Denna studie har undersökt professionellas perspektiv på sexuella övergrepp och ungdomar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning. Ungdomar är mer utsatta för våld än vuxna människor och har man en intellektuell funktionsnedsättning är det större risk att man blir utsatt för sexuella övergrepp. Detta är ett problem som förekommer världen över och kan förebyggas i form av att professionella har rätt kunskap, får handledning och får stöd i verksamheten från bland annat riktlinjer och tydliga rutiner. Studiens syfte är att undersöka professionellas perspektiv på sexuella övergrepp och ungdomar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning, vilket har landat i olika perspektiv. De perspektiven är professionella som arbetar med förövare av sexuella övergrepp och offer för sexuella övergrepp. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer som analyserats med tematisk analys visar resultat att det finns brister inom det svenska systemet och vårdkedjan för hur professionella ska arbeta med ungdomar och sexuella övergrepp. Det saknas kunskap, vägledning, styrdokument men också ett intresse från myndigheter att ansvara för ungdomar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning och sexuella övergrepp. / This study has examined the perspectives of professionals on sexual abuse and young people with intellectual disability. Young people are more exposed to violence than adults and young people with intellectual disability are shown to be at even higher risk of violence and sexual abuse. This is a problem that occurs worldwide and can be prevented in the form of professionals having the right knowledge, receiving guidance and receiving support in their profession from clear guidelines and routines. The purpose of the study is to examine professionals' perspectives on sexual abuse and young people with intellectual disability, which led to different perspectives. Those perspectives are professionals who work with perpetrators of sexual abuse and victims of sexual abuse. Through semistructured interviews that were analyzed with thematic analysis, the results that show that there are shortcomings within the Swedish system and the care chain for how professionals should work with young people and sexual abuse. There is a lack of knowledge, guidance, governing documents but also an interest from authorities to be responsible for young people with intellectual disability and sexual abuse.

1 Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the unavailability of housing in Prague in relation to young people and seniors. The aim is to find out whether the setting of the local housing policy reflects selected life cycle phases. The thesis is based on the theory of life path and the theory of transition to adulthood. It describes the concept of generation rent, the development of Czech housing policy and its current setting, key actors, differences and interconnectedness of housing policy at the state and local level and what types of housing support are offered to young people and seniors. It also deals with the causes of housing unavailability and citizens' preferences regarding housing types. The work is conceived as a case study focused on Prague. Qualitative and quantitative methods were applied in the research in the form of semi-structured interviews with young people and seniors and expert interviews with experts from the Ministry for Regional Development, Prague City Hall and some city districts. A secondary analysis of data collected by the Czech Statistical Office over a period of fifteen years was performed. I found out that the support of people in transition to adulthood and retired people is not sufficient at the local level. Prague does not have a sufficient number of tools to help these...

Title: Juvenile delinquency “How selected schools from selected areas in Finland and Sweden work to prevent juvenile delinquency” The study is a qualitative study where I investigated how a selected municipality's schools in southern Sweden and an area's schools on a Finnish island work preventively against juvenile delinquency. Throughout the study, I will refer to it as an area to facilitate reading. The study only includes high schools and upper secondary schools. The empirical material for the study was collected through semi-structured interviews with six principals and a social educator. The results show large differences in how the schools view juvenile delinquency and what the schools have introduced for measures and what they would like to develop. The selected Swedish upper secondary schools have a program that will influence young people not to commit criminal acts, while the selected Finnish schools' focus is on an anti-bullying program. However, all interviewees considered that collaboration with other actors is important in preventing juvenile delinquency. They also emphasized the importance of having adults present for the students, as well as following the students' absence and study results. / Studien är en kvalitativ studie där jag undersökt hur en utvald kommuns skolor i södra Sverige och ett områdes skolor på en finländsk ö arbetar preventiv mot ungdomsbrottsligheten. Jag kommer genom hela studien benämna det som område för att underlätta läsningen. I studien ingår endast högstadie- och gymnasieskolor. Det empiriska materialet till studien är insamlat genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex rektorer och en socialpedagog. Resultaten visar på stora skillnader i hur skolorna ser på ungdomsbrottslighet samt vad skolorna infört för åtgärder och vad de skulle vilja utveckla. De utvalda svenska högstadieskolorna har ett program som ska påverka ungdomarna att inte begå brottsliga handlingar, medan de utvalda finska skolornas fokus ligger kring ett antimobbningsprogram. Däremot ansåg alla intervjupersoner att ett samarbete med andra aktörer är viktig för att förebygga ungdomsbrottslighet. De påtalade även vikten av att det finns närvarande vuxna som finns för eleverna, samt att följa elevernas frånvaro och studieresultat.

