This master's thesis deals with a preparation of a qualification training for social workers that work with a client in crisis. It examines what are the requirements for the social worker and his range of further training. It also focuses on a social worker custody to a client who found himself in a crisis situation. It solves whether, and how the social workers are prepared to these difficult situations. Theoretical knowledge, as a type of client, koncept and types of crisis situations and attitudes and competences of a social worker to the solution of the crisis, are used in practical part of this master's thesis, which is made up of case reports with subsequent analysis. In conclusion the importance of the knowledge and skills of social workers are documented by questionnaire. Using the comparative method, I would like to highlight the developments in this field during the last five years. For comparison is outlined the care for a human in crisis in Switzerland and Bulgaria. The goal of my thesis is to make this field more approachable not only to social workers who encounter people in crisis in the course of their work, but also to all people who may find them- selves in crisis.

本研究從我是不是一個好社工的自我懷疑開始，以自我敘事為研究取向，探索：（一）社會工作教育如何建構好社工的樣貌？（二）在家庭經驗和社會工作教育的交織下，我成為了一個什麼樣的社工？（三）如何安放我對好社工的焦慮，找到解放自己的可能性？ 透過閱讀、對話與書寫，梳理過去作用在我身上主流的「專業」社工框架，那些對於好的想像，小心翼翼的姿態，一步步抽絲剝繭，如撥雲見霧般看見整體的樣貌，那些小心翼翼源自於自己在原生家庭裡求生存的姿態，在看懂自己身上所烙印對於好的印記後，我開始試著正視它，並直接回到家庭現場面對它，進而面對自己、接納自己的樣貌，讓那些過往為我助人工作的養分，並試著在助人樣貌裡，漸漸展露出自己，成為「我」的特色，而，這也是我所追求一個好社工的樣貌。 / This thesis starts from my self-doubt – Was I a stereotypically good social worker? By means of self-narrative, I will explore: 1st : How our social work education constructs the image of a good social worker? 2nd : What kind of a social worker I have become under the influence of my family experience and the social work educational system? 3rd : How can I release my anxiety of being a good social worker and find out the possibility to unchain myself? Through reading, conversation, and writing, I wish to understand how the mainstream stereotype of a professional social work makes impact on me to see the whole picture of my social worker career. After progressively going over my family circumstances back in the days when I was young, I try to face it, and accept who I am now. Hopefully, these past experiences can be beneficial to let me be my true self while helping others, which is my ultimate goal for being a self-defined good social worker.

兒童的依附品質就如同樹木的根基和莖葉，是身心健全成長的關鍵；然而，並非每一個家庭皆能滿足兒童的依附需求，特別是當家庭遭逢風險事件。本研究旨在探究高風險家庭中兒童之依附品質。 研究目的有三項，包含探究高風險家庭中兒童與主要照顧者之依附品質；風險因子對兒童依附關係所產生的衝擊；社會工作者（以下簡稱社工）對於兒童依附關係修復之處遇方式。本研究採質性研究之深度訪談法，訪談主體為社工，係以臺北市五間高風險家庭承辦單位之督導與社工為選樣對象，一共徵得二位督導、七位社工同意受訪。研究結果茲分為四面向，敘述如下： 一、高風險家庭兒童的依附對象多元，兒童除透過主要照顧者獲得依附滿足外，亦會向他人尋求情感連結。其中，兒童的依附行為包含正向的、矛盾的，以及負向的依附行為。 二、本研究參考相關文獻，以「照顧品質」、「信任關係」、「溝通品質」、「親疏遠近」四面向為主軸以探究兒童的依附品質。研究結果顯示風險因子會直接或間接地影響兒童的依附品質；其中，風險因子對「照顧品質」、「親疏遠近」的衝擊最大。 三、風險因子可能為不安全依附的預兆。本研究結果顯示家庭中經濟困難、婚姻關係不佳與物質濫用等風險因子，對兒童的依附發展有很大的衝擊。 四、高風險家庭社工對於兒童依附關係的修復，除透過直接服務外，社工亦會尋求替代性資源作為兒童的安全堡壘，以修復其依附關係。 最後，本研究亦針對高風險家庭兒童的依附修復策略和未來研究方向提出相關建議，以作為未來實務工作和更進一步研究之參考。 / The attachment quality of children is like the roots and leaves of tree, which is the key to complete well-being and optimal development of children. However, it is unfortunate that not every family can satisfy the attachment need of children, especially when one is struck by risk events. The research focus on children attachment quality in high-risk families. The three purposes of the research are as follows: analyzing the attachment quality between children and primary caregiver in high-risk families; probing into the impact incurred from the risk factors to the children attachment; exploring the practical intervention of the social workers adopted to fix the children attachment. The study conducted the method of qualitative research, utilizing in-depth interview to the social workers. The research recruited two supervisors and seven social workers from the five agents of high-risk families in Taipei City. The results of the research can be presented in the four following prospects. 1.The attachment figure of children in high-risk families can be diversified. They might seek affectional bond from people other than primary caregivers for their special family background. To find the attachment satisfaction, their attachment behaviors might include positive attachment behavior, ambivalent attachment behavior, and negative attachment behavior. 