L’Union européenne s’est activement engagée depuis le début des années 1990 dans une démarche promotrice des droits de l’homme sur la scène internationale. Cela lui permet aujourd’hui de prétendre contribuer au développement ainsi qu’à la mise en œuvre effective du droit international des droits de l’homme. Le droit de l’Union européenne, et plus précisément le droit de l’action extérieure, détermine sa capacité à s’affirmer comme un acteur autonome, agissant de façon cohérente sur la scène internationale. La cohérence de l’action extérieure conditionne ainsi l’aptitude de l’Union à influer efficacement sur le contenu et l’application des règles de droit international. L’Union ne peut par ailleurs contribuer au droit international que si elle accepte de s’y soumettre. Elle ne peut en effet réclamer le respect du droit international par les États tiers et dans le même temps se dispenser d’en respecter les règles. Il en va de sa légitimité. La contribution de l’Union s’exerce tant sur le contenu matériel des normes que sur leur effectivité. Elle est ainsi en mesure de d’exporter ses propres normes dans l’ordre juridique international, par le truchement de règles conventionnelles ou coutumières, et de participer à l’universalisation des règles existantes. Elle joue en outre un rôle décisif du point de vue de l’effectivité des règles de droit international protectrices des droits de l’homme, soit en sanctionnant directement leur violation, soit en favorisant leur juridictionnalisation. / Since the early 1990s, the European Union has been actively promoting human rights on the global scene. Today, the EU legitimately contributes to the development and implementation of international human rights law. EU law, and more specifically its rules regarding its external relations, determines its capacity to establish itself as an important and autonomous player, acting as one on the international scene. The coherence of the EU’s external action is crucial to its ability to efficiently influence the contents and the implementation of international law. The European Union can only contribute to international law to the extent of its own submission to these standards. It cannot ask other States to respect international law while disrespecting its rules at the same time. It is a matter of legitimacy. The EU’s contribution concerns the substantive content of the rules as well as their effectiveness. It is therefore capable of exporting its own standards in the international legal order, through conventional or customary rules, and therefore pushes for the universalization of existing rules. The European Union also plays a decisive role regarding the effectiveness of international rules protecting human rights, either by sanctioning directly their violation, or by favouring their jurisdictionalization.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gisele Mascarelli Salgado.pdf: 1290014 bytes, checksum: 1946ffaefaabaaaf2a880e0b85bec218 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The purpose of this thesis is to present the evolution of the conception of sanction in the work of Norberto Bobbio, to discuss different methodological views in respect to the concept of Law. The sanction is one of the most important subjects to discuss the concept of Law. The relevance of this thesis is founded in the theory of Norberto Bobbio, Italian philosopher, who established a dialog with Kelsen, in an attempt to overcome some problems in the positive theory of Law. The main hypothesis of this thesis is that the concept of sanction is variable in the works of Bobbio, presenting a phase of approximation with the kelsenian positive theory, a phase that attempts to overcome this theory, thought a functional approach of Law, and, finely, a phase where Law and Politics get closed and even mixed. For this propose, this thesis got focused in many Bobbio`s texts in different moments, and other authors that studied this theme as well. It was possible to conclude that in Bobbio there are, in the beginning, the predominance of a coercitive sanction and, after that, this sanction cohabit with the positive sanction, created from the theory of function. This theory is no longer developed by Bobbio, when he turns the focus of his studies, indicating not only a change of area, but a partial overcome of some positivist and formalist suppositions / O objetivo desta tese é apresentar o desenvolvimento da sanção no pensamento de Norberto Bobbio, para discutir os posicionamentos metodológicos a respeito do conceito de Direito. A sanção é um dos temas mais importantes do Direito. A relevância deste trabalho também está na análise da teoria de Norberto Bobbio, jusfilósofo italiano que sempre buscou um diálogo com Kelsen, na tentativa de superação de alguns problemas do juspositivismo jurídico. A tese tem como hipótese principal que o conceito de sanção se altera ao longo das obras de Bobbio, apresentando uma fase de aproximação com o positivismo jurídico kelseniano, uma fase de tentativa de superação a partir de uma abordagem da função do Direito e uma fase em que o Direito se aproxima e confunde-se com a Política. Para tanto a