Text in Afrikaans / Tradisioneel is aanvaar dat die indirekte voorwerp nie in Afrikaanse stelsinne kan optree sander die voorkoms van 'n direkte voorwerp in dieselfde sin nie. Hierdie ondersoek het aan die lig gebring dat sekere voorwerpe wat voorheen as "direkte voorwerpe" geklassifiseer is, eerder die eienskappe van indirekte Hulle word dus nou geklassifiseer as en die parameters van die indirekte ooreenkomstig uitgebrei. Aangesien daar geen formele merkers vir die uitkenning en onderskeiding van direkte en indirecte voorwerpe bestaan nie, is parameters vir die doel vasgestel. Skoon indireckte voorwerpe (op enkele uisonderings na) verskyn altyd direk na die SPIL-posisie in 'n stelsin toon 'n groot affiniteit vir voorsetsels (versa vir, aan), en kan in die koers van adjunk afgegradeer word, deur me 'n voorsetsel te verbind, en kan sodoende ook na' 'n adjunk verskyn. Direkte voorwerpe kan daarenteen nie met voorset-: sels verbind nie en kan buitendien na enige adjunk verskyn. / Language Education, Arts and Culture / M.A. (Afrikaans)

Under projektet ”Att brodera är ett verb –Betraktelser ur ett nålsöga” har jag använt applikationsbroderi som teknik för att transformera och bearbeta material från min omgivning. Jag har sorterat alla material efter färgcirkeln och skapat rutor som jag satt ihop till ett abstraherat lapptäcke. Arbetet har syftat till att undersöka processbaserat görande och jag har därför tagit hjälp av verben i konstnären Richard Serras ”Verb list”. Jag har satt upp fyra regler för mig själv att förhålla mig till under arbetets gång. Med reglerna har jag velat eliminera alla val och processer som inte handlar om själva görandet i sig. Lapptäcket har tagit sin slutliga form utifrån det ramverk som reglerna utgjort. Under min opponering diskuterade jag och opponenten Karin Lundgren-Tallinger främst hur jag har förhållit mig till mina regler under arbetets gång och hur de hade kunnat vara tydligare. Till Konstfacks Vårutställning hängde jag upp lapptäcket på en ställning av skrot i ett hörn och spred ut vissa rutor och andra obearbetade material så som skräp och garner i flera delar av rummet. Installationen av verket gjorde jag för att skapa en känsla av att arbetet med rutorna när som helst skulle kunna återupptas och görandet forsätta.

本論文旨在探討「掉」出現在動詞後面時的語意內涵與語法地位。我們認為當「掉」身為結果補語時，它的意思為「被往下移除」；身為動相標誌時，意思為「被移除」；身為動貌標誌時，則標示起始意。「掉」經常與及物和非作格動詞形成複合動詞：與靜態動詞、瞬間動詞及達成動詞構成達成複合動詞，與動作動詞及完成動詞則構成完成複合動詞。雖然V-掉的論元結構經常是其前置動詞與「掉」之論元結構的結合體，但在某些情況下「掉」可能會壓制前置動詞的論元、幫V-掉複合動詞增加新論元或先壓制前置動詞的論元再幫V-掉複合動詞增加新論元。最後，我們採用虛化的理論來解釋為何「掉」具有多重語意及多重語法地位。由於「掉」符合Hopper (1991)所提出的虛化原則，因此我們相信「掉」的確正處在虛化的過程中。 / There are two main questions about post-verbal diao we dealt with in the present study: one is its meanings, and the other is its syntactic status. We argue that when diao acts as a resultative complement, it means ‘to be removed in a downward direction’, when it acts as a phase marker, it means ‘to be removed’, and when it acts as an aspect marker, it bears a grammatical meaning indicating inchoative. Post-verbal diao usually co-occurs with transitive and unaccusative verbs to form compounds. When diao goes with State, Semelfactive and Achievement verbs, the V-diao compounds will be Achievements, when diao goes with Activity and Accomplishment verbs, the V-diao compounds will be Accomplishments. In most cases, the argument structure of a V-diao compound is a composition of the argument structure of the preceding verb and that of diao. However, diao will suppress the Goal argument when co-occurring with three-place transactional verbs; it will create an argument for the V-diao compound when the argument of the preceding verb and that of diao are incompatible; it will suppress an argument of the preceding verb and create a new one for the V-diao compound when occurring with verbs which have an incremental theme. Grammaticalization is taken to account for the polysemy and the multiple syntactic status of post-verbal diao. Because except specialization, diao follows all of the principles (i.e. Layering, Divergence, Persistence, and De-categorialization) proposed by Hopper (1991), we suggest it is in the process of grammaticalization.

