Alcohol and drug use can damage health and cause different problems in the individual's life. To avoid these problems, it is important to investigate which factors are associated with alcohol and drug use. This study aims to shed light on which risk and protective factors can affect young people`s alcohol and drug use in Sweden. The authors of this study have chosen to do a literature study that includes 14 scientific articles from four different databases. Results show that individual factors such as mental illness and attitudes and social factors such as parents, friends and the school can significantly impact young people`s alcohol consumption and drug use. / Alkohol- och narkotikaanvändning kan skada hälsan och orsaka olika problem i individens liv. För att förebygga dessa problem är det viktigt att undersöka vilka faktorer som är förknippade med alkohol- och narkotikaanvändning. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa vilka risk- och skyddsfaktorer som kan inverka på ungdomars alkohol och narkotikaanvändning i Sverige. Författarna i denna studie har valt att göra en litteraturstudie som omfattar 14 vetenskapliga artiklar från fyra olika databaser. Resultatet visar på att individuella faktorer såsom psykisk ohälsa och attityder samt sociala faktorer såsom föräldrar, vänner och skolan kan ha en stor inverkan på ungdomars alkoholkonsumtion och narkotikabruk.

Bakgrund: Sexuell hälsa integreras i övergripande hälsa, välbefinnande och livskvalitén. Skolans sex- och samlevnadsundervisning ska ge elever en kunskapsgrund för att de ska kunna utveckla sin sexualitet. Sex- och samlevnadsundervisningen idag är bristfällig. Skolsköterskor kan, tillsammans med lärare, ge elever korrekt kunskap i sex och samlevnad. Syfte: Att belysa skolsköterskors roll i sex- och samlevnadsundervisning för elever i grundskolan. Metod: Kvalitativ metod valdes. Ändamålsenligt urval gjordes och åtta skolsköterskor deltog genom kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer. Datamaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Skolsköterskornas roll i sex- och samlevnadsundervisning relateras till elevcentrerat arbete samt organisatoriska förutsättningar. Undervisningen utformas utifrån vad elever efterfrågar samt utifrån grundläggande biologi. Samverkan kring sex och samlevnadsundervisning sker inom skolan samt utanför skolan med vårdnadshavare. Skolsköterskorna samverkar inom skolan i varierande utsträckning med kurator eller klasslärare i undervisning kring sex och samlevnad. Skolsköterskorna upplever begränsningar i arbetet med sex- och samlevnadsundervisning i form av bristande tid och användbart material samt oklar ansvarsfördelning inom skolan. Konklusion: Skolsköterskors roll i kunskapsområdet är viktig då de utifrån sin profession kan bidra med yrkesspecifik kunskap. Skolsköterskors erfarenheter av sex och samlevnadsundervisning varierar avseende omfattning och utformning vilket bidrar till att undervisningen kan upplevas bristfällig och olik. Implementering av kunskapsområdet och samverkan mellan skolans professioner kan bidra till en mer jämlik och förbättrad undervisning. / Background: Sexual health is integrated into quality of life. The sexual health education in school is supposed to provide students with a base of knowledge, to enable the development of their sexuality. Sexual health today is deficient. School nurses are in position, together with teachers, to give students the correct knowledge of sexual health. Aim: To illustrate the role of school nurses in sex health education for students in primary school. Method: A qualitative method was chosen. An appropriate selection was used. 8 school nurses participated through qualitative, semi-structured interviews. The data material was analyzed with qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. Result: The role of school nurses in sexual health education is related to studentcentered work and organizational conditions. Sexual health education is designed based on what students demand and also based on basic biology. Collaboration on sexual health takes place within the school and outside the school with guardians. The school nurses collaborates to some extent with a curator or class teacher in sexual health education. The school nurses experiences limitations in the existing sexual health education in due to lack of time and useful material as well as unclear division of responsibilities in school. Conclusion: The role of school nurses in sexual health education is important. The school nurses experiences of sexual health education varies in extent and design which contributes to a feeling of a deficient and different education. Implementation of the knowledge area and collaboration between the school's professionals can contribute to improved and equal teaching.

