Essa dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma análise acerca do comportamento do delinqüente em relação ao quantum de pena previsto no Código Penal brasileiro, possuindo como fundamento a teoria economicista do crime e a legislação penal apresentada. Parte-se, em um primeiro momento, para uma explicação da evolução da sanção penal, destacando as teorias que explicam as finalidades das penas. Dá-se ênfase a dois grandes grupos teóricos: teorias absolutas da pena, que utilizam a pena como um juízo de reprovação/retribuição, e as teorias relativas da pena, que fazem da sanção penal um instrumento para impedir que novos crimes aconteçam (prevenção). Na seqüência, apresentase o modelo econômico básico do crime, desenvolvido por Becker (1968) e seus fundamentos teóricos em Beccaria (1764), em Bentham (1781) e na teoria da escolha racional. Esclarece-se que o modelo economicista do crime enquadra-se entre as teorias relativas da pena (prevenção). Ressalta-se que o instituto da pena é um dos principais mecanismos que o Estado possui para alterar o comportamento de potenciais infratores. Explica-se que o sistema criminal brasileiro estabelece como finalidade da pena tanto a reprovação quanto a prevenção. No entanto, considerando que o delinqüente é um ser racional, capaz de antecipar a quantidade de pena a que estaria sujeito caso fosse capturado e condenado, conclui-se que a pena, no contexto da legislação brasileira, perde a sua finalidade precípua de prevenção, uma vez que o agente criminoso constata que seu custo “real” é menor que seu custo “potencial”. Dessa maneira, embora no sistema criminal nacional, a pena possua como fim a reprovação e a prevenção, percebe-se reduzidas as suas características de prevenção, fazendo realmente do crime uma outra atividade, passível de ser realizada por aqueles que assim desejarem. / The goal of this work is to present an analysis concerning the criminal's behavior in relation to the quantity of punishment foreseen in the Brazilian Penal Code, having as fundaments the economic theory of crime and the penal legislation presented. In a first moment, it does an explanation of the evolution of the penal sanction, pointing out the theories that explain the purposes of the punishment. It does emphasis for two great theoretical groups: absolute theories of the punishment, that it uses the penalty as retribution, and the relative theories of the punishment, that it utilizes the penal sanction as an instrument to impede that new crimes happen (prevention). In the sequence, it presents the economic basic model of crime, developed by Becker (1968) and their theoretical fundaments in Beccaria (1764), in Bentham (1781) and in the theory of the rational choice. It is explained that the economic model of crime is framed among the relative theories of the punishment (prevention). It shows that the institute of the punishment is one of the main mechanisms that the State uses to alter the potentials offenders' behavior. It is explained that the Brazilian criminal system establishes as purpose of the punishment as much the retribution as the prevention. However, considering that the criminal is a rational being, capable to anticipate the amount of punishment that would be subject case was captured and convict, it concludes that the penality, in the context of the Brazilian legislation, loses its essential purpose of prevention, once the criminal agent verifies that his "real" cost is smaller than his "potential" cost. In this way, even though in the national criminal system, the punishment has as purpose the retribution and the prevention, it is possible to note that the characteristics of the prevention have been reduced, making the crime as one other activity, susceptible to be accomplished by those who want to do that.

The purpose of this Dissertation Thesis is to comprehensively set forth the issue of sanctioning of legal persons and also to critically evaluate it. The present Thesis is divided into five chapters. Firstly, the basic terms related to sanctioning of legal persons are defined and the institute of criminal liability of legal persons is expounded including evolution of the legislative in task as well as exposition of the legislation in force. The core of this Dissertation Thesis constitutes detailed analysis of sanctioning of legal persons. Attention is payed not only to stipulations on sanctioning of legal persons included primarily in the Czech Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Persons and Proceedings against Them, but above all the attention is drawn to suggestions on legislative changes de lege ferenda in relation to sanctioning of legal persons. The Author suggests incorporation of new sanctions such as pecuniary punishment against registered capital or supervision over legal entities executed by insolvency administrators or for example integration of a new provision covering mitigating and aggravating circumstances related specifically to legal persons. This Dissertation Thesis also covers current statistics regarding the imposition of sanctions on legal persons and draws interesting...

