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BACKGROUND:The rhizome, the original stem of land plants, enables species to invade new territory and is a critical component of perenniality, especially in grasses. Red rice (Oryza longistaminata) is a perennial wild rice species with many valuable traits that could be used to improve cultivated rice cultivars, including rhizomatousness, disease resistance and drought tolerance. Despite these features, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that contribute to rhizome growth, development and function in this plant.RESULTS:We used an integrated approach to compare the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome of the rhizome to other tissues of red rice. 116 Gb of transcriptome sequence was obtained from various tissues and used to identify rhizome-specific and preferentially expressed genes, including transcription factors and hormone metabolism and stress response-related genes. Proteomics and metabolomics approaches identified 41 proteins and more than 100 primary metabolites and plant hormones with rhizome preferential accumulation. Of particular interest was the identification of a large number of gene transcripts from Magnaportha oryzae, the fungus that causes rice blast disease in cultivated rice, even though the red rice plants showed no sign of disease.CONCLUSIONS:A significant set of genes, proteins and metabolites appear to be specifically or preferentially expressed in the rhizome of O. longistaminata. The presence of M. oryzae gene transcripts at a high level in apparently healthy plants suggests that red rice is resistant to this pathogen, and may be able to provide genes to cultivated rice that will enable resistance to rice blast disease.

MSc., Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / Little is known about the longevity of grassland suffrutex plants and the relationship between longevity and plant morphological structures and seedling growth strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the longevity of four grassland suffrutex plant species, namely Berkheya insignis, Callilepis laureola, Protea insignis and Tephrosia kraussiana. Seed viability, seedling growth, morphology, habitat and population structure and demography were also assessed and related to plant age. The rhizomes, seeds (if available) and canopies of B. insignis, C. laureola, P. simplex and T. kraussiana were removed from a site near Port Edward in the Pondoland region, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in April 2008. Seeds were available for P. simplex and T. kraussiana only. Seed germination and viability were tested in the field and laboratory using germination trials and tetrazolium tests. Greenhouse and field grown seedlings were used to monitor seedling growth and to record seedling morphology. The aerial and rhizome morphologies of adult plants excavated from the field were also recorded. The largest of these rhizomes were aged using radiocarbon dating. Attempts were made to develop morphological surrogates for plant age as no method currently exists. Plant density, demographies, number of inflorescences and various environmental variables of wild populations of B. insignis, C. laureola, P. simplex and T. kraussiana were sampled from the Red Desert Nature Reserve and the Umtamvuna Nature Reserve. Species morphologies varied, however important similarities suggest convergent evolution. These included a single vertical main stem rhizome with multiple side branches, early rhizome development in seedlings, and high root: shoot ratios. Seed viability was high in the laboratory but low seedling emergence was observed in the field. Seedling growth was rapid for T. kraussiana and slow for P. simplex. The population stage structure for all four species comprised primarily adults with few or no juveniles. Wild population plant height and main stem diameter followed normal distributions. Number of stems, basal area, canopy area and the number of floral structures had distributions favouring the smaller size classes. Soil P, N, K and organic carbon were important soil nutrients in a PCA analysis of the habitats of the four species. Radiocarbon dating yielded the following ages: B. insignis: 49-51 years, C. laureola: 49-50 years, P. simplex: 49-51 years and T. kraussiana: 51 years. There was a significant relationship between rhizome mass and canopy area, basal area, height, number of stems and main stem diameter. Since rhizome mass had a positive relationship with age- a relationship between age and aerial structures is likely. Therefore, creating surrogates for age may be possible. Overall, these species have moderate longevity, are poor seed producers with possibly slow population growth and are closely associated with soil nutrients. Therefore, these and other suffrutex species are particularly vulnerable to habitat destruction and climate change. The results of this study indicate that there needs to be a greater focus on below ground growth during ecological assessments in order to better understand the ecology of our diverse grassland biome plants.