När det gäller barn och unga som far illa eller riskerar att fara illa spelar samverkan en central roll i att kunna förebygga att den unge inte hamnar i olika kriminella banor. Det innebär att i syfte att kunna fånga upp samt förebygga att unga hamnar i olika kriminella banor förutsätts en stark och fungerande samverkan mellan myndigheter som kan möjliggöra för en helhetssyn av problemet. Studien behandlar samverkan mellan skola, socialtjänst, polis och fritid – SSPF. Det övergripande syftet med studien var att genomföra en fallstudie kring SSPF-samverkan i Uppsala kommun samt belysa hur samverkan fungerar i teorin och i praktiken. Mer specifikt handlade det om att undersöka samverkansparternas upplevelser kring vad SSPF-samverkan innebär för deras arbete och i arbetet med barn och unga i riskzon. Studiens empiriska material baserade sig på åtta intervjudeltagare, två från respektive myndighet, med någon form av erfarenhet i arbetet med SSPF. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien var samverkansteori och kompletteras med ytterligare teorier och begrepp som gräsrotsbyråkrati samt handlingsutrymme. Samverkansteorin synliggör för hur samverkan mellan myndigheterna fungerar medan gräsrotsbyråkrati och handlingsutrymme visar hur respektive individ förhåller sig till sitt arbete. Resultatet synliggör att det finns tydliga skillnader mellan hur samverkan föreställs i teorin och hur det sätts i praktiken samt att det föreligger både hinder och möjligheter i samverkansarbetet. Vidare visar resultatet att det finns inte en enskild faktor som möjliggör för en god samverkan utan faktorer som gemensamma perspektiv, helhetssyn och relationsskapande har varit nödvändiga för att möjliggöra för en god samverkan. Studiens huvudsakliga slutsats är att det finns både likheter och skillnader mellan hur SSPF-samverkan framställs fungera i teorin hur det förverkligas i praktiken. Mer specifikt handlar det om att samverkan är ett komplext fenomen som inbegriper en mängd olika faktorer på strukturell, organisatorisk samt individuell nivå. / When it comes to children and young at risk, collaboration plays a significant role in being able to prevent the young person from ending up in different criminal paths. In order to catch and prevent young people from ending up in different criminal paths, a strong collaboration between authorities is needed. The study deals with collaboration between school, social services, police, and recreation centres - SSPF. The overall purpose of the study was to conduct a case study on SSPF collaboration in Uppsala municipality and shed light on how collaboration works in theory and in practice. More specifically, it was about examining the collaboration parties' experiences of what SSPF collaboration means for their work and in the work with children and young people at risk. The empirical data for the study was based on eight interview participants, two from each authority, with some form of experience in working with SSPF. The theory for the study is collaboration theory, street-level bureaucracy, discretionary power, and discretion. The collaboration theory shows how collaboration between authorities works while street-level bureaucracy, discretionary power and discretion shows how each individual relates to their work. The results highlights the differences between how collaboration is represented in theory and how it is put into practice, and that there are both difficulties and opportunities in the collaboration work. Furthermore, the results show that there is not a single factor that enables good collaboration, but factors such as a common perspective, holistic view and relationship building have been necessary to enable good collaboration. The main conclusion of the study is that there are both similarities and differences between how SSPF is presented in theory and how it is realized in practice. More specifically, it is about collaboration being a complex phenomenon that involves many factors at the structural, organizational, and individual level.

Social media is something that is being used world wide, the young people use it now more than ever before. I chose to study this particular essay topic because it is an interesting and current topic, as sociala media is used all around the world. Social media is used in a similar way and it is the same platforms being used. The purpose of this study is to find out how youths from the chosen two different countries think they experience the influence of social media and whether there is any connection to their culture. The questions being answered in this study are: How do these young people from two different cultures talk about their use of social media to manage their relationships? In what way do young people from Uganda and Sweden say that social media is important in their lives? How do these young people experience the impact of culture when using social media? This study is based on a qualitative method where data is collected through focus group interviews. The theoretical framework used in this study is based on the social exchange theory and social identity theory. The results show that even though these young people are from different countries with different cultural backgrounds, they use social media in the same way and have experienced similar effects by it.