La participation du psychiatre à la sanction pénale, relativement ancienne, selimitait essentiellement à l’évaluation de la responsabilité des auteurs d’infractions atteints de troubles mentaux. L’évolution des dernières décennies tend toutefois à lui conférer une place particulière et aujourd’hui, la sollicitation de ce spécialiste est à la fois double et distincte. Il est d’abord convoqué en sa qualité de médecin pour prodiguer les soins en santé mentale que requièrent les personnes exécutantune peine privative de liberté. Mais à cette mission sanitaire accessoire à la sanction pénale, s’est ajoutée une intervention intégrée à la sanction puisque le soin psychiatrique est désormais une composante soit de la sanction elle-même, comme l’injonction de soins, soit de ses modalités d’exécution, comme l’obligation de soins dans le cadre d’un sursis avec mise à l’épreuve. Ensuite, c’est dans un rôle d’expert que le psychiatre est appelé à collaborer au processus de sanction. Mais safonction a amplement dépassé le simple cadre de l’appréciation de l’influence d’un trouble mental sur le passage à l’acte et s’attache désormais à l’évaluation de la dangerosité de l’individu. La résurgence de ce dernier concept en droit positif est toutefois source d’incertitudes. Sa définition est elle-même imprécise et a conduit le législateur à en confier l’estimation principalement au psychiatre au moyende l’expertise, celle-ci présentant des insuffisances tant par son cadre que par sa fiabilité. Par ailleurs, c’est l’objet de cette dangerosité qui soulève la question de la distinction entre peine et mesure de sûreté. Les manifestations des difficultés engendrées par la dangerosité, qui se répercutent sur le psychiatre et la sanction, conduisent à repenser la définition de la sanction pénale pour améliorer la contribution du psychiatre. / The participation of psychiatrist in the penal sanction, relatively old, wasessentially limited to the assessment of the mentally disordered offenders’ liability. The evolution in recent decades makes him a special place and today, the solicitation of this specialist is both dual and separate. On the one hand, he is called in his capacity as doctor in order to provide the mental health care for those who carry an imprisonment. But in addition to this medical mission accessory tocriminal sanction, an intervention integrated to the sanction has added since psychiatric care is now a component of the sanction itself, as the care order, or its implementing rules, as the duty of care under a suspended sentence supervision order. On the other hand, the psychiatrist is called to collaborate in the process of sanction as an expert. But the psychiatrist's function has far exceeded the simpleframework of the assessment of the influence of a mental disorder on the transition to the act and is now focusing on the assessment of the dangerousness of the individual. However, the resurgence of the latter concept in positive law is a source of uncertainty. Its definition is imprecise and led the legislator to entrust the estimate mainly at the psychiatrist with expertise, the latter having deficienciesin both its scope and in its reliability. Moreover, it is the object of this dangerousness which raises the question of the distinction between punishment and safety measures. The expressions of the difficulties posed by the dangerousness, that affect the psychiatrist and the sanction, lead to rethink thedefinition of penal sanction in order to enhance the contribution of the psychiatrist.

