Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nicole Najjar Prado de Oliveira.pdf: 35223176 bytes, checksum: ce90c5dd883866cdfa47c54df03dc0d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-24 / The purpose of this study is to present the conclusion regarding the analysis of the a sample of Administrative Board of Tax Appeals CARF case laws involving tax planning, focused on the identification of the grounds of these decisions. In the first part, constitutional institutes concerning to the matter were carefully explored, with a special highlight for the lawfulness, tipicity and fiscal capacity principles. In addition, it was also subject to our review the defects of the legal transactions, since the majority of CARF decisions relies on them to disregard the acts conducted by taxpayers. From the empirical research, it was noted certain common qualities related to the sample of decisions under analysis, which revealed that transactions that imply on tax saving, structured through indirect legal acts, and performed within a short period of time and between related parties are likely significant characteristics at CARF s trials. Besides that, it called our attention the magnitude of influence that the so called business purpose has on the judgment process by CARF´s judges. The results suggest that, despite the discrepancy regarding the qualification of the illicit act (sham, fraud, abuse of rights, etc...), transactions with similar characteristics tend to have the same outcome when it comes to decision reasoning. In fact, the study supports that there is hegemony of use of the sham institute to base the disregard of acts, mostly on the grounds of lack of business purpose to justify the practice by taxpayers. At last, we critically analyzed the reasoning of such decisions based on pre-juridical criteria. We stressed our opinion that the assessment of the tax law should not depend on external factors, such as the time taken between the transactions, their parties or even the existence of such a subjective concept as business purpose, in breach of lawfulness and tipicity principles / Neste trabalho, apresentamos as conclusões da pesquisa jurisprudencial realizada junto ao Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais CARF, em casos envolvendo planejamento tributário, com o enfoque de identificar a fundamentação dessas decisões. Como ponto de partida, analisamos cuidadosamente os institutos constitucionais afetos à matéria, sendo especialmente destacados os princípios da legalidade, tipicidade e capacidade contributiva. Neste contexto, também foi objeto de estudo os vícios dos negócios jurídicos e institutos correlatos, já que a maioria das decisões do CARF os utiliza como fundamento para possibilitar a desconsideração de atos praticados pelos contribuintes. Neste contexto, da pesquisa empírica, pudemos notar a existência de certas características presentes nas decisões dos casos selecionados, que nos fizeram concluir que operações que impliquem economia de tributos, alcançadas por meio de negócios jurídicos indiretos, compostas por atos encadeados em curto espaço de tempo e realizados entre partes relacionadas são algumas das propriedades relevantes nos julgamentos da matéria pelo CARF. Além disso, nos chamou a atenção a magnitude de influência que o chamado propósito negocial tem sobre a tomada de decisão pelos julgadores do CARF. Foi possível notarmos que, a despeito de eventual discrepância com relação à tipificação do ilícito (simulação, fraude, abuso de direito e etc...), operações com características semelhantes tendem a ter suas decisões fundamentadas da mesma forma. Em realidade, o que pudemos concluir foi a hegemonia da utilização do instituto da simulação para embasar a desconsideração dos atos praticados, na maioria dos casos, sob o argumento de não haver propósito negocial apto a justificar a conduta realizada pelos contribuintes. Por fim, analisamos criticamente a fundamentação dessas decisões em critérios préjurídicos. Enfatizamos nossa opinião de que a incidência da norma jurídica tributária não deve depender de fatores externos ao Direito, tais como o tempo decorrido entre as operações, as partes que a realizaram ou até mesmo a existência ou não de conceito tão subjetivo como é o propósito negocial, sob pena de macularmos o princípio da legalidade e da tipicidade

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Bosco de Santana.pdf: 2125179 bytes, checksum: 4352cae6e3fa0c2319e27fe8518f3688 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-04 / The Goods transitions operation tax, Intersatates or intermunicipality transports services prices and comunitcation Vat (value added tax, a tax added to the price of goods and services), Unless otherwise laws, it is included at use or consumption goods prices, at Intersatates or Intermunici transports services prices and communication, affecting the payment of final consumer. To be indirect is the main characteristic, as others contributing on tax burden that falls on individuals. Excluding the goods its incidence, or consumer's payment, or the company making the transfer due to the coffers public is commonly known as the tax benefit. The main objective of this study, through analysis of financial statements of four industrial sector of the electronics industry - two large and two of smaller size - which benefit from the tax incentive granted by the Government the State of Minas Gerais under conditions previously established. The results obtained by means of indices revealed that companies focus resources in current assets, since the investment in fixed assets represent less than 50% of total operating assets. In addition, work with low net profit margins and low return on assets net operating assets and when one takes into account the average tariff of VAT / O Imposto Sobre Operações Relativas À Circulação de Mercadorias e Sobre Prestações de Serviços de Transporte Interestadual e Intermunicipal e de Comunicação ICMS, salvo disposição de Lei em contrário, é incluído no preço das mercadorias de uso e ou consumo e no preço dos serviços de transportes interestaduais e intermunicipais e de comunicação, de forma que atinge ao consumidor para o seu pagamento. Sua principal característica é a de ser indireto, dentre outros contribui com boa parcela da carga tributária que recai sobre os indivíduos. Excluir a mercadoria de sua incidência, ou o consumidor do pagamento, ou a empresa de fazer o devido repasse para os cofres públicos é comumente conhecido como beneficio fiscal. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar, por meio da análise das demonstrações contábeis de quatro empresas do setor industrial do ramo eletroeletrônico duas de grande porte e duas de porte menor beneficiárias do incentivo fiscal concedido pelo Governo do Estado de Minas Gerais mediante condições previamente estabelecidas. Os resultados apurados por meio de índices revelaram que as empresas concentram seus recursos no ativo circulante, visto que os investimentos em imobilizados representam menos que 50% do total do ativo operacional. Além disso, trabalham com reduzidas margens de lucro líquido, baixa rentabilidade do patrimônio líquido e do ativo operacional quando se leva em conta as alíquotas médias do ICMS que incidiu sobre as operações de saídas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Carlos Sanches Campoi.pdf: 2496965 bytes, checksum: 1c99b032431f3a067db8d8cbb2ba2a27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-14 / The transportation services are presented as an essential link of the logistic chain and require considerable levels of resources in the process of making goods and services available to the end consumer. This work has applied tax planning to logistics, more specifically, tax planning applied to the ICMS (Value Added Tax on Sales and Services) applicable to transportation services. Goal: To determine the less costly system between the ICMS credit systems generated by the purchases and that of 20% over the ICMS debt seen in the sales. In order to do so, tax planning was applied to the case study of a company within the goods transportation segment and the lower ICMS to be withheld was studied, having analyzed by State of the Country and having discussed the planning relevant variables. It also puts the case study into a context, approaching the tax planning concepts, ICMS legal aspects, logistics, transportation, goods transportation, the right to ICMS credit in both systems and it has presented a research that verifies which system is the most used by the goods transportation segment, and how ICMS credits are accounted for. It has concluded that the 20% granted credit system is the one that is less costly, in all States and months of the period analyzed, resulting in a withholding 10.3% lower in comparison to the other system, given the relevance of the difference variable between the purchases and sales rates in the planning. It has also concluded that the tax planning application enables the transportation operators to adopt, consciously, the best tax practices. It is an attitude that supports the logistic goal of making goods and services available at reasonable costs and the appropriate application of resources in the goods and services flows / Os serviços de transportes apresentam-se como elo fundamental da cadeia logística e demandam níveis consideráveis de recursos no processo de colocação de bens e serviços à disposição do consumidor final. Este trabalho aplicou planejamento tributário à logística, especificamente, planejamento tributário aplicado ao ICMS incidente nos serviços de transporte. Objetivo: Determinar a forma menos onerosa entre as sistemáticas de crédito de ICMS: Crédito de ICMS gerado pelas compras e a de 20% sobre o débito de ICMS apurado nas vendas. Para tanto, aplicou planejamento tributário no estudo de caso de uma empresa do ramo de transporte de valores e apurou a opção de menor ICMS a recolher, analisando por Estado da Federação e discutindo as variáveis relevantes do planejamento. Também contextualiza o estudo de caso, abordando os conceitos de planejamento tributário, contornos legais do ICMS, logística, transporte, transporte de valores, o direito a crédito de ICMS nas duas sistemáticas e apresentou pesquisa que afere qual a sistemática mais utilizada pelo setor de transporte de valores, e como se contabilizam os créditos de ICMS. Concluiu ser a sistemática do crédito outorgado de 20%, a de menor ônus tributário, em todos os Estados e meses do período em análise, resultando recolhimento 10,3% menor em relação a outra sistemática, pela relevância da variável diferença entre as alíquotas das compras e vendas no planejamento. Também concluiu-se que a aplicação do planejamento tributário permite aos operadores de transporte adotar, conscientemente, as melhores práticas tributárias. Atitude que corrobora com o objetivo logístico de disponibilizar bens e serviços a custos razoáveis e a aplicação adequada de recursos nos fluxos de mercadorias e serviços

As pesquisas que abordam a temática de planejamento tributário, nas últimas décadas, têm identificado que o tamanho das organizações é um fator determinante à adoção de práticas de planejamento tributário. No entanto, existe certa controvérsia, nessa questão, uma vez que as pesquisas têm encontrado relações tanto positivas quanto negativas entre o tamanho das organizações e o nível de planejamento tributário praticado. Os autores justificam essa relação partindo do pressuposto do custo reputacional, em que empresas maiores possuem maior monitoramento por parte da autoridade tributária e dos demais stakeholders. Outros argumentam que as empresas maiores possuem mais recursos e mais influência política para reduzirem suas cargas tributárias. Porém, ambas análises consideram uma relação linear entre o tamanho das empresas e o nível e planejamento tributário, ignorando particularidades econômicas, financeiras e operacionais das empresas. Tal assunção, considerando todas as empresas numa única amostra, pode-se levar a conclusões controversas, ao considerar que todas as empresas possuem as mesmas estruturas e estratégias ao longo do tempo. Desse modo, essa pesquisa tem por objetivo identificar se o estágio de ciclo de vida organizacional impacta o nível de planejamento tributário. Assim, entende-se que a Teoria do Ciclo de Vida Organizacional distingue as empresas pelas suas estruturas e estratégias adotadas, a exemplo do modelo proposto por Dickinson (2011) o qual classifica os estágios de ciclo de vida a partir da necessidade e disponibilidade de recursos, por meio dos sinais dos fluxos de caixa (operacional, de investimento e de financiamento). Assim, espera-se compreender melhor a relação entre o nível de planejamento tributário e as decisões de endividamento, de intensidade de capital, de investimento em capital de giro e a interação dos mecanismos de governança corporativa nos diferentes estágios de ciclo de vida. Para a realização das análises empíricas foram empregados testes de Kruskal Wallis, regressões de dados em painel e regressões quantílicas com dados anuais das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto que compuseram o índice IBrX 100 da BM&FBOVESPA, no período de 2008 a 2015. Os resultados apontam que as empresas em estágios inicias e avançados de ciclo de vida organizacional possuem maiores níveis de planejamento tributário do que as empresas em estágio de maturidade. Considerando as métricas de planejamento tributário ETR Corrente, BTD e DVA, por ciclo de vida, nos testes de Kruskal Wallis, obteve-se que as empresas em estágios iniciais possuem níveis maiores de planejamento tributários do que as empresas da maturidade. Já nos estágios Avançados, constatou-se que as métricas ETR Corrente, Cash ETR e DVA também apresentam níveis maiores de planejamento tributário do que as empresas maduras. As análises por meio de regressões quantílicas reafirmam esses resultados, para as métricas de BTD e de ETR Corrente. Esses achados remetem à conclusão de que empresas em estágios iniciais possuem menores custos reputacionais devido a maior propensão ao risco, em virtude da sua participação de mercado ainda não estar consolidada. Já as empresas em estágios avançados, dadas as baixas oportunidades de investimento, adotam estratégias menos defensivas, uma vez que nesses estágios não dispõem de condições financeiras e econômicas favoráveis para captar recursos, pois os ativos já estão depreciados e não servem como garantia real. Portanto, as adoções de planejamento tributário nas empresas analisadas indicam que há uma relação entre as particularidades econômicas e financeiras das empresas, classificadas pelos estágios de ciclo de vida, com as estratégias tributárias adotadas para a obtenção de economia fiscal. / Research addressing the issue of tax planning in recent decades, have identified that the size of the organizations is a determining factor for the adoption of tax planning practices. However, there is some controversy in this matter, since research has found both positive and negative relationship between the size of organizations and tax planning practiced. The authors explain this relationship assuming the reputational cost, where larger firms have greater monitoring by the tax authority and other stakeholders. Others argue that larger companies have more resources and more political influence to reduce their tax burdens. However, both research suggests a linear relationship between the size of companies and the level and tax planning, ignoring economic, financial and operational peculiarities of the company. Such an assumption, considering all companies in a single sample, can lead to controversial conclusions, considering that all companies have the same structures and strategies over time. Thus, this research aims to identify the organizational life cycle stage impacts the level of tax planning. Thus, it is understood that the Organizational Life Cycle Theory recognizes companies for their structures and strategies adopted, such as the model proposed by Dickinson (2011) which classifies the stages of life cycle from the need and availability of resources through the signs of the cash flows (operating, investing and financing). Therefore, we hope to better understand the relationship between the level of tax planning and borrowing decisions, capital intensity, investment in working capital and the interaction of corporate governance mechanisms in different stages of life cycle. To carry out the empirical analysis were used Kruskal Wallis test, regressions in data panel and quantile regressions using annual data of Brazilian public companies that composed the IBrX 100 from BM&FBOVESPA, in the period 2008 to 2015. The results show that companies in initial and advanced stages of organizational life cycle have higher tax planning levels than companies in the maturity stage. Considering the tax planning metrics ETR, BTD and DVA by life cycle, in the Kruskal Wallis test was found that the companies in early stages have higher levels of tax planning than the mature companies. Already in the Advanced stages, it was found that the metrics ETR Current, Cash ETR and DVA also have higher levels of tax planning than mature companies. Analyses by quantile regressions reaffirm these results to the metrics of BTD and ETR current. These findings refer to the conclusion that companies in early stages have lower costs reputational due to higher propensity for risk, by virtue of its market share has not yet been consolidated. The companies in advanced stages, given the low investment opportunities, adopt less defensive strategies, since these stages do not have the financial and economic conditions favorable to raise funds because the assets are already depreciated and do not serve as collateral. Therefore, the adoption of tax planning in the analyzed companies indicate that there is a relationship between economic and financial characteristics of companies, classified by the stages of life cycle, with tax strategies adopted to achieve tax savings.

本研究旨在探討我國最新建立之反資本弱化稅制對跨國集團整體稅負之影響，並欲指出跨國公司在未來租稅規劃上應注意之事項。透過對國內外資本弱化相關案例，以及其他實務上可能產生稀釋資本議題之操作模式做個案研究，希望能夠發現在此稅制之下可能存在之問題與風險。 本文共分為五章，概述如下： 第一章：說明本研究之研究動機、欲探討之問題、擬採用之研究方法以及本研究架構。 第二章：分別針對資本弱化之理論架構、相關稅收議題，以及各國反資本弱化稅制之國內外文獻進行回顧及探討。 第三章：介紹並整理我國反資本弱化稅制中之各類法條、辦法及函令。 第四章：案例研究，以虛擬案例及實務上產生爭議之個案為研究對象，俾對我國未來稅捐稽徵機關在稽徵實務上及納稅義務人在租稅規劃上提出建議。 第五章：就前述討論內容做出結論，並嘗試對我國反資本弱化稅制提出具體之建議，以期做為未來研究者之參考。 / This essay focused on the newly enacted anti-thin capitalization regulation in Taiwan and its possible impact on multinational corporations in tax aspect. By studying on cases related to thin capitalization and other possible issues, this essay would like to discover the potential drawbacks and risks in the anti-thin capitalization regulation. This essay comprises five chapters. Summarizes as follows: Chapter 1: To explain motives, structure and methodologies of this research. Chapter 2: First, to introduce the definition of thin-capitalization made by OECD, and to explain the Modigliani-Miller Theory, which was the rationale of Thin Capitalization. Secondly, to collect and analyze the possible tax issues of thin capitalization, and to introduce the legislative conditions of anti-thin capitalization in regulations in main countries. Chapter 3: To briefly introduce the newly enacted anti-thin capitalization regulation. Also, this essay would like to debate on main issues and potential drawbacks in this regulation. Chapter 4: To study on an assumed example and other cases that show the common model of thin-capitalization and possible impacts result from anti-thin capitalization regulation on multinational corporations. In this part, the essay would like to give some suggestions to tax authority and tax payers. Chapter 5: To summarize the main contents from the forenamed chapters, in addition, to cite the potential risks and shortcomings of the anti-thin capitalization regulation.

Multinational enterprises have been widely accused of using aggressive tax planning schemes to avoid paying tax all over the world. The purpose of this study is to analyse the methods used by multinational enterprises in the context of business restructurings to shift profits from high to low tax jurisdictions. Transactions between associated entities have generally been manipulated by applying non-arm’s length prices to these transactions, as well as devising agreements where the economic substance varies from the form of the transaction. The study aims to investigate some of the practical challenges faced by tax administrators in the application of the arm’s length principle. The study was conducted based on a literature review, as well as analysing specific examples reported in newspapers where multinational enterprises have used aggressive tax planning schemes to shift profits. International case law was also analysed to evaluate some of the factors considered by the courts in the determination of the arm’s length price. It was found that multinational enterprises definitely use aggressive tax planning schemes to shift profits. The practical challenges in the determination of arm’s length prices, complexity of the transactions involved, as well as a lack of resources, especially in the developing nations, are some of the factors that cause tax administrators to battle to find a solution to deter and detect these schemes. Other methods such as the unitary taxation method and the country by country reporting concept have been brought forward as alternatives to the arm’s length principle. These alternatives have been proposed in an effort to find a solution to the challenges posed by the arm’s length principle. Specific measures have also been recommended for developing nations’ tax administrators to resolve the issues that they currently experience in this context. / Thesis (MCom (South African and International Taxation))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Multinational enterprises have been widely accused of using aggressive tax planning schemes to avoid paying tax all over the world. The purpose of this study is to analyse the methods used by multinational enterprises in the context of business restructurings to shift profits from high to low tax jurisdictions. Transactions between associated entities have generally been manipulated by applying non-arm’s length prices to these transactions, as well as devising agreements where the economic substance varies from the form of the transaction. The study aims to investigate some of the practical challenges faced by tax administrators in the application of the arm’s length principle. The study was conducted based on a literature review, as well as analysing specific examples reported in newspapers where multinational enterprises have used aggressive tax planning schemes to shift profits. International case law was also analysed to evaluate some of the factors considered by the courts in the determination of the arm’s length price. It was found that multinational enterprises definitely use aggressive tax planning schemes to shift profits. The practical challenges in the determination of arm’s length prices, complexity of the transactions involved, as well as a lack of resources, especially in the developing nations, are some of the factors that cause tax administrators to battle to find a solution to deter and detect these schemes. Other methods such as the unitary taxation method and the country by country reporting concept have been brought forward as alternatives to the arm’s length principle. These alternatives have been proposed in an effort to find a solution to the challenges posed by the arm’s length principle. Specific measures have also been recommended for developing nations’ tax administrators to resolve the issues that they currently experience in this context. / Thesis (MCom (South African and International Taxation))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Many multinational firms, notably Apple Inc., have engaged in increasingly aggressive tax planning strategies which shift billions of dollars overseas. This paper examines the problem through a case study of Apple, concluding that while many loopholes are utilized, aggressive transfer pricing of intangible assets is the root of the problem. Several solutions are examined before concluding that the best solution is a partial elimination of deferral in the form of a minimum payout share.

The additional tax ("penalties") imposable in terms of section 76(1) of the Income Tax Act (No 58 of 1962) when a taxpayer is in default, can be very harsh (up to 200% of the tax properly chargeable). The Commissioner may, in terms of section 76(2)(a), remit any penalty imposed, as he sees fit. However, when there was intent on the part of the taxpayer to evade the payment of tax, the Commissioner may not remit any portion of the 200% penalty imposable, unless he is of the opinion that "extenuating circumstances" exist. This dissertation examines the meaning of "extenuating circumstances", as interpreted by the judiciary, and lists the factors and defences that a taxpayer may plead to justify a remission of penalties, both in the case of an intention by the taxpayer to evade tax and in cases where the taxpayer is merely in default of section 76(1). / Accounting / MCOM (Accounting)

The thesis examined the current system of the taxation of wealth in South Africa with an emphasis on the taxes that apply upon the death of the taxpayer. The focus of the research was on the problems associated with estate duty, namely the issue of double taxation; the alleged cumbersome administration of the tax and the limited revenue that it brings in; it’s questionable efficacy due to extensive estate planning on the part of taxpayers while they are still alive and its lack of uniformity with other wealth taxes. An interpretative research approach was followed which involved analysing documentary data. The conclusions that were reached were that estate duty as a wealth tax in South Africa has been rendered ineffective due to the inherent problems associated with its application, namely the fact that double taxation exists, not only in the context of capital gains tax, but also in that taxpayers resent being taxed upon death after having paid income tax during their lives. The perceived unfairness that is associated with estate duty has caused the creation of a secondary industry of estate planning, with the aim of minimising estate duty, which industry has resulted in the ineffectiveness of estate duty and its limited revenue. No evidence could be found regarding the Treasury’s assertion that estate duty is a cumbersome tax to administer. The final conclusion reached was that the current estate duty regime needs to be overhauled preferably by extending the current system of capital gains tax and abolishing estate duty, with due consideration being given to the consequences associated therewith.