tese centrouse em livros do Bobbio de diversas fases, bem como de outros autores citados por ele ou que pudessem dar contribuição ao tema. Conclui-se que quanto à sanção em Bobbio há de início uma sanção eminentemente coercitiva e depois esta passa a conviver com a sanção positiva, criada a partir da teoria da função. Essa teoria não é mais desenvolvida quando Bobbio altera o foco de seus estudos, indicando não só uma mudança de área, mas a superação em parte de alguns dos pressupostos positivistas e do formalismo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Pelegrini.pdf: 1004190 bytes, checksum: 26daaa45de58a2c587839433123a8662 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-31 / The present paper s objective is to analyse sanction competence given by constituent legislator to Court of Accounts as its function as controller. The legal dispositive analyses consubstantiated with VIII point, article 71 of Federal Constitution, resulted on observation that the mentioned punitive competence finds boundaries consubstantiated on the bills irregularities aspects and expenses illegalities, such points must orient the infraconstitutional legislator on illicit conducts determination and controlling organ on sanction application, in a way which some infractions prior in Federal Law 8.443/ 92 are in disagreement with the constitutional orientation. It is also approached on the aspect related to sanction legal nature applied by Court of Accounts, although it is of administrative nature, comes from his control function. The sanctioned norms named by the doctrine as open and elastic can be allowed, when the censored conduct discretion and respective sanction can make feasible the advance science of the individual, because such norms, themselves, cannot remove the incidence of typicity s principle. Besides that, the existence of the sanction norms linked by generic clauses leads to comprehension of regulament must be taken as relevant instruments to accomplish the mission of, without innovation, describe in a detailed way on conducts generically foresight in the law as illicit, even though in a exhaustive way, but through the exemplar roll to orient the individuals and limit the action of the norm applicant, as well as similar situations. The sanction appliance will only be validated if realised through legal procedures that assures the opportunity of defence in its plenitude, through clause observance of the due process of law and its resulting principles, situation in which some of Penal Law s own principles will be incided. At last, the cited procedure must be subjected to a reasonable deadline, analogically inciding, faced with Court of Accounts Organic s Law silence, the punitive pretension prescription deadline established by Federal Law 9.873/ 99 / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a competência sancionatória conferida pelo legislador constituinte ao Tribunal de Contas da União, no exercício da função de controle. A análise do inciso VIII do artigo 71 da Constituição Federal resultou na constatação de que a referida competência punitiva encontra limites consubstanciados nos aspectos da irregularidade de contas e ilegalidade de despesas, vetores estes que devem orientar o legislador infraconstitucional na determinação das condutas ilícitas, e o órgão controlador na aplicação das sanções, de forma que algumas infrações previstas na Lei Federal nº 8.443/92 estão em desacordo com a orientação constitucional. Aborda-se também o aspecto relacionado à natureza jurídica da sanção aplicada pela Corte de Contas, que embora seja de natureza administrativa, decorre do exercício da função de controle. Assim, conquanto o legislador deva adotar cautelas para não criar situações de conflito na aplicação das mesmas sanções cujas competências estejam conferidas a autoridades integrantes dos órgãos controlados, os influxos decorrentes da função fiscalizatória afastam a caracterização do bis in idem não tolerado pelo direito pátrio, diante das diferentes áreas de atuação. As normas sancionadoras denominadas pela doutrina de abertas ou elásticas podem ser admitidas, quando a descrição das condutas censuradas e das respectivas sanções possa viabilizar a antecipada ciência dos indivíduos, porque tais normas, por si sós, não afastam a incidência do princípio da tipicidade. Além disso, a existência de normas sancionatórias veiculadas por cláusulas genéricas leva ao entendimento de que os regulamentos devem ser tidos como instrumentos relevantes para cumprimento da missão de, sem inovar, descrever de forma mais detalhada as condutas genericamente previstas na lei como ilícitas, ainda que não o façam de forma exaustiva, mas exemplificativa a orientar os indivíduos e limitar o âmbito de atuação do aplicador da norma, inclusive acerca de situações assemelhadas. A aplicação da sanção só será válida se realizada por meio de procedimento legal que assegure a oportunidade de defesa em sua plenitude, mediante a observância da clausula do devido processo legal e dos princípios dela decorrentes, situação em que incidirão alguns princípios próprios do direito penal. Por fim, referido procedimento deve se sujeitar a um prazo razoável de duração, incidindo analogicamente, diante do silêncio da Lei Orgânica do Tribunal de Contas da União, o prazo prescricional da pretensão punitiva estabelecido na Lei Federal nº 9.873/99