Essa dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma análise acerca do comportamento do delinqüente em relação ao quantum de pena previsto no Código Penal brasileiro, possuindo como fundamento a teoria economicista do crime e a legislação penal apresentada. Parte-se, em um primeiro momento, para uma explicação da evolução da sanção penal, destacando as teorias que explicam as finalidades das penas. Dá-se ênfase a dois grandes grupos teóricos: teorias absolutas da pena, que utilizam a pena como um juízo de reprovação/retribuição, e as teorias relativas da pena, que fazem da sanção penal um instrumento para impedir que novos crimes aconteçam (prevenção). Na seqüência, apresentase o modelo econômico básico do crime, desenvolvido por Becker (1968) e seus fundamentos teóricos em Beccaria (1764), em Bentham (1781) e na teoria da escolha racional. Esclarece-se que o modelo economicista do crime enquadra-se entre as teorias relativas da pena (prevenção). Ressalta-se que o instituto da pena é um dos principais mecanismos que o Estado possui para alterar o comportamento de potenciais infratores. Explica-se que o sistema criminal brasileiro estabelece como finalidade da pena tanto a reprovação quanto a prevenção. No entanto, considerando que o delinqüente é um ser racional, capaz de antecipar a quantidade de pena a que estaria sujeito caso fosse capturado e condenado, conclui-se que a pena, no contexto da legislação brasileira, perde a sua finalidade precípua de prevenção, uma vez que o agente criminoso constata que seu custo “real” é menor que seu custo “potencial”. Dessa maneira, embora no sistema criminal nacional, a pena possua como fim a reprovação e a prevenção, percebe-se reduzidas as suas características de prevenção, fazendo realmente do crime uma outra atividade, passível de ser realizada por aqueles que assim desejarem. / The goal of this work is to present an analysis concerning the criminal's behavior in relation to the quantity of punishment foreseen in the Brazilian Penal Code, having as fundaments the economic theory of crime and the penal legislation presented. In a first moment, it does an explanation of the evolution of the penal sanction, pointing out the theories that explain the purposes of the punishment. It does emphasis for two great theoretical groups: absolute theories of the punishment, that it uses the penalty as retribution, and the relative theories of the punishment, that it utilizes the penal sanction as an instrument to impede that new crimes happen (prevention). In the sequence, it presents the economic basic model of crime, developed by Becker (1968) and their theoretical fundaments in Beccaria (1764), in Bentham (1781) and in the theory of the rational choice. It is explained that the economic model of crime is framed among the relative theories of the punishment (prevention). It shows that the institute of the punishment is one of the main mechanisms that the State uses to alter the potentials offenders' behavior. It is explained that the Brazilian criminal system establishes as purpose of the punishment as much the retribution as the prevention. However, considering that the criminal is a rational being, capable to anticipate the amount of punishment that would be subject case was captured and convict, it concludes that the penality, in the context of the Brazilian legislation, loses its essential purpose of prevention, once the criminal agent verifies that his "real" cost is smaller than his "potential" cost. In this way, even though in the national criminal system, the punishment has as purpose the retribution and the prevention, it is possible to note that the characteristics of the prevention have been reduced, making the crime as one other activity, susceptible to be accomplished by those who want to do that.

Evaluation through language is a procedure which is connected to contexts of situation and also to social rules that define the behavior of a group. Through investigations in Discourse Semantics, Martin and White (2005) argue that in some discoursive domains particular conventions of composition strongly determine the evaluative styles used by their authors. Drawn from the works of Fairclough (1995) about the journalistic discourse and orientations of Systemic Functional Grammar (HALLIDAY, 1989, 1994), this work intends to investigate, in the area of Discourse Semantics, the authorial or non-authorial linguistic manifestations of judgement, around the polemic expulsion of the journalist Larry Rohter, who had suggested the alcohol abuse of the Brazilian President. The initial hypothesis was that making any public judgement against the person of Luís Inácio Lula da Silva the authors would build them