[pt] A juventude passou ao longo dos séculos por construções ambíguas que informam suas mobilizações na política internacional. Entre narrativas de problema e/ou solução, os jovens foram assimilados e diferenciados dos adultos, passando por percepções de imaturidade, desenvolvimento, ingenuidade, inexperiência, recurso para o futuro e agentes da paz. Diante disso, este trabalho tem como propósito abordar como a categoria juventude é construída de maneira relacional a outras construções, como a de adulto, e os desdobramentos disso para a manutenção da ordem social. Com foco especial na agenda Juventude, Paz e Segurança (JPS), o trabalho propõe analisar como os jovens são mobilizados na política internacional por meio de debates sobre a participação da sociedade civil em processos de paz. O argumento central a ser desenvolvido é de que se por um lado a agenda JPS é um arcabouço normativo para os jovens exigirem políticas de inclusão em processos de paz, por outro ela pode ser usada como ferramenta da paz liberal, contribuindo para a manutenção de práticas de exclusão e participação simbólica dos jovens. A partir disso e com uma abordagem pós-estruturalista e pós-colonial, a dissertação busca engajar com os estudos críticos de juventude, questionando a partir deles formulações tidas como naturais e universais que regem a política internacional. / [en] Over the centuries, youth have undergone ambiguous constructions that inform their mobilizations in international politics. Between narratives of problem and/or solution, young people have been assimilated and differentiated from adults, passing through perceptions of immaturity, development, naivety, inexperience, a resource for the future, and agents of peace. In light of this, the purpose of this work is to address how the category of youth is constructed in a relational way to other constructions, such as that of adults, and the consequences of this for the maintenance of the social order. With a particular focus on the Youth, Peace, and Security (YPS) agenda, this paper proposes to analyze how young people are mobilized in international politics through debates about the participation of civil society in peace processes. The central argument to be developed is that although on the one hand, the YPS agenda is a normative framework for young people to demand inclusion policies in peace processes, on the other hand, it can be used as a tool of liberal peace, contributing to the maintenance of practices of exclusion and symbolic participation of young people. Based on this and with a post-structuralist and post-colonial approach, the dissertation seeks to engage with critical youth studies, questioning, in light of their contributions, formulations taken as natural and universal that govern international politics.

The Swedish curriculum regarding upper secondary education defines that in 2022, “sexuality, consent and relationships”, will have a greater impact in the curriculum and in the education than earlier. It is the school’s responsibility that each student gather knowledge within this subject. Each teacher should also discuss with the students how notions regarding what is considered female and male, defines and affects individuals’ opportunities.  This study will investigate how friends during the years 1880-1920 in Västergötland, communicated norms and values regarding gender, sexuality, marriage, and relationships. The results are based on four collections of letters, written by young adults to their friends. The sources are analysed through discourse analysis and discussed with Connell’s gender theory and earlier research within the field.  The results show that the young letter writers give expression to norms regarding marriage, and most of them claim that marriage is a natural way of life. The result also show that marriage is not always the purpose of relationships among the young adults, and that life can be enjoyed without a partner. The letters show how norms regarding what is considered male, and female are defined and redefined through interaction among the friends and that power relations regarding gender are quite equal among the youth during this time.

Bakgrund    Substansbrukssyndrom är ett folkhälsoproblem. Unga som brukar substanser riskerar att hamna i livslånga beroenden som har en negativ inverkan på deras livskvalitet och som belastar samhället svårt både ekonomiskt och i form av mänskligt lidande. Personer med denna problematik behöver vård och behandling för att kunna ta sig ur sitt substansbruk. För att kunna kvarhålla dessa individer i vården behöver de bemötas på konstruktiva sätt som motiverar dem att ta emot vård och behandling. Således finns ett behov av att sammanställa aktuell forskning kring hur de upplever sig bemötta inom hälso- och sjukvården.  Syfte   Syftet var att belysa hur unga och unga vuxna med problematiskt substansbruk/syndrom upplever sig bemötta inom hälso- och sjukvård. Metod  Metoden var en icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt. Datainsamlingen gjordes i PubMed, CINAHL och via manuell sökning. Insamlingen resulterade i 15 vetenskapliga artiklar, vilka kvalitetsgranskades i enlighet med Sophiahemmet Högskolas kvalitetsgranskningsmall. En integrerad dataanalys genomfördes och resulterade i huvud- och underkategorier.  Metod Metoden var en icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt. Datainsamlingen gjordes i PubMed, CINAHL och via manuell sökning. Insamlingen resulterade i 15 vetenskapliga artiklar, vilka kvalitetsgranskades i enlighet med Sophiahemmet Högskolas kvalitetsgranskningsmall. En integrerad dataanalys genomfördes och resulterade i huvud- och underkategorier. Resultat  Två huvudkategorier identifierades. Dessa var Faktorer som påverkar bemötandeupplevelsen positivt och Faktorer som påverkar bemötandeupplevelsen negativt. Hur bemötandet från sjukvårdspersonal av unga med substansbruk upplevs påverkar hur de känner sig hjälpta av hälso- och sjukvården. Det framkom att det finns både positiva och negativa erfarenheter. Slutsats  Det är av vikt att personal bemöter unga med substansbruk på ett fördomsfritt och empatiskt sätt när de söker vård hos hälso- och sjukvården. Risken är annars att de avslutar behandling eller avstår från att söka vård i framtiden då tidigare negativa upplevelser är ett hinder för att söka hjälp. / Background Substance use disorder is a public health problem. Young people who use substances are in risk of having lifelong addictions that will have a negative impact on their quality of life and burden society heavily both economically and in terms of human suffering. People with these problems need care and treatment to be able to quit their substance use. In order to retain these individuals in the care system they need to be treated in a constructive way that motivates them to receive care and treatment. Thus, there is a need to compile current research on how they experience meetings with personnel in the health care system. Aim The aim of this study was to illustrate how youth and young adults with substance misuse/abuse experience meetings with personnel in the health care system. Method The method for this study was a non-systematic literature review. Data collection was made in PubMed, CINAHL and via manual searches, and resulted in 15 scientific articles. The articles were vetted in accordance with the quality assessment template provided by Sophiahemmet University. The content was analysed and the findings were grouped into main and subcategories. Results Two main categories were found. These were Factors that influence the experience positively and Factors that influence the experience negatively. How the experience is perceived by the young adult with substance use when seeking health care influences how they feel helped by the health care system. It was found that there were both positive and negative experiences. Conclusions It is important that health care personnel act in an empathic and non-judgemental way when they interact with young people who seek care. The risk if this is not applied is that the young people leave treatment or abstain from seeking care in the future due to former negative experiences.