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Moreira de Carvalho.pdf: 435273 bytes, checksum: 86ad979e424d5411b4e2ca256a6ab9a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-13 / This work carries out a juridical analysis of the administrative sanction declaration of ineligibility. This is a type of penalty regulated in Law 8,666/93, which applies to private bidders and contractors that intentionally or culpably cause harm to the public interest, or transgress principles and rules that govern the juridical system of Administrative Law. The study is based, clearly, on the text of the Law, with emphasis on the content of the sanctioning act, through the use of the deductive method, identifying within the functions of the State the administrative function through to the exercise of sanctioning activity in relations between parties to contracts, and bidding procedures. We conclude that it is possible to apply this sanction, in accordance with the legislation in force, without the need for the inclusion of new rules. The lack of academic works on this subject, and its relevance today, prompted us to analyze the declaration of ineligibility / O trabalho tem por fim analisar juridicamente a sanção administrativa - declaração de inidoneidade. Trata-se de uma espécie de penalidade prevista na Lei 8.666/93, aplicável aos particulares licitantes e contratados que, dolosa ou culposamente, causarem prejuízo ao interesse público ou transgredirem princípios e regras informadores do regime jurídico de Direito Administrativo. O estudo parte, por óbvio, do texto da Lei, com ênfase ao conteúdo do ato sancionador, para mediante utilização do método dedutivo, identificar dentre as funções do Estado a função administrativa até o exercício da atividade sancionadora nas relações contratuais e nos procedimentos licitação. Concluímos pela possibilidade de se aplicar tal sanção, consoante a legislação vigente, sem necessidade de inclusão de novas regras. A falta de monografia sobre o assunto e a sua atualidade encorajou-nos a detalhar a declaração de inidoneidade

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Fernando de Britto Feitoza.pdf: 3595676 bytes, checksum: b425e7815991725399fdde160a22dc8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-30 / Procedure in itself is a technical instrument, re-enforced by an ethical component. It guides the procedure with elements which prove the reasonableness of each part as necessary, but linked to the truthfulness of the individual allegations. Truth is a theme which concerns not only morality but also the value of presumed good-faith, an indispensable element throughout the proceedings. The thesis treats of the procedural responsibility of the lawyer in litigation concerning bad-faith. First of all, it presents a history regarding truthfulness, beginning with the Bible, passes on to ancient Greece, proceeds to the Romans, hears the Iberians and considers the Codes of 1939 and 1973 - all this to bring from the past to the present the importance of the truth in any procedure. It is also understood that there exists a procedural deontology in which it is indispensable to include morality, ethics and good-faith as well as the meaning of such words as power, onus, duty, rights and obligation, since all of them occur in the evolution of the proceedings. The same is confirmed as regards the principles. With this basic idea, an attempt is made to theorize the presuppositions of litigation regarding bad-faith, beginning with the intervening party, the litigation and the bad-faith itself. Next, concerning the elements of bad-faith, an evaluation is made of the abuse of the law and its difference from a procedure for bad-faith, followed by the typology which identifies the malevolent litigation. Along with these considerations, the role of the lawyer will be discussed, vis-a-vis his client and before the law, as a way to hold him responsible for the proceedings in bad-faith both directly and in the files of the proceedings which gave rise to the fact. The intention is to put an end to the myth that having made a poor choice of the professional should fall on the proceedings, since this would have occurred as blameworthy in eligendo . To summarize, this thesis proposes to make lawyers responsible for any bad-faith in the proceedings, presuming that, in the majority of cases, the professional responsibility of the lawyer occurs / O processo atual é um instrumento técnico, guarnecido por um componente ético. Trata-se de instruí-lo, doravante, com elementos probatórios das razões de cada demandante, mas vinculados à veracidade das alegações individuais. A verdade não é apenas um tema do qual se ocupa a moral, mas um valor presumível pela boa-fé e indispensável ao fim do processo. Na tese, que tratará da sanção processual ao advogado pela litigância de má-fé, faz-se, primeiramente, um histórico da veracidade com início na Bíblia, transita-se