in terms of social sanctions and less as social esteem. To accomplish that, 153 news articles written by Brazilian journalists were gathered, from May 10th to June 10th, 2004, and published on the Internet, in on-line newspapers and on the Observatório da Imprensa . Its initial theme was an article published on The New York Times about the supposed Presidential alcoholic habits. After the corpus selection, the texts were divided into four blocks, related to the four moments perceived during the period. Furthermore, it was made a selection of all occurrences of judgement in relation to the president s behavior in each of the movements as authorial statements and as attributions. Finally, it was elaborated a typology of 5 judgements specially for the corpus analyzed, from the cross-chek of the Appraisal Theory (MARTIN e WHITE, 2005) and the parameters of evaluation of Bednarek (2006). After the corpus manual analysis, it was used the TextStat 1.52 computational tool to verify the data obtained. The results indicate that the five parameters found - CAPACITY, USUALITY, TENACITY, VERACITY and PROPERTY -, the authorial judgement indicates negative values of social esteem, especially USUALITY and CAPACITY, and less number of social sanctions (VERACITY and PROPERTY). As to the non-authorial judgements, it was observed more frequency of TENACITY values (social esteem) and PROPERTY (social sanction) organized in the form of direct speech, with neutral or assertive verbs, and evidences of CAPACITY and USUALITY (social esteem). From the case study, it can be concluded that article writers go beyond the voice of the correspondent, but they do not reach the voice of the commentator, because there are constraints on social sanction judgements. / Fazer avaliações através da linguagem é um procedimento que está vinculado a contextos de situação e a normas sociais que regem o comportamento de um grupo. Através de investigações em Semântica do Discurso, Martin e White (2005) defendem que, em alguns domínios discursivos, convenções particulares de composição condicionam fortemente os estilos avaliativos empregados pelos escritores. A partir dos trabalhos de Fairclough (1995) sobre o discurso jornalístico e das orientações da Gramática Sistêmico-Funcional (HALLIDAY, 1989, 1994), este trabalho pretende investigar, na área da Semântica do Discurso, as manifestações lingüísticas de julgamento, tanto autoral quanto não-autoral, em torno da polêmica expulsão do jornalista Larry Rohter, que havia sugerido que o Presidente do Brasil abusava da bebida. A hipótese inicial era a de que, ao registrarem julgamentos públicos quanto à pessoa de Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, os autores os construiriam em termos de sanção social, em preferência aos de estima social. Para isso, foram reunidos 153 artigos escritos por jornalistas brasileiros, no período de 10 de maio a 10 de junho de 2004, e publicados na internet, em jornais on-line e no Observatório da Imprensa, cujo tema inicial foi uma reportagem publicada no jornal The New York Times, acerca de supostos hábitos etílicos do Presidente da República. Após a seleção do corpus, os textos foram agrupados em quatro blocos, equivalentes aos quatro momentos percebidos durante o período. A seguir, foi feito o levantamento de todas as ocorrências de julgamento em relação ao comportamento do Presidente em 3 cada uma das fases, tanto em declarações autorais quanto em atribuições. Por fim, buscou-se elaborar uma tipologia de julgamentos específica para o corpus em questão, a partir do cruzamento entre a Teoria da Valoração (MARTIN e WHITE, 2005; WHITE; 2004) e os recursos de avaliação de Bednarek (2006). Após a análise manual do corpus, foi utilizada a ferramenta computacional TextStat 1.52, para a verificação dos dados obtidos. Os resultados indicam que, dos cinco recursos encontrados CAPACIDADE, USUALIDADE, TENACIDADE, VERACIDADE e PROPRIEDADE -, os julgamentos autorais indicam valores negativos de estima social, especialmente USUALIDADE e CAPACIDADE, e em menor número valores de sanção social (VERACIDADE e PROPRIEDADE). Quanto aos julgamentos nãoautorais, observou-se maior freqüência de valores de TENACIDADE (estima social) e de PROPRIEDADE (sanção social) organizados em forma de discurso direto, com verbos neutros ou assertivos, e várias ocorrências de CAPACIDADE e USUALIDADE (estima social). O estudo de caso levou à conclusão de que a voz do articulista ultrapassa a voz do correspondente, mas não atinge a voz do comentarista, pois os julgamentos de sanção social não são totalmente livres.