2.The research referred to related literature and established four prospects, "Care Giving Quality", "Trust Relationship", "Communication Quality", and "Intimacy Nurturing" to explore the children attachment quality. The results point out that the risk factors might influence the children attachment quality directly or indirectly. Among all of prospects, the risk factors can cause greatest influence to "Care Giving Quality" and "Intimacy Nurturing". 3.The appearance of risk factors might cause the insecure attachment. Especially economic difficult, crisis in marriage, and substance abuse can greatly influence the children attachment quality. 4.Social workers can provide direct services or seek alternative resources as secure base to fix the children attachment in high-risk families. Lastly, the research proposes attachment fix strategies for children in high-risk families and points out the potentialities of the topic, hoping the results of the research may enrich the related understanding and serve as a reference for practical fieldwork and future studies.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie är att undersöka om metoden Signs-of-Safety kan öka barns delaktighet i barnutredningar gjorda av socialsekreterare. Frågeställningar är: - Hur reflekterar socialsekreterare som använder respektive inte använder Signs-of- Safety kring barns delaktighet i utredningar? Samt: - Varierar graden av delaktighet hos barn mellan utredningar där Signs-of-Safety används jämfört med utredningar där metoden inte används? Vi genomförde två stycken fokusgruppintervjuer med totalt tio socialsekreterare som arbetar med utredningar inom socialtjänsten, samt analyserade sju utredningar varav fyra var skrivna i en kommun som använde sig av Sign-of-Safety. De resterande tre utredningarna var skrivna i en kommun där de inte använde Signs-of-Safety. Teoretisk utgångspunkt var socialkonstruktivism. Det fanns en stor enighet bland socialsekreterarna om att det är viktigt att barn görs delaktiga. Analysen av både intervjuer och utredningar gjordes utifrån Harts delaktighetsstege samt socialkontruktivism och visade att metoden Signs-of-Safety inte verkade öka barns delaktighet, men att metoden tydliggjorde delaktigheten. / The purpose of this qualitative study was to get an insight in if the method Signs-of- Safety might improve childrens’ participation in investigations concerning themselves. Our research questions were; How do social workers who use or do not use Signs-of- Safety reflect on children's involvement in investigations? and; Is there accordingly to the social workers a variation in the degree of participation among children in investigations where Signs-of-Safety is used compared to investigations where the method is not used? Two focus group interviews in two different municipalities, one where Signs-of-Safety had been used and one where the method not had been used, were performed. The interviews and four written investigations i each work group were analysed by using Hart´s participation ladder and social constructivism. The result showed that all our informants regarded childrens’ participation as important. No differences in the degree of participation of the children could be identified.

The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze how social workers participate in the operationalization of children's agency in child welfare research. In order to fulfill the purpose and answer our questions, we have used qualitative semistructured interviews. The study is based on statements from 7 social workers working whit child welfare investigation in small to medium-sized municipalities in south of Sweden. In the analysis of our collected material, we started from the sociology of childhood.  The fact that children are given the opportunity to act themselves is a prerequisite for their right to participation and influence, so that children's agency goes hand in hand with the provisions of the Social Services Act and the Children's Convention on the Influence and Participation of Children. Social security officers working on child welfare investigations should always work on the basis that it is in the best interest for the child. In order for this to be considered fulfilled in practice, the child must be able to express her/his views and wishes, and that they are important in both the investigation process and the decision making.  The result of our study shows that Social Security Officers work actively to promote children's agency and with different strategies motivate the children to actively participate. It has also been found that there are factors that complicate children's participation and, especially, influence in decision making. We found that social security officers look at their responsibility for children's rights to participation and influence as a major and important task, though with different meanings and solutions.

