, and juvenile protection until maturity and dispersal are likely to be present in this species. Tests confirming chemosensory cues that differentiate sex, kin and age would be an interesting addition to current knowledge. The interaction of delayed maturity, parental care, sociality, chemosensory communication and scat piling highlights the sophistication of this species¡¯ behaviour.
An alternative method for permanently marking lizards was developed. Persistence, reliability and individual discrimination were demonstrated using photographic identification and the method was shown to be reliable for broad-scale application by researchers. Naturally occurring toe loss in the field provided a context against which to examine this alternative identification method and revealed the need to further investigate the consequences of routine toe clipping, as this practice appears to diminish survivorship.
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Diel Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Patterns in Sites with and without Planktonic Life Stage of Thompsodinium intermedium in Comal Springs, TXGilpin, Cheryl 2012 May 1900 (has links)
Between July 2009 and October 2011, a new habitat was found for a rarely reported freshwater dinoflagellate species, Thompsodinium intermedium - Comal Springs (Comal County), Texas. In 2011, diel in-situ monitoring in monospecific blooms of this species revealed previously undetected negative impacts on endangered species habitat availability associated with conditions of low flow levels, recorded at the U.S. Geological Survey gage # 08169000 on Texas Commission on Environmental Quality river segment 1811 station 12655. During a period of low springflow in the summer of 2011, late afternoon and early morning measurements of dissolved oxygen and temperature and presence of dinoflagellate blooms were monitored at six sites. Significant differences in diel fluctuations were found in all of these parameters among sites with and without the planktonic blooms. These fluctuations increased risk of hypoxia and hyperthermia conditions at sites of planktonic bloom events. Arrays of in-situ continuous monitoring temperature/light probes were used inside and outside of blooms. Wildlife and human health implications are that hypoxia and hyperthermia are known to promote conditions favorable to harmful microbes which may be transported from springs to coastal bays. In-situ data demonstrated that T. intermedium blooms, hypoxia, and hyperthermia occurred in the upper Comal headwaters. These natural environmental stressors may be avoidable if adequate springflows are maintained to buffer against these impacts.
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At the edge : the north Prince Albert region of the Saskatchewan forest fringe to 1940Massie, Merle Mary Muriel 18 January 2011
Canadians have developed a vocabulary of regionalism, a cultural shorthand that divides Canada into easily-described spaces: the Arctic, the Prairies, the Maritimes, and Central Canada, for example. But these artificial divisions obscure the history of edge places whose identity is drawn from more than one region. The region north of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, is a place on the edge of the boreal forest whose self-representations, local history, and memorials draw heavily on a non-prairie identity. There, the past is associated with the forest in contrast to most Canadians' understanding of Saskatchewan as flat, treeless prairie. This dissertation presents the history of the north Prince Albert region within a framework that challenges common Saskatchewan and Canadian stereotypes. Through deep-time place history, layers of historical occupation in the study region can be compared and contrasted to show both change and continuity. Historical interpretations have consistently separated the history of Saskatchewans boreal north and prairie south, as if the two have no history of interchange and connection. Using edge theory, this dissertation argues that historical human occupation in the western interior found success in the combination of prairie and boreal lifeways.<p>
First Nations groups from both boreal forest and open plain used the forest edge as a refuge, and to enhance resilience through access to resources from the other ecosystem. Newcomer use of the prairie landscape rebranded the boreal north as a place of natural resources to serve the burgeoning prairie market. The prairies could not be settled if there was not also a nearby and extensive source for what the prairies lacked: timber and fuel. Extensive timber harvesting led to deforestation and the rise of agriculture built on the rhetoric of mixed farming, not King Wheat. The mixed farming movement tied to landscape underscored the massive internal migrations from the open prairies to the parkland and forest edge.<p>
Soldier settlement, long viewed as a failure, experienced success in the north Prince Albert region and gave a model for future extensive government-supported land settlement schemes. South-to-north migration during the 1920s was based on a combination of push and pull factors: drought in the Palliser Triangle; and a strengthening northern economy built on cordwood, commercial fishing, freighting, prospecting and fur harvesting, as well as mixed farming. The economy at the forest edge supported occupational pluralism, drawing subsistence from both farm and forest, reflecting the First Nations model. As tourism grew to prominence, the Saskatchewan dual identity of prairie/forest led to the re-creation of the north Prince Albert region as a new vacationland, the Playground of the Prairies. The northern forest edge drew thousands of migrants during the Great Depression. Historical analysis has consistently interpreted this movement as frantic, a reactionary idea without precedent. Through a deep-time analysis, the Depression migrations are viewed through a new lens. The forest edge was a historic place of both economic and cultural refuge and resilience predicated on the Saskatchewan contrast of north and south.
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At the edge : the north Prince Albert region of the Saskatchewan forest fringe to 1940Massie, Merle Mary Muriel 18 January 2011 (has links)
Canadians have developed a vocabulary of regionalism, a cultural shorthand that divides Canada into easily-described spaces: the Arctic, the Prairies, the Maritimes, and Central Canada, for example. But these artificial divisions obscure the history of edge places whose identity is drawn from more than one region. The region north of Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, is a place on the edge of the boreal forest whose self-representations, local history, and memorials draw heavily on a non-prairie identity. There, the past is associated with the forest in contrast to most Canadians' understanding of Saskatchewan as flat, treeless prairie. This dissertation presents the history of the north Prince Albert region within a framework that challenges common Saskatchewan and Canadian stereotypes. Through deep-time place history, layers of historical occupation in the study region can be compared and contrasted to show both change and continuity. Historical interpretations have consistently separated the history of Saskatchewans boreal north and prairie south, as if the two have no history of interchange and connection. Using edge theory, this dissertation argues that historical human occupation in the western interior found success in the combination of prairie and boreal lifeways.<p>
First Nations groups from both boreal forest and open plain used the forest edge as a refuge, and to enhance resilience through access to resources from the other ecosystem. Newcomer use of the prairie landscape rebranded the boreal north as a place of natural resources to serve the burgeoning prairie market. The prairies could not be settled if there was not also a nearby and extensive source for what the prairies lacked: timber and fuel. Extensive timber harvesting led to deforestation and the rise of agriculture built on the rhetoric of mixed farming, not King Wheat. The mixed farming movement tied to landscape underscored the massive internal migrations from the open prairies to the parkland and forest edge.<p>
Soldier settlement, long viewed as a failure, experienced success in the north Prince Albert region and gave a model for future extensive government-supported land settlement schemes. South-to-north migration during the 1920s was based on a combination of push and pull factors: drought in the Palliser Triangle; and a strengthening northern economy built on cordwood, commercial fishing, freighting, prospecting and fur harvesting, as well as mixed farming. The economy at the forest edge supported occupational pluralism, drawing subsistence from both farm and forest, reflecting the First Nations model. As tourism grew to prominence, the Saskatchewan dual identity of prairie/forest led to the re-creation of the north Prince Albert region as a new vacationland, the Playground of the Prairies. The northern forest edge drew thousands of migrants during the Great Depression. Historical analysis has consistently interpreted this movement as frantic, a reactionary idea without precedent. Through a deep-time analysis, the Depression migrations are viewed through a new lens. The forest edge was a historic place of both economic and cultural refuge and resilience predicated on the Saskatchewan contrast of north and south.
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