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarlusaFX_DISSERT.pdf: 1116662 bytes, checksum: f4d0e8ffe67752739721d73a18df1ddf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-29 / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte / This work pursues to analyze the sanctions of restrictive nature, which are characterized by impeding the business of the contributor in debt. Such sanctions known as political sanctions, are truly understood as an indirect way of tax enforcement, liable to cause problems to the private entity in curtailing, the initiative freedom, opposing the Article 5?, item XIII and Article 170, single paragraph of CF/88. As the State gets the several means to assure the economic order effective performance, it is up to the State to restrain the economic power abuse that objects to the marketing domination, to the ending of competition, and arbitrary increasing of profits (CF Article 173, ? 4?.) Therefore, it depends on the state, besides maintaining the economic order, to ensure a fair distribution of tax burden and act under the command of the Democratic State of Law principles. In order to make the tax collection effective, specific in some cases, the administrative fiscal agent uses coercive, excessive, and institutional, in imposing sanctions which causes constraint, maculating the contributor s essential rights, that matters of the necessity to force the tax credit ending. The principle of the free initiative and free competition, which are intended to be analyzed in this study, comes from a constitutional context and it will be reviewed in its systematic relations and with another rules, in order to evidence, at the end, the occurrence of an intervention towards the economic order when the State makes do of political sanctions as a tool for the tax credit effectiveness, infringing the Tax and Constitutional principles / Este texto visa analisar as san??es de natureza restritiva, que se caracterizam por impedir a continuidade dos neg?cios do contribuinte em d?bito. Tais san??es, conhecidas como san??es pol?ticas, traduzem-se numa forma indireta de execu??o fiscal, capazes de causar danos ao ente privado, ao cercear a liberdade de iniciativa, ferindo o Art. 5?, inciso XIII e Art. 170, par?grafo ?nico da CF/88. Como o Estado utiliza-se de meios diversos para assegurar o efetivo desempenho da ordem econ?mica, cabe-lhe reprimir o abuso do poder econ?mico que vise ? domina??o dos mercados, ? elimina??o da concorr?ncia e ao aumento arbitr?rio dos lucros (CF Art. 173, ? 4?.). Por?m, ao Estado cabe, al?m de manter a ordem econ?mica, garantir uma distribui??o justa da carga fiscal e agir sob o comando dos princ?pios do Estado Democr?tico de Direito. Ocorre que para efetivar a arrecada??o dos tributos, em alguns casos espec?ficos, o agente fiscal administrativo utiliza-se de meios coercitivos, excessivos e inconstitucionais, ao impor san??es que causam constrangimentos, maculando os direitos fundamentais do contribuinte, sob o argumento da necessidade de for?ar a liquida??o do cr?dito tribut?rio. O princ?pio da livre iniciativa e livre concorr?ncia, que se pretende analisar neste trabalho de pesquisa, nasce de um contexto constitucional e ser? analisado em suas rela??es sistem?ticas e em sua rela??o com outras normas, para se demonstrar, ao final, a ocorr?ncia de interven??o ? ordem econ?mica, no momento em que o Estado utiliza-se de san??es pol?ticas como instrumento de efetiva??o do cr?dito tribut?rio, violando princ?pios Constitucionais e Tribut?rios

Essa dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma análise acerca do comportamento do delinqüente em relação ao quantum de pena previsto no Código Penal brasileiro, possuindo como fundamento a teoria economicista do crime e a legislação penal apresentada. Parte-se, em um primeiro momento, para uma explicação da evolução da sanção penal, destacando as teorias que explicam as finalidades das penas. Dá-se ênfase a dois grandes grupos teóricos: teorias absolutas da pena, que utilizam a pena como um juízo de reprovação/retribuição, e as teorias relativas da pena, que fazem da sanção penal um instrumento para impedir que novos crimes aconteçam (prevenção). Na seqüência, apresentase o modelo econômico básico do crime, desenvolvido por Becker (1968) e seus fundamentos teóricos em Beccaria (1764), em Bentham (1781) e na teoria da escolha racional. Esclarece-se que o modelo economicista do crime enquadra-se entre as teorias relativas da pena (prevenção). Ressalta-se que o instituto da pena é um dos principais mecanismos que o Estado possui para alterar o comportamento de potenciais infratores. Explica-se que o sistema criminal brasileiro estabelece como finalidade da pena tanto a reprovação quanto a prevenção. No entanto, considerando que o delinqüente é um ser racional, capaz de antecipar a