Esta pesquisa reivindica a capacidade de aglutinação de escritores das literaturas de língua portuguesa por Timor-Leste, e com isso, a leitura do fazer literário poder ocorrer pela dimensão das relações. Nelas, entende-se a fragilidade de um rizoma (baseado na conceituação de Deleuze e Guattari) passível de ser analisado nas obras entre si, na prática da intertextualidade e nos índices paratextuais reunidos, porque se interlocucionam por Timor. Para isso, evidencia-se o encadeamento da textualidade flagrada entre os escritores de língua portuguesa, que um a um cavam a própria capilaridade no rizoma-Timor, transmutado em Rede Literária de Timor. Pelo menos vinte escritores se interconectaram rizomaticamente a três escritores-nós, Ruy Cinatti, Xanana Gusmão e Luís Cardoso, fazendo dessa dinâmica de produtividade o flagrante da Rede Literária de Timor. Observou-se que o trânsito de literatas foi a ocorrência mais acionada, ao passo que a permanência-pertença foi gratamente evidenciada em Luís Cardoso, Joana Ruas e Teresa Amal. / This research claims the agglutination capacity of writers of Portuguese-language literatures by East Timor, and with this, the reading of literary making can occur through the dimension of relationships. In them, it is understood the fragility of a rhizome (based on the conceptualization of Deleuze and Guattari) passible to be analyzed in the works among themselves, in the practice of intertextuality and in the paratextual indexes gathered, because they promote interlocution by Timor. For this, it shown the evident linkage of textuality caught between Portuguese-speaking writers, who one by one dig the very capillarity in the rhizome-Timor, transmuted into the Timors Literary Network. At least twenty writers interconnected rhizomatically to three writers-knot, Ruy Cinatti, Xanana Gusmão and Luís Cardoso, making this productivity dynamic the flagrant of the Timors Literary Network. It was observed that the traffic of literates was the most frequent occurrence, while the permanence-belonging was gracefully evidenced in Luís Cardoso, Joana Ruas and Teresa Amal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:07:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SARAH FERREIRA DE SOUSA RAMIRO.pdf: 610987 bytes, checksum: c9553896e1ff82d62e04b25708623fa3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-21 / This paper intends to map the imagination of feminism in a work entitled Desmundo, this written by Anne Miranda, and published in 1996, a historical novel that tells the saga of 14 Portuguese orphans, leaving Portugal at the behest of King John to marry the Portuguese settlers who came here to settle. For this venture, will make will be a trial by nomadism and the conceptual difference in the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze, approaching and seeking areas of neighborhoods, flows, rhizomatic becomings and vitality Oribela imprisoned, in chains, the main character of the work, and their movements becomings as an orphan Portuguese in the sixteenth century, fleeing from his destiny of oppression and submission, recreating a narrative of "place of" liquid modernity, feminism fluid and the discovery of their nomadic identity as a sign that said multiplicity. A work mythical style introspective, meditative, poetic and realistic in the sense sensory, a trip to the sixteenth century, but it gives us a reflection of today. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo cartografar o imaginário do feminismo em uma obra intitulada Desmundo, de Ana Miranda, publicada em 1996. Um romance histórico que narra a saga de 14 órfãs portuguesas que saem de Portugal a mando do rei D. João para se casar com os colonizadores portugueses que aqui vieram se estabelecer. Para tal empreitada, far-se-á uma experimentação conceitual pelo nomadismo e pela diferença, na Filosofia, de Gilles Deleuze, aproximando e buscando zonas de vizinhanças, fluxos, devires e vitalidades rizomáticas presas nas redes de Oribela, personagem principal da obra, seus movimentos e devires como órfã portuguesa do século XVI, fugindo do seu destino de opressão e submissão, recriando uma narrativa do entre-lugar , da modernidade líquida; do feminismo fluido e da descoberta de sua identidade nômade que se afirma como signo da multiplicidade. Uma obra mítica, com estilo introspectivo, meditativo, poético e realista no sentido sensorial; uma viagem ao século XVI, mas que nos permite uma profunda reflexão por falar para uma sensibilidade bem de nosso tempo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:07:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOAO EDESIO DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR.pdf: 987726 bytes, checksum: c4677d63bc48e5bef5e0e2337e167942 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-17 / The main goal of this dissertation is to analyze the modernist work of John Guimarães Rosa Grande Sertão: Veredas- The Devil to Pay in the Backlands in an aesthetic perspective. This approach gives a plural and complex dimension of their work, which is an inexhaustible source of analysis. One of the key aspects to be investigated in Grande Sertão: Veredas- The Devil to Pay in the Backlands is the pluralization of language that gives the abstraction