Text in Afrikaans / Tradisioneel is aanvaar dat die indirekte voorwerp nie in Afrikaanse stelsinne kan optree sander die voorkoms van 'n direkte voorwerp in dieselfde sin nie. Hierdie ondersoek het aan die lig gebring dat sekere voorwerpe wat voorheen as "direkte voorwerpe" geklassifiseer is, eerder die eienskappe van indirekte Hulle word dus nou geklassifiseer as en die parameters van die indirekte ooreenkomstig uitgebrei. Aangesien daar geen formele merkers vir die uitkenning en onderskeiding van direkte en indirecte voorwerpe bestaan nie, is parameters vir die doel vasgestel. Skoon indireckte voorwerpe (op enkele uisonderings na) verskyn altyd direk na die SPIL-posisie in 'n stelsin toon 'n groot affiniteit vir voorsetsels (versa vir, aan), en kan in die koers van adjunk afgegradeer word, deur me 'n voorsetsel te verbind, en kan sodoende ook na' 'n adjunk verskyn. Direkte voorwerpe kan daarenteen nie met voorset-: sels verbind nie en kan buitendien na enige adjunk verskyn. / Language Education, Arts and Culture / M.A. (Afrikaans)

L’ese ejja (takana) est une langue amazonienne en danger, parlée en Bolivie et au Pérou par environ 1 500 locuteurs. La première partie offre un profil sociolinguistique et décrit la méthodologie de collecte des données auprès d’une douzaine de locuteurs, lors de 5 terrains réalisés dans la communauté de Portachuelo, Bolivie, entre 2005 et 2009. La deuxième partie est une grammaire qui situe l’ese ejja typologiquement parmi les langues du monde, aréalement en tant que langue amazonienne et génétiquement au sein de la famille takana. Phonologiquement la langue est remarquable pour ses deux implosives sourdes et un système accentuel verbal très complexe sensible, entre autre, à la valence du radical. La complexité morphologique est frappante : parmi les 13 positions du prédicat verbal, on trouve des combinaisons lexicales de deux racines, de l’incorporation nominale et de nombreux suffixes plus au moins lexicaux. Particulièrement intéressants sont les suffixes d’Aktionsart qui ont une sémantique d’adverbes, et le riche système (10 suffixes) de ‘mouvement associé’, aussi attesté dans la langue sœur cavineña et des langues australiennes. Les adjectifs les plus fréquents sont prédicatifs et peuvent productivement avoir un nom incorporé. Polygrammaticalisés, les 4 verbes de posture sont omniprésents dans la grammaire, dans les constructions locative, existentielle et possessive, et comme suffixes de présent et d’imperfectif. Enfin, il existe 2 systèmes de co-référence pour 4 types de subordonnées : tous les deux sont tripartites et vont au-delà de l’opposition binaire ‘sujet identique/différent’ mieux connue. Un DVD avec les fichiers audio des textes en annexe et le matériel de revitalisation produit est joint. / Ese Ejja (Takana) is an endangered language of the Amazon, spoken by about 1,500 people in Peru and Bolivia. The first part is a sociolinguistic profile and describes the methodology: the data were recorded from a dozen speakers, in the course of 5 fieldtrips between 2005 and 2009 in Portachuelo, a Bolivian community. The second part is a grammar that places Ese Ejja typologically among the world languages, areally as an Amazonian language and genetically within the Takanan family. Among its interesting phonological features are two voiceless implosives and its complex verbal accent that is sensitive to stem valency. The morphology of the verb predicate is also intricate, with its 13 slots: roots can combine to form a compound stem, nouns can be incorporated and numerous morphemes of a (more or less) clear lexical origin suffixed. Of specific interest are the Aktionsart verbal suffixes with their adverbial semantics and the rich system of 10 ‘associated motion’ morphemes, also attested in the sister-language Cavineña and in some Australian languages. Predicative adjectives are the most frequent of the two adjective classes, and productively incorporate nouns. The 4 posture verbs are polygrammaticalized and thus omnipresent in the grammar: they appear in basic locative, existential and possessive constructions or as suffixes of present and of imperfective. Two systems of co-reference are distributed among 4 types of subordinate clauses: both systems are tripartite, i.e. go far beyond the better-known ‘same subject/different subject’ binary opposition. A DVD with the audio-files of the texts in the appendix and with the produced revitalization material accompanies the dissertation.

Orientador: Maria Clara Paixão de Sousa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T08:13:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MenezesdaSilva_Gilceliade_M.pdf: 1847278 bytes, checksum: 6b191641e44f5685bf5ada8d6aa15e39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Nos estágios atuais da língua, as gramáticas brasileiras e portuguesas descrevem o CHAMAR como o único verbo do Português a ter um Predicativo do Objeto Indireto. O problema inicial desta pesquisa surgiu a partir dessa singularidade atribuída ao verbo CHAMAR quando predicador de construções denominativas, e se constitui em compreender quais foram os fatores que levaram o CHAMAR a ter, ao longo do tempo, esse comportamento diferenciado de todos os outros verbos da língua. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever gramaticalmente o predicador CHAMAR quando este significa "qualificar"; "atribuir um nome, denominar"; "autodenominar-se" e "possuir um nome", tendo como base as narrativas portuguesas escritas nos séculos 14, 15 e 16. As construções com CHAMAR aqui descritas foram denominadas de construções de semântica denominativa e apresentam as seguintes estruturas básicas: [X V (a) Y (de) Z] em construções transitivo-ativas e [Y V-se Z]; [Y V Z] e [V Z] em construções não-transitivas (estativas/passivas), onde X= "Agente" (aquele que "executa a ação" expressa pelo verbo); Y= "Designando", (aquele que recebe a denominação dada); e Z= "Designação" (a denominação propriamente dita). A partir dos questionamentos iniciais levantados, partiu-se para um estudo sobre a valência do CHAMAR quando principal predicador de construções denominativas procurando identificar os padrões de ocorrência dessas construções nos textos. Nos séculos 14 e 15 o CHAMAR convivia com outros predicadores denominativos e estes foram substituídos na diacronia, transformando o CHAMAR no principal predicador de construções denominativas. O CHAMAR denominativo pode ser "qualificativo", i.e., quando atribui uma qualidade; ou "denominativo" propriamente dito, ou seja, quando atribui um nome. As estruturas com CHAMAR "qualificativo" apresentam a Designação (Z) como um adjetivo predicativo e, portanto selecionam como argumento uma Small Clause ("e porém lhe chama a estória filho de perdição" - CGE). Já as estruturas com CHAMAR "denominativo" apresentam a Designação (Z) como um nome próprio ("e por isso lhe chamaram Dom Sancho, o Desejado" - CGE) e, portanto não selecionam uma Small Clause como argumento. Neste tipo de construções o CHAMAR se caracteriza como um verbo de atribuição, tal como DAR, OFERECER, apresentando valência três [Agente] [V] [Designando] [Designação]. As construções transitivo-ativas apresentam como principal padrão de expressão argumental aquele em que o argumento que mais aparece nulo e o Agente (X), e o Designando Y (Objeto) ocupa a posição a esquerda de proeminência discursiva (Y V __ Z), acompanhando dessa forma as principais características da frase na Gramática do Português Médio, defendidas por Paixão de Sousa (2008). A partir desse padrão dos verbos no PM propõe-se que as construções estativas do tipo [Y V Z] ("Ela chama Maria") atestadas atualmente no PB são derivadas das construções ativas do tipo [Y V __ Z] do PM, com o sujeito Agente nulo e o "constituinte discursivamente importante" ocupando a posição imediata a esquerda do verbo, alterando assim a Valencia de CHAMAR de três para dois / Abstract: Current grammar books of both Brazilian and European varieties of Portuguese describe CHAMAR ('call') as the only Portuguese verb having a predicate nominative of an indirect object. The initial problem of this research is to understand which factors have driven CHAMAR to have a differentiated behavior with respect to other verbs of the language because of its singularity as a predicator of denominative constructions. Therefore, the present work aims at grammatically