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / The social work profession is strongly client based with workers being involved in complex social situations (Lloyd, King & Chenoweth, 2002). Social workers judgement and decision making are influenced by their emotions and the emotional context of the situation. Thus emotional intelligence is a core skill for every social worker. Morrison (2007) purported that in order to be a good practitioner one had to be able to comprehend and mange one‟s emotions and be completely aware of the power of these emotions. Social work thus requires emotional involvement and it is therefore not uncommon for social workers to be emotionally drained and frustrated, which inevitably can lead to burnout (Lukelelo, 2004). According to Howe (2008), on a daily basis social workers face the complex world of human behaviour within the social context. Within this world relationships are broken, emotions run high and personal needs may not be met. However, Kinman and Grant (2010) postulated if social workers possessed the correct emotional and social competencies it would assist them in coping with the stressors of the profession and could reduce psychological distress and enhance well-being.

The purpose of this study was to explore the psychosocial problems encountered by Black patients with tetralpegia once discharged from the hospital. Phenomenology as a research strategy was used with the aim of understanding the worldview of patients. The medical aspects of spinal cord injury were discussed, firstly with emphasis placed on the incidence of spinal cord injury, causes of spinal cord injury, different levels of tetraplegia and the management of patients with tetraplegia. The psychosocial problems encountered by black patients with tetralpegia once discharged from the hospital were discussed. The emphasis was placed on the patients’ emotional reaction to the injury, adjustment towards the injury and the guidelines for social work intervention with regard to the patient with tetraplegia. Ten respondents participated in the study after they were selected by using availability sampling and the study revealed the following. Tetraplegia results in a variety of psychosocial problems for both the patient and his/her family, which are: Negative marital relationships and desertion by the healthier spouse. Disturbed family relationships. Negative self-esteem and lack of self-confidence due to physical limitations. Poor quality of life, stigmatization by the community and inaccessibility in as far as public transport is concerned. Tetraplegia triggers psychological, social and financial problems. It is therefore concluded that social work intervention in the initial phase of the injury will ensure that the patients’ psychosocial problems are explored and attended to, to prepare the patients for the difficult life thereafter. / Dissertation (MA (SW) Health Care)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Social Work and Criminology / MA (SW) / unrestricted

There are very few extensive sample studies that target normative versus pathological sexual behavioural problems. Debate exists around the role of attachment when treating children who come from chaotic backgrounds. Children from these backgrounds may lack the stability and predictability that they need in order to develop the appropriate skills to regulate their affects, understand and maintain healthy and safe relationships, and develop a strong sense of self and good behavioural control mechanisms. Because of a lack of knowledge regarding sexualised behaviour, social workers working with children in middle childhood may find it difficult to distinguish between appropriate and less appropriate sexualised behaviour in children in their middle childhood. It may happen that appropriate sexualised behaviour in children is labelled as problematic, while the function of the behaviour may in fact be defined as an act of self-nurturing. The researcher has since asked the question about the link between sexualised behaviour and self-nurturing amongst children in children’s homes. The relationship between these two variables can have a significant effect on the way professionals view children who display sexualised behaviour in institutions where there is a lack of affection and significant attachment to adult figures. Children in middle childhood who display sexualised behaviour have specific needs that role players, specifically social workers, have to keep in mind in order for effective intervention to take place. If discrepancies exist in this area, it could impact negatively on the implementation of services rendered to these children. For the proposed study the collective case study design was the most appropriate design as the researcher collected and analyzed qualitative data by to doing semi-structured interviews. The semi-structured interviews were used to gain a detailed picture of participants’ beliefs or perceptions about, or accounts of the particular topic. Qualitative data was analyzed by means of planning for the recording of the data, managing and organizing the data, reading and writing memos, generating themes, categories and patterns in order to prove or contest a