and game creation. In a systematic and research, this paper will present some possibilities of analysis of plural manifestations of language in the reconstruction and reinvention process. In many ways, the language is object of study for understanding oneself and the world. In this sense, the analysis, both philosophical and language are important to study an experimental project to create Grande Sertão: Veredas- The Devil to Pay in the Backlands. Because it is a creative and vivid language, it is difficult to draw conclusions on it and it would kill her. Therefore, to study it better you need to follow the current contemporary criticism, in which the language is intuited as a living and dynamic creative power. For his many meaningful possibilities and numerous semantic innovations in Grande Sertão: Veredas- The Devil to Pay in the Backlands, the words do not wear out over time, but give new meaning to each new reading The reader becomes the subject of the meaning to establish new elaborations. semantic and many of sense paths, a meaning that is never completed because the hinterland, in this case, is multiple and open, boasting the disparate meanings and metaphysical that end up being distressing, given the challenges of the world in general and its own world. / O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar a obra romanesca de João Guimarão Rosa, Grande Sertão: Veredas, numa perspectiva estética. Essa abordagem se dá pela dimensao pluri e complexa da obra, sendo ela uma fonte inesgotável de análise. Um dos aspectos fundamentais a ser investigado em Grande Sertão: Veredas é a plurifacialização da linguagem que se dá na abstração e no jogo da criação. De modo sistemático e investigativo, serão apontadas algumas possibilidades de análise das manifestações plurais da linguagem em seu processo de reconstrução e reinvenção. Sob vários aspectos, a linguagem é objeto de estudo para a compreensão de si e do mundo. Neste sentido, as análises, tanto filosóficas quanto linguísticas, são importantes para estudar um projeto experimental de criação como esse em Grande Sertão: Veredas. Por se tratar de uma linguagem criativa e viva, torna-se difícil tirar conclusões sobre ela, isto seria matá-la. Assim, para estudá-la é melhor seguir correntes críticas contemporâneas, nas quais a língua é intuída em seu poder vivo e dinâmico de criação. Por suas variadas possibilidades significativas e inúmeras inovações semânticas em Grande Sertão: Veredas, as palavras não desgastam com o tempo, mas ressignificam-se a cada nova leitura. O leitor se torna sujeito da significação, ao estabelecer novas elaborações semânticas, instauradoras de muitas veredas de sentido, de um sentido que nunca conclui, pois o sertão, no presente caso, é múltiplo e aberto, ensejador dos mais díspares significados metafísicos que acabam angustiando o ser em face dos desafios, advindos do mundo em geral e de seu próprio mundo.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:23:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Gama Longobardi.pdf: 418220 bytes, checksum: 0cd0d07c2e30881bd81e5065eb971bb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-08 / This paper proposes a reading of the idea of anthropophagy, developed by Oswald de Andrade in the 20s, having in the central axis two of his major works: A man without profession Under mom s orders and Cannibal Manifesto. For this we used a methodological procedure developed by Guilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, called by them as rhizome. It is, in the context of this study, a network of connections and steady flows through a discussion of multiplicities whose strength lies in devouring the other. Based on this analytical tool we focus on the narrative style from Oswald de Andrade in which he subverts the model itself, reaching the Brazilian culture under the sign of the mixture and multiplicity / Esta dissertação propõe uma leitura da ideia de antropofagia, elaborada por Oswald de Andrade na década de 1920, tendo como eixo central duas de suas principais obras: Um Homem sem Profissão Sob as ordens de mamãe e o Manifesto Antropófago. Para isso utilizamos um procedimento metodológico elaborado por Guilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, denominado por eles de rizoma. Trata-se, no contexto desse estudo, de uma rede de conexões e de fluxos constantes através de uma reflexão de multiplicidades cuja força está na devoração do outro. Com base nesse instrumento analítico privilegiamos o estilo narrativo próprio de Oswald de Andrade no qual ele subverte o próprio modelo, alcançando a cultura brasileira sob o signo da mistura e da multiplicidade

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:58:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana Gama Longobardi.pdf: 418220 bytes, checksum: 0cd0d07c2e30881bd81e5065eb971bb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-08 / This paper proposes a reading of the idea of anthropophagy, developed by Oswald de Andrade in the 20s, having in the central axis two of his major works: A man without profession Under mom s orders and Cannibal Manifesto. For this we used a methodological procedure developed by Guilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, called by them as rhizome. It is, in the context of this study, a network of connections and steady flows through a discussion of multiplicities whose strength lies in devouring the other. Based on this analytical tool we focus on the narrative style from Oswald de Andrade in which he subverts the model itself, reaching the Brazilian culture under the sign of the mixture and multiplicity / Esta dissertação propõe uma leitura da ideia de antropofagia, elaborada por Oswald de Andrade na década de 1920, tendo como eixo central duas de suas principais obras: Um Homem sem Profissão Sob as ordens de mamãe e o Manifesto Antropófago. Para isso utilizamos um procedimento metodológico elaborado por Guilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, denominado por eles de rizoma. Trata-se, no contexto desse estudo, de uma rede de conexões e de fluxos constantes através de uma reflexão de multiplicidades cuja força está na devoração do outro. Com base nesse instrumento analítico privilegiamos o estilo narrativo próprio de Oswald de Andrade no qual ele subverte o próprio modelo, alcançando a cultura brasileira sob o signo da mistura e da multiplicidade

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:17:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Marino Bicudo.pdf: 9761159 bytes, checksum: 6aa2f168babbabc0abe74890890312f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-26 / In both academic circles and designing practice, it is noted that the scope of communication has changed substantially, in the sense that the component disciplines have been expanded and mixed as part of a process of hybridization of languages, opening into other disciplines, such as architecture and urbanization, and strongly influencing the construction of communicational systems seeking to determine subject-object relations. This scenario is augmented by the major technological and cultural transformations that intensified in the 1990s and potentiated the construction of images, requiring the development of a new approach to design. This thesis poses strategies and provides concrete examples of this new approach, which is seen in what Bauman calls "liquid design", emphasizing transdisciplinarity and intersemiosis between identitory systems. In this context, there is now a crucial role for concepts such as rhizome (Deleuze, 1997), with design as a system formed of variables and contexts, or complex emerging systems (Johnson, 2003). In addition, "sensitive strategies" (Sodré, 2006 and Greimas, 1997) dialogue with the intelligible with the aim of pervading enunciators, and create dense images. These concepts prompt an approach to design as "work in progress" while reinforcing identitory relations between subjects and objects and between subjects and subjects, thus posing a discussion of the concept of identity itself, and the definitions of singularity, standard, context and feedback. Since this entire process takes place in the ambit of communication, semiotics is necessarily involved, with design seen as a process of constantly encoding, decoding and re-encoding (Flusser, 2007), and is culturally determined (Lotman, 1998 and 1999). This means there can be no a priori methods; designers must work with strategies for approaching problems and develop specific methodologies in the course of their design activity. Thus what has been called liquid design assumes the orchestration of other disciplines, such as architecture and urbanization, which are also hybridized. This new approach to designing activity aims to tackle new complexities posed by emerging cultural contexts, ultimately aiming to transform spaces to places, creating ties of identity with enunciators / Nota-se, tanto no meio acadêmico quanto através da prática projetual, que o escopo da comunicação vem se alterando substancialmente, no sentido de que as disciplinas que o formavam vêm se diluindo e se misturando em um processo de hibridização de linguagens, abrindo portas para que outras disciplinas, como a arquitetura e o urbanismo, passem a exercer forte papel na construção de sistemas comunicacionais que objetivam o estabelecimento de vínculos entre sujeitos e objetos. A esse cenário somam-se grandes transformações tecnológicas e culturais, que se acentuam a partir dos anos 1990, potencializando a construção de imagens, obrigando o desenvolvimento necessário de uma nova postura perante o projeto. A tese aqui apresentada objetiva traçar estratégias e mostrar exemplos concretos desse novo fazer projetual, que se impõe através do chamado design líquido , de acordo com Bauman, cuja tônica é a transdisciplinaridade e a intersemiose entre sistemas identitários. Para isso, o conceito de rizoma (Deleuze, 1997), que faz do projeto um sistema formado a partir de variáveis e contextos, e o conceito de sistemas complexos e emergentes (Johnson, 2003) tornam-se essenciais. Somam-se a eles estratégias sensíveis (Sodré, 2006 e Greimas, 1997), que dialogam com o inteligível, com o objetivo de contagiar por completo os enunciatários, criando imagens com espessura. Esses conceitos levam o projeto a ser encarado como um work in progress que busca reforçar laços identitários entre sujeitos e objetos e entre sujeitos e sujeitos, tornando necessária a discussão do próprio conceito de identidade, bem como das definições de singularidade, padrão, contexto e feedback. Entende-se que uma vez que todo esse processo se dá no âmbito da comunicação, a semiótica tem que se fazer presente, pois projetar passa a ser um constante processo de codificação, decodificação e recodificação (Flusser, 2007), determinado dentro da cultura (Lotman, 1998 e 1999). Assim, torna-se impossível que os métodos sejam dados a priori, impondo aos projetistas que passem a trabalhar com estratégias de aproximação aos problemas dados, desenvolvendo metodologias específicas enquanto se projeta. Com isso, o design que aqui é chamado de líquido assume a orquestração de outras disciplinas como arquitetura e urbanismo que, assim, tornam-se também híbridas. Esse novo fazer projetual pretende ser capaz de enfrentar as novas complexidades dadas por contextos culturais emergentes, tendo como objetivo último a transformação de espaços em lugares, criando vínculos identitários com os enunciatários

A number of morphological, floral, rhizome, root and herbage characteristics were studied in order to describe genetic variation and environmental responses in T. ambiguum. From each of six lines, 30 genotypes were clonally progagated into five diverse edaphic and altitudinal sites and grown for one season. Comparisons of growth and form were also made between T. ambiguum, T. repens cv. 'Grasslands Huia' and Lotus pedunculatus cv. 'Grasslands Maku'. The polyploid lines were found to have larger leaves than the diploids while all the lines of T. ambiguum had larger leaves than did white clover. Tetraploid lines had longer petioles and were taller and more erect than the diploids or hexaploids. Floral initiation was found to become later as ploidy level increased but the tetraploid lines exhibited a very large variation in flowering date. The cultivar Treeline was found to produce the most herbage under all conditions although not significantly more than cultivar Prairie or C.P.I. 57353. However, as nodulation was not studied it was not possible to determine whether variety differences were due to root nodulating ability or some other genetically determined parameter. None of the T. ambiguum varieties produced as much herbage as cv. Huia or cv. Maku at any site. However, all the T. ambiguum lines performed relatively better under harsher conditions. Because a large proportion of T. ambiguum was below ground the best T. ambiguum line, cultivar Treeiine, produced equivalent total plant dry weight to cv. Huia and cv. Maku at 1200 m. a.s.l., the high altitude site. Cultivar Prairie was found to have the highest proportion of rhizomes to total plant mass bu because cv. Treeline had higher total plant dry weight both cultivars produced equivalent mean rhizome dry weight. The number of rhizomes, number of daughter plants and rhizome dry weight were all highly correlated and these three characteristics showed similar trends among varieties. Rhizome length was found to increase with ploidy level, as did rhizome internode length. However, the number of nodes was found to be higher in the diploids than in the polyploids. Cultivar Treeline was found to have a high proportion of branching nodes on its rhizomes while C.P.I. 57353 and cv. Summit had the least. Rhizome production was restricted in the Wakanui silt loam soil of high bulk density. However, herbage growth and rhizome branching was increased, probably because of the higher fertility. It was shown using factor analysis on genotypic correlations, that rhizome characteristics and herbage yields were relatively independently inherited. However, morphological characters tended to be related to herbage yields. The polyploid varieties were found to be more genetically variable than the diploids . Broad sense heritabilities were calculated for all parameters measured, and in general, morphological characteristics had higher values than agronomic characteristics. As the genetic variation within each line was higher than the variation among lines, it is apparent that selection within lines should result in the largest gains. Therefore, comparison of the mean performance of the presently highly variable lines is relatively uninformative. By sacrificing some genetic diversity, large gains could be made in performance. It is suggested that cv. Prairie be used as the basis for selecting a highly rhizomatous cultivar while cv. Treeline could be used in the selection of a cultivar with higher herbage production suitable for high country conditions. In a second trial, an established stand of cv. Treeline produced up to 13250 kg per ha for one season under good growing conditions. The management required to produce this amount of herbage was to irrigate and cut to ground level every two months. The growth rate was considerably depressed when cut monthly. It was also shown that root and rhizome yield reached 12600 kg per ha, indicating a massive reserve of assimilates, particularly useful for surviving periods of stress. Seed yields were found to be adequate, reaching levels equivalent to 500-700 kg per ha. These results were discussed in relation to earlier observations on T. ambiguum by workers in Russia, Australia, U.S.A. and New Zealand. Suggestions were made for further genetic and agronomic testing.