pela Grécia antiga, incluem-se os romanos, ouvemse os ibéricos, passeia-se pelos códigos de 1939 e 1973 para trazer do passado ao presente a importância da verdade no processo. Também, se entende que há uma deontologia processual, sendo indispensável pensar a respeito da moral, ética, boa-fé, bem como o sentido das palavras: poder, ônus, dever, direitos e obrigações, pois todos estarão presentes na tramitação do processo. O mesmo sendo confirmado quanto aos princípios. Com esta ideia básica, tenciona-se teorizar os pressupostos da litigância de má-fé, começando pela parte, interveniente, a litigância e a má-fé. Seguindo-se com os elementos da má-fé, quando se fará avaliação do abuso do direito e sua diferença da má-fé processual, mostrando-se, sucessivamente a tipologia, que identifica a litigância malévola. Com todos estes conceitos, vai-se discutir o papel do advogado privado frente ao constituinte dele e diante da Justiça, como forma de torná-lo responsável pela má-fé processual diretamente e nos próprios autos do processo, que se deu o fato. Pretende-se romper o mito de que, a falta pela má escolha do profissional, deve responsabilizar a parte processual, porque esta teria incorrido na culpa in eligendo . Enfim, a pretensão da tese é tornar o advogado privado responsável pela má-fé processual , pois, na maioria das vezes, ocorre responsabilidade profissional dele, dando ensejo à sanção processual do advogado

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:19:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Decio Gabriel Gimenez.pdf: 1389513 bytes, checksum: 9512940015616e7305783d3af232b11a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-27 / The purpose of the present work is to comprehend one of the hypotheses of extinction of the effects caused by administrative acts, such as that one which results from the non-compliance by the addressee of obligations identified in the Brazilian Law. This hypothesis deserves a specific treatment, once it is submitted to a peculiar law regime, resultant of its qualification as administrative sanction. Therefore, the administrative act has been contained within the realm of administrative function, drawn afterwards to an overview of the hypotheses of its extinction and under a dogmatic methodological perspective, in order to identify and detach, among the kinds of State declarations with revoking efficiency, that one which has as presupposition the practice of an imputable administrative illicit to the addressee of the act, henceforth called cassation act. Moreover, this work aims to identify, taking the structural focus of the administrative act and the juridical regime that regulates the edition of administrative sanctions, what are the limits to the edition of the State declarations here discussed. To reach this purpose, this study approaches the object, the fundaments, the presupposition and the juridical effects of the cassation act. Finally, this work also treats the control of this kind of administrative act, focusing the actions exerted by the Judiciary / O presente trabalho tem por finalidade compreender uma das hipóteses de extinção dos efeitos dos atos administrativos, qual seja, a que decorre do inadimplemento de deveres pelo destinatário, com o intuito de identificar se, no direito brasileiro, ela merece um tratamento específico, em razão de estar submetida a um regime jurídico peculiar, decorrente de sua qualificação jurídica como espécie de sanção administrativa. Para tanto, localiza-se o ato administrativo no âmbito do exercício da função administrativa e traça-se um panorama das hipóteses de sua extinção, a partir de uma perspectiva metodológica dogmática, a fim de identificar e destacar, dentre as espécies de declarações estatais com eficácia extintiva, aquela que tem como pressuposto a prática de um ilícito administrativo imputável ao destinatário do ato, rotulada então como ato de cassação. Em seguida, a partir de um enfoque estrutural do ato administrativo e do regime jurídico que regula a edição de sanções administrativas, procura-se identificar quais são os limites para a edição das declarações estatais em foco. Para atingir esse objetivo, estuda-se o objeto, o fundamento, os pressupostos e os efeitos dos atos de cassação. Ao final, trata-se do controle dessa espécie de ato administrativo, com enfoque para o exercido pelo Poder Judiciário

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabricio de Carvalho Serafini.pdf: 2174708 bytes, checksum: b4b0a81d724e6647978c41ed2cd174c0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-23 / Starting with the forecast, in our positive law, about the extinguishing of the punshability of the tax crimes, for the tax payment (regardless of the time), we arrive at the conclusion that the criminal law is working as collecting agent of the tax law, what it opposes the characteristic of ultima ratio of the first one, characteristic this, pointed since its origins, until the present days, as basic with respect to the same, being one of its differentials for other branches of low. This show us that's more important for our State the payment of the tax then the punishment