hypothesis. In order to ensure the success of the study, the researcher did a pilot study before the main investigation itself and ethical aspects were adhered to by the researcher throughout the study. Through the empirical study, it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between sexualized behaviour and trauma that children experience. However, when sexualized behaviour as a nurturing mechanism becomes obsessive, compulsive and there is no balance, then only can it be viewed as a problem and should be addressed. It is important to remember that ‘sexual play’ should be seen as a normal part of childhood development. There was general consensus that sexualized behaviour could be regarded as a self-nurturing mechanism. Focus was put on the needs of children and how it related to inappropriate sexualized behaviours and self-nurturing as a need in itself. It was recommended that there should be improved service delivery to children, who manifest with sexualized behaviour, training for professionals and lastly continual research on the subject. AFRIKAANS : Daar is weinig grootskaalse ondersoeke gerig op die normatiewe teenoor die patologiese seksuele gedragsprobleme gedoen. Debatte bestaan rondom die rol van bindings wanneer kinders behandel word wat uit chaotiese agtergronde kom, By kinders vanuit hierdie agtergronde mag die stabiliteit en voorspelbaarheid ontbreek wat nodig is om die toepaslike vaardighede van hul gevoelens, die begrip om gesonde en veilige verhoudings te verstaan en die ontwikkeling van ’n sterk gevoel van eiewaarde en goeie gedragskontrolemeganismes te ontwikkel. As gevolg van die gebrek aan kennis rakende seksuele gedrag, kan maatskaplike werkers wat met kinders in hulle middel-kinderjare te doen het, dit moeilik vind om te onderskei tussen toepaslike en mindertoepaslike seksuele gedrag by hierdie kinders. Dit mag gebeur dat toepaslike seksuele gedrag by kinders as problematies bestempel word, terwyl die funksie van die gedrag egter gedefinieer kan word as ‘n daad van selfkoestering. Die verband tussen seksuele gedrag en selfkoestering by kinders in die kinderhuis word daarom deur die navorser bevraagteken. Die verhouding tussen hierdie twee veranderlikes kan ’n betekenisvolle uitwerking hê op die professionele uitkyk op kinders wat seksuele gedrag openbaar in inrigtings waar daar ’n gebrek is aan affektiewe en betekenisvolle gehegtheid teenoor ’n volwasse figuur. Kinders in hul middelkinderjare wat geseksualiseerde gedrag openbaar, het spesifieke behoeftes wat deur die maatskaplike werker in ag geneem moet word ten einde effektiewe ingryping te verseker. Indien daar teenstrydighede op hierdie gebied bestaan, kan dit ‘n negatiewe impak hê op die implementering van die diens wat aan hierdie kinders verleen word. Die kollektiewe gevallestudie was die mees toepaslike ontwerp vir die voorgestelde studie. Die navorser het kwalitatiewe data ingesamel en ontleed deur middel van semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude. Die semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is gebruik met die doel om ’n gedetailleerde prentjie van die deelnemers se menings oor, persepsies van en verklarings rakende die onderwerp te skets. Kwalitatiewe data is ontleed by wyse van die beplanning van die data-opname, bestuur en organisering van die data-opname, lees en skryf van memos, ontwikkeling van temas, en kategorieë en patrone om die hipotese te bewys of te betwis. Ten einde die sukses van die studie te verseker het die navorser ’n voorafstudie voor die hoofnavorsing gedoen. Die navorser het aan alle etiese vereistes gedurende die navorsing voldoen. Deur die empiriese studie wat gedoen is, kan daar tot die gevogtrekking gekom word dat daar ‘n betekenisvolle verband is tussen die geseksualiseerde gedrag en die trauma wat die kinders beleef het. As geseksualiseerde gedrag, as ’n meganisme tot selfaktualisering, obsessief, kompulsief en ongebalanseerd is, dan kan dit beskou word as ’n probleem en moet dan aangespreek word. Dit is egter ook belangrik dat ‘seksspeletjies’ gesien moet word as normal in kinders se ontwikkeling. Daar was algemene konsensus dat geseksualiseerde gedrag beskou kan word as ’n meganisme tot selfkoestering. Fokus word geplaas op die behoefte van die kind en hoe dit in verhouding staan tot die onvanpaste geseksualiseerde gedrag en selfkoestering as ‘n behoefte. Verbeterde dienslewering vir kinders in wie geseksualiseerde gedrag manifisteer, opleiding vir professionele werkers en laastens voortdurende navorsing rakende die onderwerp, word aanbeveel. Copyright / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the social services work with honor-related violence and oppression, and how action plans are implemented into the work. Honor-related violence and oppression is a relatively new problem in Sweden and for a long time, the social services have lacked strategies for how the problem should be handled. Evaluations of the social services have shown that several municipalities in Sweden lack specific action plans against honor-related violence and oppression, as well as routines and guidelines for their work in this area. This study is based on qualitative interviews with five professional social workers from