Social services are a human treatment organization that exists in our society to promote people's living conditions and contribute to a higher quality of life. What society thinks and feels about social services as an institution is fundamental, in particular the attitudes, knowledge and trust of young people towards social services. Young people are our future and social problems evolve over time, so working with young people is crucial to how social services can adapt their work to these developments. A quantitative survey has been carried out using a questionnaire survey in which 126 young people in upper secondary school participated. The main result of the study showed that there are tendencies of negative attitudes, lack of knowledge and neutral to low trust. It also shows that mainly two of the mentioned factors play a role in young people's willingness to act.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate how Swedish young people’s information literacies are learned and enacted in different contexts. This study contributes to the information literacies research area by comparing information literacies across contexts rather than focusing on either the school context or everyday life, which most previous research has done. The study has a societal relevance linked to the library and education professions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven Swedish students in their last year of secondary school. The study’s understanding of information literacies is based on sociocultural theory and practice theories. The empirical data was analysed from a sociocultural perspective. Concepts such as cultural tools, mastery and appropriation, cognitive value, cognitive authority, imposed questions, and infrastructural meaning-making were used in the analysis. The results illustrate that information literacies in school are affected by the students being judged and graded. Outside of school more information is passively encountered rather than actively searched for. Finding ways to minimise time and effort is part of the participants’ information literacies. Across contexts, information literacies are socially shaped and negotiated. How information literacies are conceptualised and learned in school affects what is considered searching for information and assessing credibility outside of that context. In school, credibility assessments are learned explicitly, while outside of school they are learned implicitly. The study also indicates the importance of educating students about search engines and algorithms.

Flera studier visar att en del ungdomar har en negativ och föråldrad inställning till vad folkbiblioteket är och erbjuder. Till detta framkommer det även att folkbibliotekarier tycker att ungdomar är en svår målgrupp att arbeta mot. Dock har folkbiblioteken en vägledande roll när det kommer till utvecklandet av barn och ungdomars läsförmåga och kunskapsinhämtning där det finns studier som visar att utformningen av biblioteksrummet påverkar ungdomars läsning. Därför är syftet med denna studie att undersöka hur folkbibliotekarier arbetar med målgruppen ungdomar genom sitt arbete med biblioteksrummet och hur detta arbete är tänkt att påverka ungdomars läsning. I denna studie har semistrukturerade samtalsintervjuer används som metod tillsammans med en miniobservation för att samla in empiriskt mateiral ifrån sju folkbibliotek. Resultatet för denna stuide har analyserats genom ett rumsligt teoretiskt ramverk med Henri Lefebvres rumsliga enhetsteori. Studiens resultat visar att det är viktigt att arbeta med biblioteksrummet för att kunna påverka ungdomars läsning. För att kunna arbeta läsfrämjande med målgruppen ungdomar behöver man utforma biblioteksrummet som en trygg plats med låga trösklar och skapa relationer till ungdomarna. / Several studies show that some young people have a negative and outdated attitude towards what the public library is and offers. In addition, it appears that public librarians think that young people are a difficult target group to work with. However, public libraries have a guiding role when it comes to the development of children´s and young people´s reading ability and knowledge acquisition, where are studies that show that the design of the library room affects young people´s reading. Therefore, the purpose of this studiy is to investigate how public librarians work with the target group of young people through their work with the library room and how this work is intended to affect young people´s reading. In this study, semi-structured interviews have been used as a method together with a mini-observation to collect empirical material from seven public libraries. The results of this study have been analyzed through a spatial theoretical framework with Henri Lefebvre´s spatial theory of unity. The resutls of the study show that it is important to work with the library space in order to influence young people´s reading. To be able to work to promote reading with the target group of young people, you need to design the library room as a safe place with low thresholds and create relationships with the young people.