for who commit tax crimes. This coaction propagated by the accusation for tax crime ended showing very efficient, therefore it increased the tax collection, which will be argued in terms of the general theory of the law, once confirmed what we always defend, unique as characteristic of the complete rules of law, of the several species of norms, that is the forecast of a sanction, for the State, for the one who did not follow the law, imposed in coercitive way. This took us to study the sanction, as well as differentiating the coaction of the coercion, therefore the first one happens before the non compliance of the complete rule of law, threatening the expectation of a sanction, while the second one happens after the non compliance of the complete rule of law, being the application form of the sanction. Confirming our sanctionist idea, we look for the reasons of the fulfilment of many of the rules of law are given by the fear of the sanction, what took us to look for answers in psychology, more specifically in its analysis of the behavior stream (behaviourism), but for our surprise, this showed unfruitful. With this disillusionment, we went to search aid in an opposing chain, the psychoanalysis, more precisely in the ideas of its founder Sigmund Freud. Its ideas in social, cultural and anthropological terms, permeated for its fundamental concepts of the psychoanalysis, had supplied what we looked for, that is, the confirmation of that the human beings follow many norms due to the fear of its sanctions, what it strengthened our sanctionist idea of the law / Partindo da previsão, em nosso direito positivo, da extinção da punibilidade dos crimes tributários, pelo pagamento do tributo (independentemente do seu momento), chegamos à conclusão de que o direito penal está funcionando como agente arrecadador do direito tributário, o que contraria a característica de ultima ratio do primeiro, característica essa, apontada desde seus primórdios, até os dias de hoje, como fundamental para o mesmo, sendo um de seus diferenciais para os demais ramos do direito. Isso nos mostra que mais importa para o nosso Estado o pagamento do tributo do que a punição para os que cometem crimes tributários. Essa coação veiculada pela acusação por crime tributário acabou por se mostrar muito eficiente, pois aumentou a arrecadação tributária, o que será discutido em termos da teoria geral do direito, pois confirmou o que sempre defendemos, como característica diferenciadora das normas jurídicas completas, das demais espécies de normas, que é a previsão de uma sanção, pelo Estado, para seu descumpridor, imposta de maneira coercitiva. Isso nos levou a estudar a sanção, bem como diferenciar a coação da coerção, pois a primeira se dá antes do descumprimento da norma jurídica completa, ameaçando, pela previsão de uma sanção, ao passo que a segunda se dá após o descumprimento da norma jurídica completa, sendo a forma de aplicação da sanção. Ao confirmamos a nossa idéia sancionista, procuramos buscar os porquês do cumprimento de muitas das normas jurídicas se dar pelo temor da sanção, o que nos levou a buscar respostas na psicologia, mais especificamente na sua corrente análise do comportamento (behaviorismo), mas para nossa surpresa, isso se mostrou infrutífero. Com essa decepção, fomos buscar auxílio numa corrente oposta, a psicanálise, mais precisamente nas idéias de seu fundador Sigmund Freud. As suas idéias em termos sociais, culturais e antropológicos, permeadas por seus conceitos basilares da psicanálise, nos forneceram o que procurávamos, ou seja, a confirmação de que os seres humanos seguem muitas normas devido ao temor de suas sanções, o que reforçou a nossa idéia sancionista do direito

L’article L 626-27 du Code de commerce sanctionne l’échec du plan de sauvegarde par la résolution. L’effet destructeur de cette sanction peut, de prime abord, séduire lorsque la solution arrêtée par le tribunal ne répond plus à l’objectif de sauvegarde de l’entreprise. Cependant, ce choix suscite l’étonnement dans la mesure où il s’agit d’une sanction de l’inexécution d’une obligation contractuelle. Or, il apparaît difficile de considérer le plan comme un contrat. Malgré l’effort de contractualisation opéré par la loi du 26 juillet 2005 à travers la participation des comités de créanciers à son élaboration, il demeure un acte juridictionnel. Cette incompatibilité invite à redéfinir la nature de la sanction. Une étude minutieuse de l’échec du plan montre que sa sanction répond à une logique propre à la procédure collective qui s’illustre principalement dans la diversité de ses causes et de ses effets. Contrairement à la résolution, la sanction de l’échec du plan peut être prononcée soit en présence d’une inexécution des engagements qu’il contient soit en raison de la survenance d’une cessation des paiements au cours de son exécution. En outre, elle produit des effets distincts étrangers à toute idée de rétroactivité. Si elle permet, en cas d’inexécution, de revenir à la relation contractuelle initiale, elle assure, en cas de cessation des paiements, la clôture de la sauvegarde et le retour simultané de la procédure collective. Aussi, elle