different municipalities. Through the interviews, each social worker’s view on the work of honor-related violence and oppression and the importance of the action plan have been highlighted. The results showed that the social workers described their work in a similar way but their view on the importance of an action plan differed. Based on the results of the study, our conclusion was that action plans can be a solid ground that creates a unified structure for the social services, and are therefore important in the work against honor-related violence and oppression. / Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur socialtjänsten arbetar med hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck samt hur handlingsplaner är implementerade i arbetet. Hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck är ett relativt nytt problem i Sverige och socialtjänsten har under lång tid saknat strategier för hur arbetet med problematiken ska genomföras. Utvärderingar av socialtjänstens arbete har visat att flera av landets kommuner saknar specifika handlingsplaner mot hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck samt rutiner och riktlinjer att arbeta efter. I studien har kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts med fem socialsekreterare från olika kommuner. Genom intervjuerna har socialsekreterarnas syn på arbetet med hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck och handlingsplanens betydelse belysts. Resultat visade att socialsekreterarna beskrev arbetet på liknande sätt medan synen på betydelsen av en handlingsplan skiljde sig åt. Utifrån studiens resultat blev vår slutsats att handlingsplaner kan vara en grund som skapar enhetlig struktur för socialtjänsten och därmed är viktiga i arbetet mot hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck.

The main purpose of this study is to explore and gain insight into the nature, extent and characteristics of educational supervision as implemented in the Department of Health and Welfare in the Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province. Objectives of the study were to conceptualise social work supervision with a specific focus on the educational function; to investigate the nature, extent, and characteristics of the educational function of supervision in the Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province and finally to make recommendations regarding educational supervision in the Department of Health and Welfare in the Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province. The study was guided by a research question which was formulated as follows: What is the nature, extent and characteristics of the educational function of supervision in the Department of Health and Welfare in the Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province? Therefore, this study was conducted to provide answers to this research question. Quantitative research approach was used in this study, since the researcher explored and described the nature, extent and characteristics of the educational function of supervision statistically. This research is applied in nature because it focuses on a practical problem (educational supervision) in the social work practice (Department of Health and Welfare in Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province) and the findings will be utilized to solve social work supervision problems in the particular District. A randomised cross-sectional quantitative research design was used, because the researcher investigated social work educational supervision in the Department of Health and Welfare in the Vhembe district of the Limpopo Province using a group administered questionnaire as data collection method. The population for this study was composed of social workers from the Department of Health and Welfare in the Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province. Forty- two social workers (senior and junior social workers) completed a questionnaire during a Vhembe District social workers staff meeting. Those completed questionnaires were collected immediately. Data were analysed statistically through Microsoft excel programme. Tables and Figures were used to illustrate some of the answers. From a literature study it was concluded that the educational function of supervision is the most important function of social work supervision. It plays a vital role in providing social workers with social work knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary for delivering qualitative, effective and efficient social work services. Educational supervision gives social workers autonomy to function independently. The study revealed that there are problems regarding the implementation of the educational function of social work supervision in the Department of Health and Welfare in the Vhembe District of the Limpopo Province. The findings proved that some of the social workers do not receive educational supervision and there is no uniformity in implementing this function of supervision. The findings also revealed a obvious knowledge gap regarding social work supervision among social workers in the District. / Dissertation (MSD (Social Work Management))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted