Key Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine complex concerns and challenges encountered by counselling and psychotherapy trainers, and support them to deliver a consistent, relationship-centred learning approach within Higher Education (HE). Background: Counselling and psychotherapy training is central to regulating practice, however, studies conceptualising trainers’ concerns and challenges in the United Kingdom (UK) are sparse. Literature generally evaluates trainer challenges from a professional competence and/or gatekeeping perspective. Little evidence exists identifying problems connected with ‘professionalisation’. Aims and Objectives: The aim was to evaluate trainers’ multidimensional unease that can hinder working relationships. The intention was to: explore difficult patterns of behaviour and group dynamics in the ‘training alliance’; explore trainers’ perceptions and experiences when confronted with gatekeeping issues; collaboratively develop strategies to enhance trainers’ learning experience; examine the processes needed to sustain these strategies; and identify the lessons learnt to inform practice, education, and research. Approach and Methods: A qualitative, co-operative inquiry approach enabled trainers to question their situated and propositional knowledge, reconcile professional challenges, allay concerns about individual fitness to practice, and provide alternative responses to students, peers, and managerial hierarchies in HE and professional bodies. This approach has a political and social element, according with personal desire to make change. Thematic analysis uncovered new insights, expanded or modified principles and re-examine accepted interpretations during 8 inquiry sessions with 5 experienced trainers, and 3 associated workshops. A primarily iterative and inductive process of immersion, involved reflexive engagement, and sharing of data with trainer/practitioners. Findings: 6 overarching themes were identified: Trying to Make Sense of Significant Events; Negotiating Conflict and Incongruity in Training Groups; Navigating Inherent Challenges within Counsellor Training Teams; Teaching as a Never-Ending Challenge; Organisational Constraints and Challenges; and Contemplating Individual Connection in a Collaborative Context. Discussion and Conclusion: Findings supported previous research suggesting trainers require training, and that trainers’ concerns and challenges are interlinked; beginning with interpersonal challenges that subsequently impact on trainers’ professional and intra-personal sense of identity. Co-operative inquiry can benefit programme teams in terms of the co-construction of trainers’ realities and dynamic negotiation of meaning. Co-researchers’ knowledge and confidence in responding to potential conflict in training was enhanced. To achieve the best outcome, this knowledge needs implementing in practice; programme team involvement is a prerequisite, and support is required by professional bodies and HE to ensure ethical training practice in the face of student disgruntlement, management demands in HE and from professional accrediting bodies.

Transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) people who pursue gender affirming medical interventions, such as hormone therapy and surgery, are required to supply their physicians with referral letters from mental health professionals (Coleman et al., 2012). The process by which TGNC people are required to obtain referral letters before accessing gender affirming care is often referred to as gatekeeping in the TGNC literature (Budge, 2015; Cavanaugh, Hopwood, & Lambert, 2016). Despite implications that the current gatekeeping system may have for the relationship between TGNC clients and their therapists, few studies have examined TGNC individuals’ experiences related to obtaining referral letters in therapy (Bess & Stabb, 2009; Elder, 2016). This study used semi-structured interviews and a grounded theory approach to qualitatively examine the experiences of 15 TGNC individuals who have obtained a referral letter for gender affirming medical intervention from their therapists. Thematic analysis revealed two core themes: (1) “blessings” that TGNC individuals experienced because of the referral letter requirement and (2) “bullsh*t” (or “BS”) participants endured due to this requirement. Implications for psychotherapy practice and training, as well as healthcare policy, are discussed.

The Internet provides the opportunity to develop a new way to present journalism, but many scholars say newspaper Web sites do nothing but mirror their print parents. This study used content analysis to compare the content of stories in five newspapers with their Web counterparts, and it examines whether reporter affiliation or a story's geographic emphasis has a relationship with the story's amount of contextual elements. These elements could include photos, graphics, or multimedia or interactive components online. This approach applied gatekeeping theory to publications that have editions in two media. This study examined the five largest newspapers in the South over 14 days, collecting a sample of 635 stories on the front pages and metro section front pages of the papers. Nearly all stories in the sample appeared on the newspapers' Web sites, and story content was the same 96% of the time. The study found that 85% of print stories were published with at least one contextual element, but only 58% of online stories had at least one such element. About a third of the sample had at least one contextual element in common between print and online versions of a story, while about 20% of the sample had entirely unique sets of contextual elements in print and online. Newspapers are no more likely to publish additional contextual elements with local stories than any other type of content. This effort focused on storytelling components; it examined whether print and Web editions of newspapers tell stories differently---whether they are complementary or competitive.

