Inledning: Myalgisk encefalomyelit/kroniskt trötthetssyndrom (ME/CFS) kännetecknas som en inflammation i hjärna och ryggmärg och karakteriseras framför allt av ihållande utmattning. Sjukdomen är ingen kultursjukdom eller lokal företeelse utan den förekommer i diverse åldrar, länder och sociala grupper. Ansträngningsutlöst försämring (PEM) är ett kardinalsymtom för sjukdomen. PEM kännetecknas av en förvärring av symtom efter rörelse, ortostatisk eller neuromuskulär stress och/eller kognitiv aktivitet. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva upplevelsen och erfarenheten av ansträngningsutlöst försämring (PEM) hos personer med ME/CFS. Metod: En kvalitativ empirisk studie baserad på bloggar med deduktiv ansats. Livsvärldsteorin användes som en teoretisk referensram. Resultat: Resultatet visade att personer med ME/CFS beskrev PEM som en påfrestande och dramatisk upplevelse och att det krävdes ständiga anpassningar för att undvika försämringen. Situationen förvärrades ytterligare av ett bristfälligt och empatilöst bemötande inom sjukvården. Slutsats: På grund av känslighet för stimuli behöver varje handling gentemot personer med diagnosen ME/CFS reflekteras över huruvida den är till nytta eller till skada. För att förhindra PEM måste vården anpassas utifrån individuella ansträngningströsklar hos varje enskild person. Vidare forskning behövs om vilka förändringar som krävs för att säkerställa högkvalitativ omvårdnad. / Introduction: Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is characterized as inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and is characterized above all by persistent fatigue. The disease ME/CFS is not a cultural disease or a local phenomenon and It occurs in various ages, countries and social groups. PEM is characterized by an exacerbation of symptoms after movement, orthostatic or neuromuscular stress and / or cognitive activity. Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the experiences and the perceptions of post-exertional malaise (PEM) in people with ME/CFS. Method: The study was a qualitative empirical study with a deductive approach based on blogs. Lifeworld was used as a theoretical framework. Result: The results showed that people with ME / CFS described PEM as a stressful and dramatic experience and that constant adjustments were required to avoid this deterioration. The situation was further aggravated by a deficient and unempathetic response in healthcare. Conclusion: Due to abnormal sensitivity to stimuli, each intervention for persons diagnosed with ME / CFS needs to be reflected on whether it is beneficial or harmful. To prevent PEM, healthcare must be adjusted based on the individual effort thresholds of each person. Further research is needed on what improvements are required to ensure high-quality nursing.

Obstetriskt våld innebär ett vårdlidande i form av avsaknad av samtycke och kränkningar som påverkar kvinnans fysiska, psykiska, emotionella och existentiella hälsa. Vilket kan få konsekvenser för hela kvinnans livsvärld. Tidigare forskning visar på att obstetriskt våld medför en ökad risk att drabbas av förlossningsdepression, akut stressyndrom och posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD). Syftet med studien var att beskriva kvinnors upplevda konsekvenser som orsakats av obstetriskt våld. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med en induktiv ansats. Metoden valdes då det var kvinnornas egna berättelser och erfarenheter ur ett livsvärldsperspektiv som studien skulle belysa. Nio kvinnor deltog i studien.  Den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen av det insamlade datamaterialet mynnade ut i ett tema; En förödelse för kvinnans livsvärld följt av tre kategorier; Egen hälsa, Sociala relationer och Tillit till vården. Resultatet redovisade att obstetriskt våld fick konsekvenser som var förödande för kvinnans livsvärld. Det orsakade både fysisk och psykisk ohälsa. Det skadade hennes nära relationer till sin partner och anknytningen till sitt nyfödda barn. Tilltron till vården försvagades då hon kände att hon inte fick det stödet hon behövde. Tilltron till förlossningsvården skadades och orsakade konsekvenser för den sexuella och reproduktiva hälsan, exempelvis genom rädsla inför att skaffa flera barn. Ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv visar resultatet att konsekvenserna påverkar kvinnans relation till sin familj. Vilket inte enbart skapar hälsoproblem för kvinnan utan också hennes partner och barn. Obstetriskt våld är ett vårdlidande som inte hör hemma inom förlossningsvården och bör heller inte få förekomma. / Obstetric violence means care suffering in the form of lack of consent and violations that affect the woman's physical, psychological, emotional and existential health. Which can have consequences for the woman's entire life world. Previous research shows that obstetric violence leads to an increased risk of suffering from postpartum depression, acute stress disorder and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of the study was to describe women's perceived consequences after being exposed to obstetric violence. The study was conducted as a qualitative interview study with an inductive approach. The method was chosen as it was the women's own stories and experiences from a lifeworld perspective that the study would highlight. Nine women participated in the study. The qualitative content analysis of the collected data resulted in a theme; A devastation for the woman's lifeworld followed by three categories; Own health, Social relationships and Trust in care. The result reported that obstetric violence had consequences that were devastating for the woman's life world. It caused both physical and mental illness. It damaged her close relationships with her partner and her attachment to her newborn child. Confidence in care weakened as she felt she was not getting the support she needed. The trust in maternity care was damaged and caused consequences for the sexual and reproductive health, for example through fear of having several children. From a sustainability perspective, the results show that the consequences affect the woman’s relationship with her family, which not only creates health problems for the woman but also her partner and child. Obstetric violence is a phenomenon that does not belong in maternity care and should not be allowed to occur either.

The purpose of this study has been to describe and understand the meaning of adult children´s experience of growing up in a family with addiction. The study is based on a lifeworld phenomenological approach where the adult children have been the focus. The data collection consisted of five open interviews, where the adult children gave their experience of their childhood. The result of the study shows that adult children all have experienced the sense of shame/stigma, de-prioritized, a dysfunctional everyday life, a body that reacts and a body that remembers. This has led to various challenges and consequences while growing up, the adult children have handled this differently according to their own abilities and circumstances. It has also resulted in challenges in adulthood, which also have been handled differently depending on the person. Based on the results, it has been possible to understand the importance of preventive work towards families where there is an addiction problem. Something that further needs continuous research to prevent dysfunctional upbringing.

Reading is a past time activity that is popular all around the world. It is something thathelps us escape reality and put our focus elsewhere. When immersing yourself in afictional world, it can be intriguing to think of how it was created. When we think ofworld-building, we think especially of fantasy works such as The Lord of The Rings orSF classics such as Dune takes place. But what about fictional worlds that are closer tothe world known by its readers? Ernest Hemingway based his novel The Old Man andThe Sea on the actual world, which makes it believable and relatable. Most previousstudiesfocus on underlying meanings of the narrative, on metaphors orstylistic choices.It is a novel that is narratively limited to one man and a fish out in the open ocean, butit still feels as if the world surrounding them is vast. Hemingway was known for usinga simple style when creating his fictional worlds and this essay will try to comprehendhow he managed to create such an intricate world by following one simple fishermanand his struggle with the biggest fish of his life. In this essay I will argue that the useof an emic point of view – using the perception of the protagonist Santiago – invitesthe reader to recenter to one point in this vast world, while the occasional intrusion ofan etic perspective establishes a connection between the narrator and reader thatlocalizes Santiago’s point of view.

Patientdelaktighet är ett begrepp med flera dimensioner, vilket gör det svårdefinierat. Idag är det en lagstadgad rättighet att patienten ska få möjlighet att vara delaktig i sin vård. Det innebär att patienterna har en självklar plats i vården, en plats som medskapare till sin vård. Sjuksköterskan har ansvar att ge patienten möjligheter för att bli delaktig, genom att arbeta personcentrerat där patienten och sjuksköterskan samarbetar i ett partnerskap. Partnerskapet ska genomsyras av ömsesidig kommunikation, där båda parterna bidrar. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan tar del av patientens livsvärld och ser varje patient som en unik individ. Forskning visar att det finns barriärer för delaktighet. Dessa barriärer kan bero på brister i kommunikationen, avdelningsspecifika hinder och föråldrade hierarkiska strukturer i sjukvården som lever kvar. Utifrån dessa barriärer och kunskapen om hur det borde arbetas med delaktighet är frågan hur patienterna upplever delaktighet när de blir sjuka. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att belysa patienternas upplevelse av delaktighet. Litteraturöversikten är utformad för att ge en bredare översikt och är därför baserad på både kvantitativ och kvalitativ forskning. Resultatet visar att patienterna är nöjda när de deltar i vården på en önskad nivå, genom ett partnerskap med ömsesidig kommunikation och där de blir sedda. Det visar också att patienterna upplever hinder för att känna sig delaktiga. De upplever en maktobalans samt kommunikationsbrister. Det här visar på vikten av ett partnerskap mellan patient och sjuksköterska, där delaktighet skapas. / Patient participation is a concept with several dimensions, which makes it hard to define. Today patients have a legal right to have the ability to participate in their own healthcare. This means that the patients have a natural place in healthcare, as co-creators of their care. The nurse has a responsibility to give the patient the opportunity to participate by adopting a person centred approach where the patient and the nurse cooperates in a partnership. The partnership is characterized by mutual communication where both parties contribute. The nurse needs to take part of the patient’s lifeworld and see every patient as a unique individual. Research shows that there are hindrances for participation. The hindrances may be a result of a lack of communication, ward specific barriers and outdated hierarchical structures that still exists. With these hindrances and the knowledge about how participation should be incorporated, the question is how the patients experience participation when they become ill. The aim of this bachelor’s thesis is to illustrate the patients experiences of participation. This literature review is designed to give a wide overview and is therefore based on both quantitative and qualitative research. The results show that the patients are satisfied when they participate in care at a desired level, through a partnership with mutual communication and where they are seen. It also shows that the patients experience hindrances to the feeling of being a participant in their care. They experience a power imbalance as well as a lack of communication. This shows the importance of a partnership between the patient and the nurse, where participation is created.

This study focuses on how children reason about compost and composting in connection with their participation in a longer project that focused on sustainable development. The aim of the study is to learn more about children’s reasoning and how this can contribute to us as preschool teachers being able to develop science education in preschool. In this study, I have based my study as the children’s lifeworld in preschool and what it offers the children. The choice of method has been focusgroup interviews with the children and informal conversations with the teachers concerned. The result show that the children have knowledge about compost and composting, it could be read in the result that they described what happened in a compost and how worms work. The children did not have the opportunity to develop an understanding of the scientific concepts. The teachers used simpler concepts that the children were already familiar with so that the children would understand what happens in the compost. The conclusion shows how important it is that educators acquire increased knowledge and use scientific concepts to give the children the opportunity to develop understanding and knowledge of what the teaching is about. / Denna studie fokuserar på hur barn resonerar kring kompost och kompostering i samband med att de deltagit i ett längre projekt som fokuserat hållbar utveckling. Målet med studien är att lära mer om barns resonemang och hur detta kan bidra till att vi som förskollärare kan utveckla naturvetenskaplig undervisning i förskolan. I denna studie har jag utgått från förskolan som barnens livsvärld och vad den erbjuder barnen i form av möjligheter att genom delaktighet utveckla begrepp och kunskaper inom naturvetenskap med fokus på kompost och kompostering. Metodvalet har varit fokusgruppsintervjuer med barnen för att höra deras resonemang om kompostering. Informellt samtal med de berörda pedagogerna för att jag ville höra hur de hade planerat undervisningen.Resultatet visar att barnen har kunskaper om kompost och kompostering, det kunde utläsas i resultatet att de beskrev vad som hände i en kompost och hur maskar arbetar. Barnen hade inte fått möjlighet att utveckla förståelse för de naturvetenskapliga begreppen. Pedagogerna använde sig av lättare begrepp som barnen redan var bekanta med för att barnen skulle förstå vad som hände i komposten. I slutsatsen framkommer det hur viktigt det är att pedagoger skaffar sig ökade kunskap och använder naturvetenskapliga begrepp för att ge barnen möjlighet att utveckla begrepp, förståelse och kunskaper om naturvetenskap

<p>This study develops a model for understanding spatial change and the construction of space as a meeting-place, and then employs it in order to show an otherwise little-known picture of (sub-)urban Russia and its transformation from Soviet times to today. The model is based on time-geographic ideas of time-space as a limited resource in which forces of various kinds struggle for access and form space in interaction with each other. Drawing on cultural semiotics and the concepts of lifeworld and system, the study highlights the social side of these space-forming forces. Based on a long-term fieldwork (participant observation) in Ligovo/Uritsk, a high-rise residential district developed around 1970 and situated on the outskirts of Sankt-Peterburg (St Petersburg), the empirical material concerns processes of urban identity, spatial representations and local politics. The study explicates three codes used to form the image of the city that all relate to its pre-Revolutionary history, two textual strategies of juxtaposition in creating the genius loci of a place, and a discussion of what I call Soviet "stiff landscape" in relation to Soviet mental and ordinary maps of the urban landscape. Moreover, the study shows that the newly implemented self-governing municipalities have not realised their potential as political actors in forming local space, which raises questions on the democratisation of urban space. Finally, the study argues that the model that guides the research is a tool that facilitates the application of the world-view of time-geography and the epistemology of the landscape of courses in concrete research. The study ends with an attempt to generalise spatial change in four types.</p>