ne saurait être une résolution, mais constitue un instrument de nature procédurale hybride propre à la procédure collective. Une approche cohérente de l’échec du plan de sauvegarde invite, par conséquent, à reformuler l’article L 626-27 du Code de commerce. / Article L 626-27 of the French Commercial Code punishes the failure of a bankruptcy plan by cancellation. The destructive impact of this sanction may, at first, trigger a company's interest when the court's decision does not correspond to the company's bankruptcy goal. Nonetheless this choice is surprising given that it punishes the non-execution of a contractual obligation. However it seems difficult to consider the plan as a contract. The Act of July 26, 2005 looks to formalizing this process by contract namely through the participation of creditor committees in the early stages of the procedure, but it remains a jurisdictional action. This incompatibility encourages one to redefine the nature of this sanction. A careful examination of the plan's failure shows that the sanction fulfills a logic pertaining to a collective procedure, the causes and consequences of which are diverse. Contrary to the cancellation, the sanction punishing the plan's failure may be delivered in case of the non-execution of commitments put forth in the plan or the suspension of payments during its execution. Furthermore its consequences are distinct, with no retro activity. In case of non-execution, the sanction allows for a return to the initial contractual relation, but in case of suspension of payments it guarantees a bankruptcy closure and a return to collective procedure. Thus, it would no longer be a cancellation but a hybrid procedural instrument pertaining to a collective procedure. Therefore a coherent approach to the failure of the bankruptcy plan encourages one to rephrase article L 626-27 of the French Commercial Code.

Il n'existe plus de grève dans les services publics sans que soit évoqué, voire réclamé ou exigé le service minimum. Le droit français n'offre qu'une législation très parcellaire et floue en la matière. Malgré de nombreuses propositions de loi, le législateur fait preuve d'inertie. Cette attitude s'explique notamment par la grande difficulté technique de la tâche imposant de concilier les deux principes de valeur constitutionnelle que sont le droit de grève et la continuité des services publics. Cette étude tend à mettre en exergue les interrogations relatives au service minimum et s'efforce de déceler la solution qui serait la mieux adaptée dans le système juridique français. Afin de donner plus de relief à la recherche, le choix a été fait de l'aborder en s'inspirant du droit étranger. Le modèle choisi est originaire du Canada, et plus exactement du Québec. Il bénéficie d'un recul d'une vingtaine d'années et offre de ce fait, une expérience riche d'enseignements. La création d'un service minimum applicable aux services publics exige une analyse tant de la notion que de sa mise en oeuvre. Concrètement, il s'agit d'identifier les fondements du service minimum, de délimiter son champ d'application mais aussi de le définir en termes qualitatif et quantitatif, d'envisager sa mise en oeuvre par la voie négociée avec des acteurs spécifiques et de présenter les moyens permettant d'assurer son effectivité.

<p>This study examines how the Roman emperors <i>c</i>. AD. 260–295 attempt at maintaining their power-bases through legitimation of their claims to power, with reference to various potentially powerful groups of society, such as the military, the inhabitants of the provinces and the senate in Rome. The purpose has been to discern the development of ‘Roman imperial ideology’ in an age which has frequently been referred to as an ‘age of military anarchy.’ Focus is on how claims to power could be expressed through visual media. Of such media, mainly the coins struck for the emperors <i>c</i>. AD 260-295 have been studied. A close investigation has been made of the iconography of these coins. Furthermore, the ways in which coin-images are modified and combined with various legends are studied. An additional purpose of this investigation has been to provide a comment on the general potential of conveying visual imagery and messages on objects such as coins and medallions. </p><p>The study argues that novel, intricate and multi-layered images were created on the coins struck for the emperors <i>c</i>. AD 260-295. Furthermore, it is suggested that these coin-images were created to assume the function of larger-scale expressions of imperial authority, such as triumphal arches and imperial statues. This adaption of coinage was made because there was a need for intensified communication of imperial authority. This need arose due to the incessant warfare of the age, and a process of regionalization of the empire, which was connected to this warfare. The conclusion is that these coins provide an illustration of the development of the Roman empire in the second half of the third century. This was a development by which the city of Rome lost its importance in favour of regional capitals, and ultimately in favour of Constantinople.</p>