The secondary impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and young people have been significant, including impacts on education, young people’s social lives, physical activity and mental health, as well as increased abuse. These impacts risk running into the long term, and in order to mitigate this, a better understanding of how children and young people’s lives have changed and the role they can play in driving solutions is needed.   UNICEF’s global Communication for Development (C4D) team has commenced a collaborative project with partners, the Children & Young People Participatory Research and Communication for Change Initiative, to better understand the experiences and perspectives of children and young people in the midst of the global COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to what extent they are able to be involved in developing solutions. As part of this initiative, desk reviews were carried out to establish the landscape of children and young people’s experience of issues in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as their participation in these issues.   This paper serves to narrow down the focus of the subsequent research to be undertaken by UNICEF and partners as part of the initiative, which will produce new information on children and young people’s experiences and participation in the context of COVID-19, and help build a model for children and young people’s participation to inform future UNICEF Communication for Development programmes. Through interviews and focus groups with UNICEF staff in the 11 participating country offices, this paper produces a set of recommendations for specific areas of research in terms of the key issues to be further investigated regarding children and young people’s participation in the context of COVID-19. It also demonstrates how using strengths-based and intersectional approaches to the research can bring subaltern youth voices in particular to the fore.

PhDr. Šárka Soudková Partner violence in the relationships of young Czech people Abstract: The dissertation thesis focuses on the area of partner violence experienced by young Czech people and its broad context. The introductive text examines how this issue is apprehended by the theoretical conceptions in general as well as how the empirical surveys dealt with it hitherto. Substantial part of the thesis describes the construction, transformation, validization of the scales measuring the incidence of violence in partnership. These scales were used in quantitative survey of representative sample of young people in the age from 15 to 29 years (N = 870). The part of thesis dedicated to the survey results presents the experiences of young Czechs with violence in their intimate relationships for the past 12 months and the prevalence of violence related to the present/past partner relationship. Another point of view on this issue brings the analysis of reciprocity of violence in the relationship. In the frame of analysis of broad context of partner violence is explored: the general opinion climate prevailing among young Czech people related to partnership, psycho-social features typical for people engaged in violent relationships, the family background these people are coming from, occurrence of violence in...

The Diploma thesis "Religious Literacy" aims to map and define a new concept of the religious literacy, to describe the desirable religious literacy depending on the age and to state a basic overview of the elements that it generates. The thesis involves the religious literacy in the field of Catholic Christianity. First, it deals with the concept of literacy in general; it is defined by the levels, types, key factors and aspects of the assessment. In addition, the thesis talks about the cultural literacy, about the education as its forming and the relationship between the culture and Christianity. Then, using the concepts of general and cultural literacy, the definition of religious literacy follows. Religious literacy is defined in the thesis of two angles, which are interconnected, ie in terms of knowledge and practice. The religious literacy is discussed in both areas in the different age periods - in childhood, youth and adulthood. For each age group the appropriate incentives of the development of literacy and the activities in parish life are characterized. Key words: literacy, child, young people, adults, spiritual life, religious knowledge.

The thesis on topic "The path of life of young adults after leaving children's home" deals with problems encountered by young people, who spent at least a part of their childhood in some form of institutional, as they now stand at the door-steps of their new, less structured life. The theoretical part of this thesis is oriented toward a description of the system of institutional upbringing, followed by detailing the various psychosocial needs of young people. Attention is also given to negative circumstances effecting the incorporation of such "institutional" children into a general population. The Practical part is concerned with monitoring and description of the new life beginnings undertaken by these young individuals from children's homes. With the help of semi-structured interviews, finding out the experiences and feelings of people, who were growing up in children's homes and their transition to the real world. This whole thesis is pointing out problems of people who are growing up outside of their nuclear family. Emphasis is put on their suitable incorporation into society.