This thesis researches the phenomenon ‘caring relationship’. The empirical studies in this thesis were carried out in China with the aim to describe the caring relationship in China through the lifeworld experiences of professional caregivers and patients. The result of this study will later on relate to a study of Swedish caring relationships. For this phenomenological study 9 patients, 10 medical and healthcare workers and 4 nursing tutors were interviewed. They were from 5 different medical and care units from two hospitals, one private clinic and a nursing school in Southern China. This study shows that caring relationship in China has many layers. Embedded in the basic interpersonal relationship is a ‘relationship of need’. The relationship carries a goal: to help the patient to restore a personal harmonic existence and regain the responsibility for their health. The relationship is temporary and normally ends when the goal is achieved. The relationship is initiated by the patients need for help. The two main actors in the caring relationship are the patient and the caregiver with their roles as care seeker and care provider. This study shows that to become a patient is a process of diminishing the natural ordinary self which makes the person feel vulnerable. Caregivers take a leading role which carries responsibility. They feel an obligation to use all their knowledge and resources for the benefit of the patients. They teach them how to live and how to stay healthy. A main function in the caring relationship is the transfer of knowledge. The caregivers feel the need to create a dialog to get access to the patients’ unique knowledge about themselves so that the caregiver’s general knowledge of health and care can be applied to the individual. Through the informal chats they share the patient’s experiences, emotions and history. It creates en opportunity for the interpersonal relationship to grow deeper and for the patient and the caregiver to meet as fellow human beings. In the Chinese caring relationship the patient’s family is included. It is considered to be every contributor’s duty to be responsible for oneself and for others. Mutual understanding and respect in a caring relationship are important in getting the patient back into balance.

This study develops a model for understanding spatial change and the construction of space as a meeting-place, and then employs it in order to show an otherwise little-known picture of (sub-)urban Russia and its transformation from Soviet times to today. The model is based on time-geographic ideas of time-space as a limited resource in which forces of various kinds struggle for access and form space in interaction with each other. Drawing on cultural semiotics and the concepts of lifeworld and system, the study highlights the social side of these space-forming forces. Based on a long-term fieldwork (participant observation) in Ligovo/Uritsk, a high-rise residential district developed around 1970 and situated on the outskirts of Sankt-Peterburg (St Petersburg), the empirical material concerns processes of urban identity, spatial representations and local politics. The study explicates three codes used to form the image of the city that all relate to its pre-Revolutionary history, two textual strategies of juxtaposition in creating the genius loci of a place, and a discussion of what I call Soviet "stiff landscape" in relation to Soviet mental and ordinary maps of the urban landscape. Moreover, the study shows that the newly implemented self-governing municipalities have not realised their potential as political actors in forming local space, which raises questions on the democratisation of urban space. Finally, the study argues that the model that guides the research is a tool that facilitates the application of the world-view of time-geography and the epistemology of the landscape of courses in concrete research. The study ends with an attempt to generalise spatial change in four types.

The major objective has been to create tools for analyzing the reasoning regarding the school the different actors involved - pupils, teachers, school and politicians show. A subordinate aim was to explore relevance in this connection of eight studies carried out by the author 1979 – 1999 concerning three basic areas: the pedagogical processes at the school level, at the teacher education level and at the level of school change. I conclude that a recurring question is that of the relevance and the sense of meaningfulness experienced by those involved in different educational processes. In one of the eight empirical studies, termed the compulsory-school teacher study (1997), an approach to analyzing what teacher trainees find relevant in their work in schools is presented, involving two basic concepts, those of the event space and the relational space. In considering these concepts in terms of Alfred Schutz' theory of the lifeworld, I rename the relational space the space of contemporaries. A new study is also reported in this thesis – Teachers and schoolpoliticians in the pedagogical process of school change, the LoP-study. In considering the earlier eight studies in conjunction with the LoP-study, I find the studies to have dealt with personal processes and societal processes as well as pedagogical processes in how the parties involved reason in talking about the school. Three different aspects of the processes are distinguished: meta-aspects, connected with the aims a given process has; core aspects, connected with what one concretely does; and approach aspects, pertaining to how the persons involved relate to each other and to the process. In analyzing the LoP- interviews carried out with use of the tools developed – enabling different processes and aspects of these to be analyzed – I find marked individual differences in the patterns of different aspects of the processes involved. The width of the event space and of the space of contemporaries on the part both of the teachers and of the politicians were found to vary considerably. A conclusion drawn is that further development of the tools created would be worthwhile. It also seems possible to apply these tools to other areas, such as those of the scientific community with its research processes and of the political community with its steering processes.