quantidade de pena a que estaria sujeito caso fosse capturado e condenado, conclui-se que a pena, no contexto da legislação brasileira, perde a sua finalidade precípua de prevenção, uma vez que o agente criminoso constata que seu custo “real” é menor que seu custo “potencial”. Dessa maneira, embora no sistema criminal nacional, a pena possua como fim a reprovação e a prevenção, percebe-se reduzidas as suas características de prevenção, fazendo realmente do crime uma outra atividade, passível de ser realizada por aqueles que assim desejarem. / The goal of this work is to present an analysis concerning the criminal's behavior in relation to the quantity of punishment foreseen in the Brazilian Penal Code, having as fundaments the economic theory of crime and the penal legislation presented. In a first moment, it does an explanation of the evolution of the penal sanction, pointing out the theories that explain the purposes of the punishment. It does emphasis for two great theoretical groups: absolute theories of the punishment, that it uses the penalty as retribution, and the relative theories of the punishment, that it utilizes the penal sanction as an instrument to impede that new crimes happen (prevention). In the sequence, it presents the economic basic model of crime, developed by Becker (1968) and their theoretical fundaments in Beccaria (1764), in Bentham (1781) and in the theory of the rational choice. It is explained that the economic model of crime is framed among the relative theories of the punishment (prevention). It shows that the institute of the punishment is one of the main mechanisms that the State uses to alter the potentials offenders' behavior. It is explained that the Brazilian criminal system establishes as purpose of the punishment as much the retribution as the prevention. However, considering that the criminal is a rational being, capable to anticipate the amount of punishment that would be subject case was captured and convict, it concludes that the penality, in the context of the Brazilian legislation, loses its essential purpose of prevention, once the criminal agent verifies that his "real" cost is smaller than his "potential" cost. In this way, even though in the national criminal system, the punishment has as purpose the retribution and the prevention, it is possible to note that the characteristics of the prevention have been reduced, making the crime as one other activity, susceptible to be accomplished by those who want to do that.

A Constituição de 1988, seguindo a moderna tendência de delegação à administração de funções que vão além do exercício de poder de polícia e de atividades econômicas pela via direta, traçou como objetivo da máquina pública a efetiva contribuição para o alcance de um modelo que equilibre, de um lado, as liberdades sociais, com amplo desenvolvimento e dignidade humana, e, de outro, o exercício da liberdade de iniciativa empresarial, fruto do modelo capitalista em vigor. Sob a ótica infraconstitucional, para alcançar tais objetivos, faz-se necessário repensar o papel do Direito, de modo que se busquem métodos que permitam a difícil, porém não impossível tarefa de equilibrar tais interesses. O Direito Econômico é a resposta para a concretização dessa tarefa, graças à sua vocação metodológica de integração dos ramos tradicionais do pensamento jurídico, aproximando teoria e prática. Partindo do tema da sanção ao abuso de poder econômico, este trabalho versa sobre a necessidade de uma melhor coordenação entre os direitos administrativo e penal, ambos legitimados a punir agentes que se exacerbem no exercício da liberdade de iniciativa, para que melhor se possa acomodar o arranjo institucional necessário aos objetivos traçados. Serão analisados, neste estudo, aspectos teóricos e legais das duas matérias, de modo que se identifiquem os temas e a s sanções que, embora independentes, devem ser coordenados tanto sob a ótica dos incentivos à cooperação dos agentes com as autoridades quanto sob a ótica de um direito único e de sanções eficazes. Analisar-se-ão, também, os modelos adotados em diversos países para tratar do tema e, ao final do trabalho, serão propostas melhorias legislativas e principiologia doutrinária para o nosso ordenamento. Com a criação de diversos órgãos administrativos judicantes, que, sem pretender substituir o Judiciário, procuram contribuir com o mencionado equilíbrio constitucional, tal como é o Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (Cade), ganha ainda mais relevo o já consagrado princípio da subsidiariedade penal, bem como a necessidade de efetiva garantia das garantias principiológicas de contraditório e da ampla defesa no campo da administração e do processo