describing predicator CHAMAR when it means "to qualify", "to assign a name, to denominate", "to self-denominate" and "to have a name", based on Portuguese narratives written in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. The constructions with CHAMAR described here were called 'constructions with denominative semantics' and display the following basic structures: [X V (a) Y (de) Z] in active-transitive constructions and [Y V-se Z]; [Y V Z] and [V Z] in non-transitive constructions (stative/passive). Where X= "Agent" (the participant that "executes the action" expressed by the verb), Y= "Designee" (the participant that receives the given denomination) and Z= "Designation" (the actual denomination). After presenting the initial research questions, the text displays the results of a study about the valency of CHAMAR as the main predicator in denominative constructions and tries to identify the distribution patterns of these constructions in the texts. In the 14th and 15th centuries CHAMAR existed along with other denominative predicators, but these ones were substituted in diachrony; as a result, CHAMAR has become the main predicator of denominative constructions. Denominative CHAMAR can be "qualificative", i.e. when it assigns a quality; or properly "denominative", it means, when it assigns a name. The structures with "qualificative" CHAMAR present the Designation (Z) as a predicate adjective and therefore they select a Small Clause as an argument: e porém lhe chama a estória filho de perdição (CGE) ('and however the story calls him the son of perdition'). On the other hand the structures with "denominative" CHAMAR display the designation (Z) as a given name: e por isso lhe chamaram Dom Sancho, o Desejado (CGE) ('and because of that they called him Dom Sancho, the Desired One') and, therefore, they do not select a Small Clause as an argument. In this type of constructions CHAMAR is characterized as a verb of giving, such as DAR ('give') and OFERECER ('offer'), showing valency = 3: [Agent] [V] [Designee] [Designation]. Active-transitive constructions present the following main pattern of argument expression: the Agent (X) is more frequently null, and the Designee Y (Object) occupies a position of discursive prominence to the left (Y V __ Z). In this sense, it follows the main characteristics of the sentence in Middle Portuguese (MP) Grammar, as argued by Paixao de Sousa (2008). From such a pattern in MP we propose that stative constructions of the type [Y V Z] instantiated in Ela chama Maria ('she is called Mary') in nowadays Brazilian Portuguese are derived from active constructions of the type [Y V __ Z] in MP, with the Agent subject null and the "discursively most important constituent" occupying the immediate position to the left of the verb. In this way the valency of CHAMAR was changed from 3 to 2 / Mestrado / Linguistica / Mestre em Linguística

In the Arabic language a “word/particle” is divided into three classes: noun verb and particle. After research of relevant literature it became evident to this researcher that the bulk of research related to signifying particles has stressed their complementary relation to nouns and verbs which has created shortcomings in these studies. The most noteworthy of them has been to restrict a study of particles either to their linguistic or grammatical functions or to confine this endeavor to some particles only. This study aims to study all particles as independent components of Arabic signifiers. In the first section , the researcher reviews relevant grammatical terminologies relating to and associated with the particles such as: speech ,word , noun, verb…etc, and outlines both instances of similarities and differences found among them. He then elucidates the three categories of word particles by referring to the peculiarities of each of them. The remaining chapters are devoted to presenting the linguistic