(in English): The thesis deals with the current state of the functioning of the health care system for children and youth in the Czech Republic with regard to the possible consequences of failure to provide basic health care resulting from difficult life situations, and therefore closely related to the social sphere. The main objective is to explore whether the current system is functional enough that there are no socially disadvantaged individuals "falling through a net". The theoretical part deals with the lives of socially disadvantaged individuals, with a focus on the family and its specifics. Furthermore the work deals with pediatric and dental preventive and curative health care. In addition to discussing basic parameters of the care, there are analyzed the risks for the eventual malpractice. Solution of the research uses a qualitative method using interviews with instructions. Not only was the research sample composed of individuals with experience with social disadvantage - particularly parents with children from shelter homes where one can assume such experience, but also practicing doctors who come into the very first contact with children the most often - pediatricians and dentists so that the view on the situation is as complex as possible.

Syftet med studien var att utifrån behandlarnas erfarenhet på HVB-hem undersöka hur motiverande samtal som ett hälsofrämjande pedagogiskt verktyg är användbart inom missbruksvården för barn och ungdomar på individ- och gruppnivå. I studien speglas teoretiska utgångspunkter såsom hälsa som kontinuum och Illeris lärandemodell, detta bidrog till att kopplingar kunde dras mellan resultatet och teorierna. Fortsättningsvis genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem olika behandlare som arbetar i olika kommuner på HVB-hem för barn och ungdomar med missbruksproblematik. Studiens resultat visade på att det kan bli svårigheter med motiverande samtal på gruppnivå eftersom det kan bidra till att passiva klienter blir desto mer passiva, vilket inte hjälper deras beteendeförändring. Resultatet visade även på att en ungdom lätt kan ta på sig ledarrollen vilket kan påverka utbyte av erfarenheter och därav hindrar lärandet. Däremot visade resultatet att motiverande samtal på individnivå kan bidra till motivation, självinsikt och individuellt lärande som således kan leda till hälsosamma livsstilsförändringar. Fortsättningsvis visade resultatet vikten av hur behandlaren stöttar individen under processen för att beteendeförändring ska bli lyckad. Slutsatsen som dras är att motiverande samtal som metod på individnivå är en fungerande metod på ungdomar som vill komma ifrån sitt missbruk och påbörja en livsstilsförändring. För att motiverande samtal på gruppnivå ska fungera som ett pedagogiskt verktyg krävs en tydlig struktur och en god relation till barn ungdomar. / The purpose of this study was to examine how therapist’s working at HVB homes in Sweden experience motivational conversations as a health-promoting pedagogical tool is useful in substance abuse care for children and young people at individual- and group level. The study reflects various theoretical starting points, such as health as a continuum and Illeri's learning model, which contributed to the fact that connections could be drawn between the results and the theories. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five different therapists who works in different municipalities at HVB homes for children and young people with substance abuse problems. There may be difficulties with motivated conversations at group level because it can contribute to passive clients becoming all the more passive, which does not help their behavior change. The results also showed that a young person can easily take on the leadership role, which can affect the exchange of experiences and inhibit the learning. On the other hand, the results showed that motivational conversations at individual level can contribute to motivation, self-insight and individual learning, which can thus lead to healthy lifestyle changes. Furthermore, the results showed the importance of how the therapist supports the individual during the process for behavior change to be successful. The conclusion that is drawn is that motivational conversation as a method at the individual level is a working method for young people who want to be free from their addiction and start a lifestyle change. In order for motivational conversations at group level to function as a pedagogical tool, a clear structure and a good relationship with the children and young people is required.

In the research of young people in relation to their tobacco use and corresponding attitudes towards that use, there are various ways that these attitudes are measured and described. There remains however a lack of clarity or consistency regarding the way that these are attitudes are measured and what they are orientated towards. An established framework of methodology was used to guide the review. Studies were included based on age (11-21); published year (after 2000); language (English only). Included studies had the young people’s attitudes towards tobacco use in its various forms as central theme. Three bibliography databases were utilized. Studies (2710) were identified, 598 screened and 33 included. The majority were performed in the EU/Schengen Area outside of the Nordic countries. The majority were quantitatively oriented, and most had a Health perspective in their description of attitudes. Findings suggest that there are four different themes in how attitudes were described, and that there are differences between the Nordic countries and the rest of the EU/Schengen Area, but also many similarities, as well as a need to investigate specific aspects of tobacco use in Nordic countries (social acceptance being chief among them).