近年來台灣設計實力漸漸在國際間嶄露頭角，根據經濟部「設計產業發展旗艦計畫」統計，在2002 至2008 年間，台灣在德國iF 設計獎、Red dot獎、美國IDEA獎和日本G-Mark獎等全球四大工業設計獎中囊括651 項獎項，2010年台灣在Red dot獎的表現僅次於地主德國，而2011年台灣也將舉辦台北世界設計大會，台灣的設計實力將向全世界發光。 在台灣設計實力備受肯定之餘，好的設計卻須經過商業化的過程，並通過市場的考驗，而設計產業中的「競賽」是將作品推向市場端的守門機制之一，因此本研究以守門機制的理論，探討台灣設計產業競賽。 本研究的核心問題為台灣設計類競賽機制是否適當？選人才與選作品競賽設計機制有何差異？本研究之研究架構為投入流程和產出(Input-Process-Output Model)模型，並輔以競賽架構去分析台灣最具影響力之競賽，分別為「光寶創新獎」和「國際青年設計創業家獎」。經過文獻探討和個案田野訪談後，有以下的結論： 1. 設計競賽宗旨的訂定，主要與主辦單位背後動機相符。良好的競賽設計，其競賽宗旨、競賽成果和評選重點具有一致性。 2. 競賽流程中之邊界設定將影響參賽作品/參賽者的輪廓。選作品之邊界設定較廣泛，而選人才之邊界設定限制較嚴謹。 3. 競賽流程中的評選機制，對競賽成果的樣貌具有決定性的影響。良好的競賽設計應在評選機制的設計，朝向完整審查和開放式的互動設計。選人才之評選機制比選作品較為多層次變化，因選到「對」的人需要較複雜的評選機制。 4. 在競賽流程的獎勵設計上，主辦單位應思考如何在有限的預算下，創造包含參賽者、主辦單位和競賽三方最大的價值。同時也須思考此獎勵設計是否能吸引主辦單位想要的參賽者，和篩選出來的競賽成果是不是能與競賽宗旨契合。 5. 競賽流程的加值效果可以運用在競賽每一個環節上，讓參賽者、主辦單位和競賽三方獲得加值效果。競賽的加值效果來自於主辦單位對於競賽的重視程度與努力有關，與選人才或選作品之競賽類型較無關。 6. 競賽之成果會隨著競賽宗旨而決定，但競賽過程中，會產生其它如對主辦單位和台灣設計產業的附加價值。 / In recent years, Taiwanese design ability has gradually been out-standing. According to “The flagship project of the development of design industry” by the Ministry of Economic Affairs (R.O.C.), from 2002 to 2008, Taiwanese designers have won 651 awards in the four main worldwide industrial design awards, iF Awards, Red dot Awards, International Design Excellence Award (IDEA) and Good Design Award (G-Mark). The number of awards Taiwanese designers got in 2010 Red dot Awards is even only after the hosting country, Germany. In 2011, Taiwan will also be the hosting country of the “2011 IDA Congress Taipei & Taiwan Int’l Design Expo”, from which Taiwanese design ability will be promoted to the world. While the ability of Taiwanese design has been approved from these competitions, a good design product must go through the process of commercialization and the numerous trial of the market. As “Competition” in design industry is one of the gatekeeping that pushes the product to the market, this study attempts to explore the design competition in Taiwan based on the theory of gatekeeping. The core issue of the study is to examine the suitability of competing mechanisms in design awards in Taiwan and the difference between the competition of choosing designers or design products. Utilizing the Input-Process-Output Model and the structure of competition as the theoretical framework to analyze the most influential design competitions in Taiwan, two Taiwanese design competitions, Lite-On Award and International Young Design Entrepreneurs Awards (IYDE), are included in this study. Conclusions of this study can summarize as the following: 1. The purpose of the design competitions mainly corresponds with the motivation of the organizers. The purpose of the awards, competition outcome, and the point of evaluation should be consistent in a good design competition. 2. The bounding condition of the competition process will influence the profile of the designers/works. The bounding conditions of competitions that choose works are wider than the competitions that choose designers. 3. The evaluation mechanism in the competing process will have decisive influence on the outcome of the competition. A great competition should be oriented toward a complete verification and an open interactional design. The competitions of choosing designers have more variation in their evaluation mechanism than the competitions of choosing works as it is more difficult to choose the “right” designer(s). 4. The organizers should think about how to maximize the value of the designers, the organizers, and the competition itself under the limited budget. At the same time, they should also consider if the design awards can attract the attention of the type of designers the organizers would like to have, and if the outcome of competition is consistent with the purpose of the competition. 5. The value-added effects of the competition can be applied to every part of the awards, which will benefit the designers, organizers and the competition. The value-added effects of the competition have correlation with the endeavor of the organizers but are irrelevant with the competition of choosing designers or choosing works. 6. The outcome of the design competition may be decided based on the purpose of competitions. However, it will generate the value-added effects to the organizer and Taiwan design industry.