definitions of each word particle , beginning with single phoneme particles and systematically progressing to higher ones. Essentially all word particles fulfill linguistic functions before they may fulfill any syntactic or other functions. After reviewing their linguistic functions, the researcher queries , or proposes the possibility of using linguistic terminology for them instead of using syntactical or grammatical terminology because the former embraces all word particles whereas the latter is restricted to just some of them. In the final section, he focuses on the syntactical functions of the semantic particles, and their influence grammatically , wehter it is permanent or occasional influence. He also explains word particles associated with whether nouns or verbs , or with both of them. / الكلمة في اللغة العربية تنقسم الى ثلاثة أقسام :اسم وفعل وحرف، ولقد تبين للباحث بعد مراجعته للأدبيات أن معظم الدراسات التى تناولت حروف المعاني تناولتها من منظور انها مكملة للقسمين الآخرين، هذه النظرية أدّت إلى قصور في الدراسة، وقد تجلى اهم أوجه هذا القصور أولا في التركيز على جانب واحد من جوانب دراسة الحروف، اعني الجانب اللغوي او الوظيفة النحوية، او الإقتصار على بعض الحروف دون سائرها. هذا البحث يعتبر محاولة لدراسة جميع الحروف كقسم مستقل من أقسام الكلمة العربية، يبتدأ الباحث فيه - في الفصل الأول - باستعراض المصطلحات النحوية المحيطة والمرتبطة بالحروف من قبيل : الكلام والكلمة واللفظ والقول ...الخ مبيناً كيفة تداخل وترابط تلك المصطلحات وأوجه إختلافها، ثم أقسام الكلام الثلاثة مع الإشارة إلى مميزات كل قسمٍ وخصائصه ، وتتناول بقية الفصول المعاني اللغوية للحروف- إبتداء بالحروف الأحادية ثم الثنائية والثلاثية والرباعية و الخماسية - لأنّ الأصل في كل الكلمات أن تؤدّي وظائف لغوية محدّدة قبل أن يكون لها دورٌ نحويٌ او لايكون، ويتساءل الباحث او يقترح – بعد استعراض المعاني الللغوية للحروف – امكانية استخدام التسميات اللغوية للحروف بدلاً من التسمية النحوية، لأنّ الأولى تشمل كلّ الحروف ، بينما تقتصر الثانية على قسمٍ من الحروف . ثمّ يتدرج إلى الفصل الأخير المخصص للعمل النحوي للحروف ، مستعرضاً أوجه عملها – سواء كانت دائمة العمل أو عاملة أحياناً ومهملة في بعض الأحوال- ومبيناً ما يختص منها بالعمل بالاسم او بالفعل وما يشترك في الدخول عليهما. / Linguistics

This is a study of the broad scope of cognition verbs in Afrikaans. Firstly, the nonmetaphorical cognition verbs [e.g. ken (= know), weet (= know), dink (= think), verstaan (= understand)] are discussed and then the metaphorical cognition verbs which are subcategorized in metaphorical verbs of vision [kyk (= look), sien (= see)] and metaphorical manipulation verbs [vorm (= form), gryp (= grab), voel (= feel), vat (= take) etc.]. The study is embedded in the cognitive linguistic stance of embodiment which inter alia implies that our neurological functioning is based on feeling (which includes our sense of touch), and that the way our bodies are structured also determines the way we express our thoughts. This extensive descriptive study of Afrikaans cognition verbs, metaphorical and nonmetaphorical, indicates that visual lexemes in Afrikaans express subtle abstract thought, while manipulation lexemes express less subtle, yet still abstract result-driven thought. Synthesis is an important factor in this study because the non-metaphorical cognition verbs as well as the metaphorical cognition verbs are linked to the basic cognitive principle of embodiment. Also, the two metaphorical verb types can by seen in synthesis when the stage frame ( = vision) and the workshop frame ( = manipulation) are merged. The synthesis of the stage frame and the workshop frame eventually provides us with another perspective, namely that vision and manipulation (which includes touch and feeling) are in a state of interacting nurturing symbiosis. / Linguistics / D. Litt. et Phil (Linguistics)

Text in Afrikaans / Because of the variety of relationships which exist between transitive verbs and their objects, all direct objects are not comparable with one another. One class of object, however, which stands by itself and which is of considerable interest, is the OBJECT OF RESULT. Because of the particular relation which exists between object and transitive verb in resulting constructions, we have here an unique class of direct object. The resulting construction is therefore, in the first instance a relation construction. This specific relation between transitive verb and object is mainly determined by the presence of or absence of certain inherent distinctive characteristics by transitive verbs and which play a determining role in identifying OBJECTS OF RESULT. From this study it is also clear that there is a semantic value present in transitive verbs (that can combine with objects of result) which has not been observed or distinguished by lexicographers and grammarians until recently. / Omdat voorwerpe van sinne in 'n verskeidenheid van betrekkinge met (oorganklike) werkwoorde kan staan, is alle direkte voorwerpe nie almal in alle opsigte vergelykbaar met mekaar nie. Waarskynlik die interessantste voorwerp in hierdie verskeidenheid is die RESULTATIEWE VOORWERP. As gevolg van die besondere verhouding wat daar bestaan tussen hierdie voorwerp en die HW, het ans hier te make met 'n unieke tipe direkte voorwerp wat kan aanspraak maak op 'n eie bestaansreg as 'n subkategorie van die hoofkategorie: Direkte Voorwerpe. Die resulterende konstruksie is dus, in die eerste plek, 'n verhoudingskonstruksie. Hierdie spesifieke verhouding tussen die HW en die voorwerp word grootliks bepaal deur die aan- of afwesigheid van sekere inherente distinktiewe kenmerke wat by oorganklike werkwoorde voorkom en wat 'n bepalende rol speel by die ontstaan van en identifisering van RESUL TATIEWE VOORWERPE. Uit hierdie ondersoek sal verder blyk dat daar 'n semantiese waarde by oorganklike werkwoorde is wat tot dusver nag nie deur taalkundiges/woordeboekmakers of woordverklaarders onderskep en onderskei is nie. Oorganklike werkwoorde kan dus fyner gedefinieer word ten opsigte van hul verbindbaarheid, al dan nie, met resultatiewe voorwerpe. / Language Education, Arts and Culture / M.A. (Afrikaans)

Thesis (MA (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The topic of study is ‘go’ and ‘come’ verbs in Northern Sotho, which can be classified as verbs of state or motion. This study examines the semantics as well as the syntactic analysis of these verbs of state of motion within the framework of Pustejovsky’s Generative Lexicon Theory. This study will explore the polysemy of ‘ya’, as shown in the sentences below: 1. Bana ba ya nokeng. (The children go/are going to the river) 2. Bašimane ba ya šokeng. (The boys go/are going to the bush) The verb ya ‘go’ may end with the suffix –ile to realise the past tense of ya as illustrated in the following examples: 3. Bana ba ile nokeng. (The children went to the river) 4. Bašemane ba ile šokeng. (The boys went to the bush) The study also examines the polysemy of the verb –tla in Northern Sotho. The verb tla ‘come’ semantically denotes motion as shown in the sentences below. 5. Basadi ba tla monyanyeng. (The women come to the party) 6. Banna ba tla kopanong. (Men come/are coming to the meeting) The verb tla may end with the suffix –ile to demonstrate the past tense of –tla, as shown in the following sentences. 7. Ngwana o tlile sekolong. (The child came to school) 8. Mokgalabje o tlile kgorong. (The old man came to the headkraal) This study will demonstrate that the agent argument of the verbs –ya and –tla may regularly occur as complement of the preposition le in Northern Sotho. The range of data examined demonstrate that the verbs –ya and –tla exhibit a wide range of semantic selectional properties as regard to the subject argument and the locative argument. The study also analyses the aspectual properties of the sentences with –ya and –tla with reference to the activity and achievement situation types.