administrativo. A fortificação das estruturas processuais e procedimentais de coordenação das sanções administrativa e penal favorece não apenas o indivíduo, mas principalmente a coletividade, mediante a incorporação de um sistema mais ágil e especializado e principalmente dos incentivos para a prevenção de infrações, que decorre da certeza de aplicação da sanção em caso de abuso de poder econômico. / The Brazilian Constitution, following the modern trend to empower the public administration to develop tasks that goes beyond the classic policy powers and direct services, fixed as a goal to be implemented by them the achievement of a environment that combines, in one side, the social freedom, with special attention to the development of the human dignity and the overall development of the country, and, in the other side, the freedom of corporate initiative, as a premise of the capitalism. Under a infracontitucional point of view, to reach these goals is necessary to think about the role of the law itself, to search for methods that can give a solution to the hard- but not impossible- task of equalize the two sides mentioned above. The Economic Law is the answer to the achievement of the goal, thanks to its methodological vocation to integrate the traditional law topics, approximating legal theory and the human and markets behavior. Starting from the study of the sanction, this work talks about the need of a better coordination between administrative and criminal law, both legitimate under Brazilian law to punish those who violate the competition and freedom of initiative, which is necessary to achieve the new constitutional goals. Along the work it will be analyzed theoretical and legal aspects of administrative and criminal law to identify the aspects that needs a better coordination in terms of authority cooperation incentives and effectiveness, although the authorities remains independent to enforce the law. It will be also analyzed the overseas legislation and way of coordination between administrative and criminal authorities, and in the end of the work there will be some suggestions of law modifications and a doctrinaire principle. Considering the creation of several agencies that develop jurisdictional functions to contribute to the balance of constitutional goals mentioned above without the intention to substitute courts just as Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica- CADE- the Brazilian competition authority- there is even more relevant to apply the principle of criminal law subsidiary and the due process of law in the field of administrative law and its procedural. The fortification of the process structure favors not only the individual but also the society as a whole, as its output is a better system to prevent and punish misconducts that derives of the certainty of punishment in cases of economic power abuse.

Mot propre au langage juridique, l’illicéité signifie la contrariété au droit. Oscillant entre l’illégalité et l’injustice, elle est une catégorie juridique souvent rejetée par les pénalistes. En réalité, l’illicéité aborde les interdits posés par le droit pénal à partir de leurs essences. Elle peut ainsi apparaître inutile et même dangereuse – en droit pénal la contrariété au droit est synonyme d’illégalité et le juge pénal n’a pas à se demander si le comportement poursuivi est en outre injuste. Néanmoins, il convient de ne pas oublier que « même pénale, la loi n’a pas tous les droits » et que les dispositions pénales n’ont pas comme unique destinataire le juge. À l’heure où il est de plus en plus question de regénéralisation et de rethéorisation du droit pénal, l’illicéité mérite en effet d’être placée au centre des réflexions pénalistes, car elle invite à s’intéresser à ce qui est essentiel dans les interdits pénalement consacrés en fonction des besoins et capacités du destinataire principal des dispositions pénales – le profane. En mesure de recouvrir ce qu’on peut réellement attendre d’un non-spécialiste, l’illicéité indique ainsi ce qui doit guider la détermination et la définition des infractions pour que le droit pénal soit légitime et effectif. Dans cette perspective, pour saisir ce que constitue l’essence des interdits pénalement consacrés, il ne suffit pas de se référer aux dispositions pénales mais il faut exploiter entièrement les normes et valeurs révélées par la conscience sociale qui exercent une influence déterminante sur le droit pénal. Car si les repères proprement pénaux ne sont pas en mesure de dévoiler à eux seuls l’essence des interdits, la conscience sociale fournit des critères de justice objectifs et opérationnels adaptés au profane permettant d’aborder adéquatement le droit pénal dans le