<p>Den här uppsatsen är en studie om problematiken som den gamla analoga polisradions tystnad och det nya, digitala radiokommunikationssystemet Rakels införande innebär för massmedierna. Länge har det varit möjligt för gemene man att med enkel utrustning, lagligt, avlyssna bland annat polisens radiokommunikation. Det nya digitala systemet, som har fått namnet Rakel, gör det omöjligt för utomstående att ta del polisens radiokommunikation. Rikspolisstyrelsen har i sina riktlinjer för hur massmedierna skall behandlas i och med införandet av Rakel, betonat att webben är den bästa kanalen för att snabbt och enkelt sprida information om händelser.</p><p>Uppsatsen belyser de förändringar som sker i massmediernas sätt att arbeta för att nå den information som tidigare gick att få via avlyssning av polisens radiokommunikation. En ny situation uppstår, där massmedierna får lita mer på den information som ges av polisen.</p><p>Flera teorier, exempelvis kultivationsteorin, förklarar vilken stor påverkan massmedierna har på människors verklighetsuppfattning. Därför kan det anses vara viktigt att massmedierna dels ger en rättvis bild av rättssamhället, men även en granskande journalistik riktad mot samhällets makthavare som i den här studiens fall är polisen. Ett organ med rätt att bruka våld.</p><p>Undersökningen bygger på kvalitativa samtalsintervjuer med representanter från massmedierna i de län som har använt Rakel längst: Skåne, Blekinge och Kalmar län. I dessa län har en mindre, kvantitativ undersökning genomförts på de nämnda polisdistrikten, där antalet registrerade händelser hos polisens kommunikationscentraler har jämförts med antalet publicerade händelser på de olika polismyndigheternas webbplatser.</p><p>Resultaten i denna undersökning visar att det finns en oro mot förändringen som Rakel innebär för nyhetsrapporteringen. Framför allt finns ett problem i att det inte längre är massmedierna som får göra urvalet av vilka händelser som blir nyheter. Istället har polisen tagit en roll som i medieteorier kallas för en gatekeeper, som väljer vad som ska komma till massmediernas kännedom.</p>

<p>Purpose/Aim: To study the existence and level of bias in British press coverage of the 2008 US presidential election.</p><p>Material/Method: A rhetorical analysis of 20 newspaper articles dealing with the election taken from The Guardian (liberal) and The Daily Telegraph (conservative) newspapers over a fiveday period up to and including the election.</p><p>Main Results: Bias was found to be present, although the level of bias proved significantly higher in the material selected from the liberal newspaper. The conservative newspaper selected exhibited significantly lower levels of bias. This trend was true of both news and opinion articles</p>

Purpose/Aim: To study the existence and level of bias in British press coverage of the 2008 US presidential election. Material/Method: A rhetorical analysis of 20 newspaper articles dealing with the election taken from The Guardian (liberal) and The Daily Telegraph (conservative) newspapers over a fiveday period up to and including the election. Main Results: Bias was found to be present, although the level of bias proved significantly higher in the material selected from the liberal newspaper. The conservative newspaper selected exhibited significantly lower levels of bias. This trend was true of both news and opinion articles

No description available.

Manifestations of citizen journalism on Twitter have been mainly analyzed around trending stories, associated with public campaigns or breaking news. Microbloggers' everyday attempts to contribute to professional media coverage, however, have been scarcely addressed in the literature. This research analyzes the practice of tweeting at influential news outlets by using a mixed-method approach. Content analysis anddirected queries about users' own motivation to tweet at media explore the interactionbetween regular users and professional news networks. Results show that there is apredisposition towards negative media commentary followed closely by newsworthy topics generated by the users, which replicate to a large extent mainstream media's agenda. When asked directly in the feed 'why do you tweet at media?', users explain their motivations to address news outlets in diverging ways, from explicit citizen journalism mission, to visibility claims and coincidental tagging. The study contributesto the study of citizen journalism on social media platforms and elaborates a mixed-method approach suited for this type of online data.

Mitt syfte med uppsatsen är att studera hur ett blogginlägg på en blogg vid namn Klamydiabrevet, som uppmärksammades i samband med valet 2010, påverkade dagordningen i de traditionella medierna. Mina frågeställningar rör hur blogginlägget påverkade de traditionella mediernas agenda, hur och varför den uppmärksammades samt hur denna uppmärksamhet kan tolkas utifrån dagordningsteorin samt om det går att utläsa hur giltig är denna teori är idag? Jag har genomfört kvalitativa intervjuer med representanter från olika medier samt med en mediestrateg som är insatt i sociala medier. Jag har haft min teoretiska utgångspunkt i “agenda setting”-teorin och “gatekeeping”-teorin samt i en utveckling av den senare som kallas “gatewatching”. Jag har även studerat blogginläggets uppmärksamhet kopplat till nyhetskriterier. Genom att intervjua de olika medierepresentanterna har jag kommit fram till att alla de medier som representeras i uppsatsen har valt att rapportera om blogginlägget och låtit det vara en del av deras agenda. En anledning till detta kan vara att detta fall var starkt knutet till en politisk kontext. Klamydiabrevet kan ses som ett exempel på hur de nya nätoffentligheterna kan påverka vad som sätter dagordningen i den stora medieoffentligheten. När det gäller mediernas dagordning har jag funnit tecken på att man kanske snarare bör tala om “intermedia agenda setting” då det kan vara svårt att urskilja vem det är som sätter agendan. Detta då nya och traditionella medier använder varandra som källor i en så kallad källcykel och på så sätt influerar varandras agenda.