cadre de l’ensemble normatif dans lequel il s’insère. / Illicitness, a word particular to the legal language signifies the defiance of the law. Oscillating between illegality and injustice, it is a legal category often rejected by French criminal lawyers. In reality, illicitness touches the essence of the prohibitions posed by the criminal law. It can thus appear unnecessary and even dangerous – in criminal law the defiance of the law is synonymous with illegality and the criminal judge does not have to wonder if the continued behaviour is also unjust. Nevertheless, we should not forget that “even criminal, the law does not have all the rights” and that criminal provisions are not only intended for the judge. At a time when it is increasingly a question of re-generalisation and re-theorisation of the criminal law, illicitness merits being placed in effect at the centre of the criminal lawyers’ reflections, for it invites interest in what is essential in the prohibitions enacted as criminal by reference to the main recipient of the criminal provisions – the layman. Able to cover what you can really expect from a non-lawyer, illicitness indicates in this way what must guide the determination and the definition of the offences in order that the criminal law is legitimate and effective. In this perspective, in order to grasp what animates deeply the restrictions laid down as criminal, it is not enough to refer to the provisions but it is necessary also to fully exploit the norms and values revealed by the social conscience which exerts a decisive influence on the criminal law. For if the strictly criminal bench marks are not by themselves able to reveal what gives meaning to the forbidden, social awareness provides the objective and operational criteria of illicitness adapted to the layman to adequately address the criminal law in the framework of the normative set in which it fits.

La thèse s’intéresse aux sanctions prises par des exécutifs internationaux et qui ont pour cibles des personnes physiques ou morales :gels et confiscations d’avoirs, interdictions de voyager, amendes et même inscriptions sur des listes à caractère infâmant. La licéité de ces sanctions est examinée à l’aune des règles du droit international qui leur sont applicables :d’une part, les règles de procédure et, de l’autre, le droit international des droits de l’homme. <p><p>L’analyse permet d’identifier deux types de sanctions illicites :<p><p>1°) Le premier type comprend les sanctions qui sont pénales et qui, par ailleurs, répriment de graves infractions. Ces sanctions devraient être imposées par des juges et non par des organes politiques ce que sont les exécutifs internationaux qui les infligent. <p><p>2°) Le second type de sanctions illicites regroupent les sanctions dépourvues de recours au sens du droit international des droits de l’homme. Les personnes affectées par ces sanctions devraient pouvoir en contester le bien-fondé devant un organe indépendant et impartial. <p><p>Il n’existe, par ailleurs, aucune circonstance de nature à exclure l’illicéité de l’un ou l’autre de ces deux types de sanctions. Ces sanctions, dès lors, n’ont aucun caractère contraignant. Qui plus est, les Etats se trouvent mis dans l’obligation de ne pas y donner suite. <p><p>Les sanctions qui n’appartiennent à aucun de ces deux types sont, en principe, licites.<p><p><p>Abstract :<p><p>The thesis concerns the sanctions taken by international executives and which targets individuals and legal entities: freeze and confiscation of assets, ban on travels, fine and even inscription on dishonourable lists. The legality of the sanctions is checked in relation to the international rules which are applicable to the sanctions: firstly, rules of procedure and, secondly, human rights. <p><p>This work concludes to the existence of two types of wrongful sanctions:<p><p>1°) the first type groups together the sanctions which are penal and, moreover, punish serious offenses. These sanctions should be decided by judges and not by political organs like international executives. <p><p>2°) the second type of wrongful sanctions contains those without recourse complying with human rights. The persons targeted by these sanctions should be able to contest them before an independent and impartial organ. <p><p>In addition, there are no circumstances precluding wrongfulness of these two types of sanctions. So, these sanctions are not binding and the States are under obligation not to apply them. <p><p>The other sanctions which do not belong to one of these two types of sanctions are, in theory, legal. <p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences juridiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished