京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21758号 / 工博第4575号 / 新制||工||1713(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 椹木 哲夫, 教授 松原 厚, 教授 小森 雅晴 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

本研究は,双腕で作業プレートを支持することで閉リンク機構を構成し,作業プレートを操ることで十分な支持剛性を維持しながらプレート上での柔軟な作業空間を実現することを目指した.すなわち,ロボットでも従来の工作機械のNC制御の運動精度に近い性能を具現化する一方,人の作業に近い柔軟性を両立することであるその対象としてプレート上で球の転がりを取り上げ,その運動軌跡をコンピュータシミュレーションにより解析しながら,同時2軸の旋回運動の制御におけるその誤差解析およびその改善手法を確立する. / Recently, industrial dual-arm robots have gained attention as novel tools and we therefore focus on them to flexible control both the linear motion and the rotational motion of a working plate. However, it is difficult to measure the synchronous accuracy of two rotary axes without high accuracy gyro sensor. Thus, we proposed a novel method to measure it with a ball, which keeps a ball rolling around a circular path on it by dual-arm cooperative control. As a result, we demonstrated this method made it feasible to estimate the synchronous accuracy of two rotary axes of working plate. / 博士(工学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

都市部においては、通常「マンション」と呼ばれる高層集合住宅での居住はごく一般的になっている。区分された居室に各世帯が生活するマンションでは、対面の機会が少ないことによる居住者間のコミュニケーション不足、プライバシー確保のための相互不干渉原則がもたらす無関心、その結果としての独居高齢者や病弱者の孤独死、子どもの社会性育成不全、災害対応力の脆弱性などの問題が生じている。本論は、ソーシャル・キャピタルやコミュニタリアニズム、およびシェアリングエコノミーの視点から、コミュニティの存在意義とその機能を理論的かつ歴史的に考察した上で、こうしたマンション特有の問題を解決するにはマンション内のコミュニティの形成と活性化を図ることが有効ではないかとの仮説を立て、その仮説を実証すべく、マンション住民による共同農作業等の社会実験を実施し、その結果を分析し、そこから得られた知見を基に、機能的かつ持続可能なマンション・コミュニティ実現のための方途や課題を提示したものである。 / 博士(ソーシャル・イノベーション) / Doctor of Philosophy in Social Innovation / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

周邊注射安非它命能夠影響動物受試在表現與時間知覺有關的操作式制約行為作業，歷來被研究者認為是大腦多巴胺神經系統與動物時間知覺系統有關的主要證據之一。本研究所共同採用的研究方法為先注射多巴胺受體專屬拮抗劑再於大鼠受試周邊腹腔注射安非它命的方式探討安非它命影響大鼠時間知覺的大腦機制為何。實驗一利用區辨性增強低頻反應作業觀察周邊注射多巴胺受體專屬拮抗劑何者可以反制周邊安非它命對此作業的影響效果，結果發現多巴胺D1受體拮抗劑SCH23390與D2受體拮抗劑raclopride均可反制周邊安非它命的效果。實驗二同樣利用區辨性增強低頻反應作業，但是將SCH23390與raclopride分別注入海馬迴、背側中區紋狀體、腹側側邊紋狀體、依核、內側前額葉皮質以及腹側頂蓋區等六個部位，觀察何種多巴胺受體拮抗劑可在那些大腦部位產生反制周邊安非它命的效果。結果發現SCH23390可在海馬迴、依核、內側前額葉皮質以及腹側頂蓋區等四個部位產生反制周邊安非它命的效果，而raclopride可在腹側側邊紋狀體與內側前額葉皮質兩個部位產生同樣的反制效果。實驗三利用高峰時距作業觀察SCH23390在海馬迴與內側前額葉皮質是否能反制周邊安非它命對此作業的影響效果，結果發現SCH23390僅在海馬迴會影響大鼠受試的正常表現，特別是在與周邊安非它命同時注射的時候。綜合以上結果顯示，周邊注射安非它命能夠使大鼠受試在區辨性增強低頻反應作業當中表現出時間知覺變快的傾向，這個效果需要同時透過大腦內的海馬迴、依核、內側前額葉皮質以及腹側頂蓋區的多巴胺D1類受體和腹側側邊紋狀體與內側前額葉皮質的多巴胺D2類受體。 / The central dopaminergic system has been hypothesized to play a role in time perception based on the results that peripheral injections of d-amphetamine alter the responses in time-related operant conditioned behavioral tasks. The present study investigated the effect by injecting specific dopamine receptor antagonists before peripheral d-amphetamine injections in rats. Data from Experiment I showed that both peripheral the dopamine receptor D1 antagonist SCH23390 and D2 antagonist raclopride could attenuate the response alteration on differential reinforcement of low-rates responding task induced by peripheral d-amphetamine. By using the DRL task, Experiment 2 employed the microjeciton technique to determine the neural substrates for the DA receptor antagonist to attenuate the effect of peripheral d-amphetamine. The infusion sites for DA receptor antagonist were the hippocampus, the dorsomedial striatum, the ventrolateral striatum, the nucleus accumbens, the medial prefrontal cortex, and the ventral tegme ntal area. The results showed that SCH23390 infused into the hippocampus, the nucleus accumbens, the medial prefrontal cortex, the ventral tegmental area could attenuate the effect induced by peripheral d-amphetamine, and such attenuation effects were also observed for raclopride infused into the ventrolateral striatum, the medial prefrontal cortex. Experiment 3 tried to confirm the results of Experiment 2 by microinjecting SCH23390 in hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex under peak-interval task. Only SCH23390 in the hippocampus altered the subject's normal performance in this task especially when combined with peripheral injection of d-amphetamine. In conclusion, that the response alteration on the DRL task induced by peripheral injection ofd-amphetamine suggests the subject's timing perception being accelerated. These effects of d-amphetamine were mediated by simultaneous activation of multiple dopamine receptor subtypes including D1 receptors located in the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, medial pref rontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, as well as D2 receptors located in the ventrolateral striatum, medial prefrontal cortex.

認知功能的提升是當今神經科學領域中的研究重點之一，但其神經機制尚有待釐清。本研究利用一種用於改善阿茲海默症臨床的非競爭型N-甲基-D-天門冬胺酸受體拮抗劑memantine，檢測其對於大白鼠在不同時距相關操作式制約行為及空間工作記憶行為之影響效果。實驗一為針對時間屬性的操作式制約行為實驗，運用大白鼠的區辯性增強低頻反應作業（DRL 10秒行為）與固定時距作業（FI 30秒行為）之行為作業，並操弄連續訓練與間歇訓練的兩種不同模式，測試memantine對前述四組受試的操作式制約行為在表現、消除與自發恢復等三階段之劑量反應。實驗二利用配對性延遲T迷津作業區分出不等基準線(表現好與表現差)之受試，再加以藥理實驗，測試memantine對於前述兩組受試之劑量反應。實驗一結果顯示，受試在兩種不同訓練模式下經十五次習得訓練後，在兩種操作式壓桿行為的壓桿反應相關指標中都有明顯的差異，這證實不同的行為訓練模式會導致學習後的表現有差異之別。memantine藥理實驗結果顯示，此藥對於上述四組受試的操作式行為之三階段的影響效果，會因為不同訓練模式與不同作業而異。實驗二結果顯示，memantine提高空間工作記憶的正確率在表現不好的組別有很顯著的藥效，這證實memantine對於空間式工作記憶行為的影響，也會因學習基準線的不同水平而異。在行為實驗後所進行的蛋白質表現量檢測中，memantine（5 mg/kg）只對五個測試腦區中的背側紋狀體中ERK1磷酸化程度有明顯上升的影響，而其對ERK2及CREB的磷酸化在所有腦組織中皆沒有顯著的影響。綜合以上結果，memantine影響時間與空間屬性的相關行為之藥理效果，會依行為的不同習得歷程(或行為背景經驗)及基準線表現程度而異，而此項行為藥理效果，可能與紋狀體中ERK1的磷酸化有關。 / The neural basis of cognitive enhancement is one of the intriguing topics in neuroscience research; however, the underlying neural mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study examined the effects of memantine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist which is used to treat Alzheimer’s disease in clinic, on operant behaviors and spatial working memory. In Experiment 1, using the differential reinforcement for low-rate-response 10 sec (DRL 10s) and the fixed-interval 30 sec (FI 30s) operant tasks, and with the manipulation of two different training regimens (continuous vs. intermittent) in the acquisition phase, the effects of memantine were evaluated in three stages of behavioral tests including the performance (right after the end of 15-day acquisition), the extinction, and the spontaneous recovery (after the extinction). In Experiment 2, memantine were tested in the subjects with different level of baseline performance (good vs. bad) on the distinctive patterns of operant responding in four different groups which received DRL 10s and FI 30s with different training regimens; indicating that behavioral task and training background are critical to the operant performance of temporal operant behaviors. Such behavioral outcomes led the dissociable effects of memantine appeared in between the four groups as tested in all three different stages. The results of Experiment 2 showed a profound improvement of the correct responses rate on spatial working memory in the low-baseline group as compared to the higher-baseline group. With a pretreatment of memantine (5 mg/kg), brain tissues in five selected areas were collected for western blot assays of ERK 1, ERK 2, and CREB. The results only revealed a significant increase of ERK 1 phosphorylation in the dorsal striatum. Together, the effects of memantine to improve cognition-associated processes in the temporal operant behaviors and the baseline of performance, and the present observation of cognition-enhancing effects of memantine may be resulted by the ERK 1 phosphorylation in the dorsal striatum.

本篇論文主要是從民眾的角度，深入瞭解政府在推動業務電子化的過程，在便民服務方面所產生的效益，進而探討國外先進國家的推動概況，由於國情不同，各國均有其特別之處可供參考；隨著我國電子化政府快速的推展，在國際著名調查機構對世界各國的評比中大多名列前茅，使政府願意在電子化政府的投資加碼，因此在數位台灣計畫中包括了許多e 化政府的計畫；目前在電子化政府相關計畫中除了更新現有大型系統的計畫之外，其核心計畫是一個跨機關橫向整合的計畫，建立e政府服務平台，以期能達到「提供民眾更豐富、精緻的資訊內容、更深化的網路申辦服務、與網路公民更多的互動，經由網路的溝通管道，實踐政府治理的目標」。 本文中除探討e政府服務平台對各級政府機關e化的影響之外，也一併探討在政府e化過程，可能對國內軟體產業的影響，以及目前政府推動建置平台的政策，對產業生態的可能影響；這些政策的落實，未來對於國內軟體產業的衝擊將非常可觀，因此，本論文也對國內軟體業者提出一些建議，以供業界因應與轉型參考。 / This paper mainly emphasizes on the effect of which the electronic government interface in Taiwan brings to the citizens, especially in the aspect of citizen-oriented services. Moreover, this article reviews the e-government services in other countries and their vary kinds of developing experiences as reference. Along with the quick development of the e-government service, the rank of Taiwan is always in the top list judged and rated by world-famous institutions. As a result, the government of Taiwan is willing to invest more to the plans of e-government which play an important role in the e-Taiwan project. Currently the plan attempts not only to renew the existing mainframe system, but also to build an “e-government service platform” to integrate services over different departments and resources. This platform is the core of Taiwan e-government plan. It can offer citizens vary and delicate information, more high level applications of service, and more interaction with Internet citizens. By utilizing Internet as a communication channel, it can implement the aim of governance more effectively. In the final part of this paper, it analyzes the influence of “e-service platform“ towards each level of government units. In addition, it discusses about how the e-government plan affects the software industry. Furthermore, how the policy about the platform influences the status of software industry is also mentioned in this paper. Once the policy is carried out, it is expected to be some serious impacts on domestic software industry. Therefore, this study also gives suggestions to software companies to make a preparation or reformation in advance.

自從美國於1999年11月通過金融現代化法案（Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act），排除銀行不得兼營證券及銀行控股公司不得兼營保險業務之規定，准許原銀行控股公司可申請改制為金融控股公司，並以此金融控股公司來經營銀行、證券及保險業務後，我國為尋求國內金融機構能與國際接軌，順應國際金融集團跨業經營之趨勢，遂於2000年通過「金融機構合併法」及「銀行法部分條文修正案」，隨後再於2001年6月26、27日通過包括「金融控股公司法」等之金融六法，期望透過金融機構間之合併與成立金融控股公司，整合銀行、證券、保險、票券等金融相關產業擴大金融機構之規模，透過金融控股公司之跨業平台來滿足客戶之需求，發揮金融資源整合之綜效(Synergy)，進而得以提升競爭力與獲利能力。 然而，本國金融控股公司自成立以來發展至今，有關金融控股公司之風險管理之組織、功能與執掌，除了金管會發布之「金融控股公司內部控制及稽核制度實施辦法」之第11條、第12條及第13條，規範金控須訂定適當之風險管理政策與程序，建立獨立有效風險管理機制、應設置獨立之專責風險控管單位，並定期向董事會提出風險控管報告及風險控管機制應包括之內容等原則性規範外，並未有其他較為詳盡之法令或可遵循之規範。 本論文以個案金融控股公司之實務運作為探討，期望可提供國內金融控股公司風險管理之運行之參考，吾人從此次2007及2008次貸風暴所形成之2008世紀金融大海嘯，亦可深知風險管理之重要性，金融機構之風險管理就如同蓋一棟大樓一樣，風險管理之制度與機制是該大樓之鋼樑與鋼柱，每個樓地板是金融機構之各項業務，而串連各樓層之樓梯或電梯為風險管理與各業務部門間之溝通管道，但要大樓不倒，重點在於地基的扎實與穩固，而此大樓之地基即是所謂的「風險管理文化」，透過該地基穩固的支撐每個鋼樑鋼柱及樓地板，才能有效防止並保護大樓能夠屹立不搖。因此，重視風險管理文化之深耕，建立金融機構全員之共識與確實遵循，乃是保有地位與安全之不二法門。

印刷業的業態可歸類為製造業及服務業二者的綜合體，從客戶接單開始到生產製造出印刷完成品送至客戶端這中間流程的複雜度及變化度，對於個案公司日常營運的管理能力及製程能力都深具考驗。本論文以PWIO模式為架構，個案公司為主體，分析及呈現企業內部流程實作，了解其可強化改善之處，提出具體建議以供個案公司目標修正之參考。本論文同時結合品質成本管理分析與PWIO模式，辨識改善品質成本目標所闗聯之價值流程，以供個案公司未來進行流程改善及設定績效管理，達到目標設定之品質成本結構，以強化個案公司之競爭力，降低成本增加獲利。 本研究針對個案公司，透過PWIO模式及品質成本管理分析之結合應用，所得具體結論及建議包括： 一、就銷售及收款、付款循環而言： 1. 縮短應收帳款與沖帳作業的催帳時間，調整逾齡帳款處置時間與設定停止交易日，避免時間拖延而提高產生壞帳的風險。 2. 建立客戶信用評等機制，降低客戶倒帳風險。 二、生產作業偱環： 3. 排單作業應由印刷廠務純人工作業改為由行政系統改版加入自動篩選建議功能, 以提昇印刷廠務排單的精確度及自動化，增加生產效率。 4. 建立一套庫存管理稽核制度及領料制度，以確保原物料的持續供應，亦可較精確地估算每批印件的生產成本，業務人員在估算價格及利潤時能更精確的掌握。 5. 重新檢討個案公司目前之品檢制度及人力配置，設置廠內品管人員改善廠內生產不良品比率，以減少時常要插單補印壞品數量賠償。 三、品質成本管理： 個案公司之品質成本結構中，內部失敗成本加上外部失敗成本相對於品質成本的比例高於70%，預防成本比例低於10%，可以得知個案公司在品質成本管理上，可加強預防成本及鑑定成本的投資及改善，以降低品質成本。 / Using a case study methodology, this research studies subject company which operates in the printing business that focuses on printings and packing products. Due to the job or customer-tailored, and the artistic characteristics of the printings, the ability of management to deal with the complexity of production process is critical for business success. The research uses PWIO approach to analyze and display the subject company’s operation process, as the basis for improvement suggestions. In addition, a combination of PWIO and concepts of quality cost management, this study is able to form the foundation of future improvement and the framework for performance evaluation and management. In summary, the major conclusions and suggestions found in this study are as follows: 1. Sales aspect: Setting a credit policy for clients in order to control the exposure of credit risk. 2. Payment term: In order to reduce the risk of bad debts, we suggest a more rigid review of accounts receivables turnover rate, overdue accounts, and the allowance for uncollectible accounts 3. Production aspect: 1. We suggest Production schedule should be arranged by automatic system instead of manual operation so as to improve production efficiency and maximize outputs. 2. Establish a stock management system in order to assure the supply of raw materials and compute the production cost more accurately. 3. Review the current human resource deployment and the rules of quality management. We suggest that more QA personnel should be staffed to make sure the consistence of product quality. 4. Quality cost management: The research finds that the ratio of internal and external failure costs to total quality cost is greater than 70% for subject company, while the ratio of prevent cost to total quality cost is less than 10%. A further review of stuffs’ skill and training programs are therefore suggested.

本研究是以1980年代以後的科學教育目標來分析我國國小自然科學教科書 之課本、教學指引及習作，探討教科書的內容、實驗活動及作業問題型態 ，並調查國小自然科教師對教科書的使用意見，了解現行教科書的優缺點 ，以供編撰教科書及學校、教師選擇教科書的參考。 為達上述之目的，本研究在內容分析部份採用的工具有科學知識本質年齡 層次分類表、ＳＴＳ科學教育目標、實驗活動發現開放層次分類法、科學 過程探究技能、教科書作業問題型態評估工具、以及 Bloom的目標分類法 ，在問卷調查方面採用國小自然科學教科書之意見調查表來蒐集和分析資 料。 本研究的主要發現如下: 一、國小自然科學教科書之課本內容在文字敘述上涉及科學知識本質的僅 佔0.084%，而這些文字敘述只提到科學知識是實證性的，雖如此，但其內 容仍含有科學知識本質之正面教學功能。 二、國小自然科學教科書的每個單元都提及個人需要及學術準備的科學教 育目標，而有25.53%的單元提及與科學有關的社會議題，但無提及有關生 涯職業教育的內容。 三、國小自然科學教科書的實驗活動無屬於層次０的單元，有55.32%的單 元屬於層次１，42.55%的單元屬於層次２，2.13% 的單元屬於層次３，是 屬相當不錯的實驗活動設計。 四、國小自然科學教科書習作的作業問題型態以及層次之分佈，有1.94% 的問題屬於非經驗性問題，98.06%的問題屬於經驗或實驗性問題；且屬於 高層次問題的比例較多，亦有一些價值性問題的設計，是相當重視學生高 層次問題解決的學習。以 Bloom目標分類來看，幾乎所有的作業問題都屬 於認知領域的問題，佔了99.72%，其中以理解和應用的問題為最多。 五、國小自然科教師對教科書的整體意見為滿意。可是教師對於教科書的 內容並不滿意但尚可接受；其他各項來說，教師對教科書的組織、閱讀層 次、圖表說明、課文中的實驗活動及習作、教學指引、教科書的容貌均呈 滿意的態度。 The purpose of this study was to analyze the science textbooks used in the elementary schools of Taiwan in terms of goals for science education. The following five components were studied and analyzed:(1)the nature of scientific knowledge, (2)the interaction of science, technology and society, (3)openness and process/skills of laboratory activities, (4)type and level of questioning style, and(5)opinions of science teachers concerning science textbooks. For the purposes described above, seven methods were adopted for this study; that is, the classification of the nature of scientific knowledge, the desired state of science in the elementary school, the level of discovery/openness, science process or inquity skills, and textbook questioning strategies assessment instrument, Bloom's taxonomy classifies educational objectives and science textbook rating system. The major findings include: 1.Only about 0.084% of the narrative page space is devoted to the nature of scientific knowledge in the science textbooks used in elementary school. Only empirical scientific knowledge was presented. 2.Every unit in the science textbooks used in elementary school is associated with the goals of personal needs and academic preparation. 25.53% of units are associated with the goals of societal issues, but no unit associated with the goals of career education. 3.Most of the laboratory activities in the science textbooks used in elementary schools, which provided the problems and the procedures to student's performance, belong to level 1 or 2. 4.Most of the questions are experiential questions(98.06%). And almost of the questions are cognitive domain(99.72%), and most of them are comprehension questions and application questions. 5.Most of the elementary school science teachers are satisfied with the science textbooks used in elementary schools , and their satisfaction goes beyond the contents of the textbooks.

Damasio(1994)提出軀體標記假說（Somatic Marker Hypothesis）來解釋情緒如何影響行為決策，認為人們在決策前，與過去的情緒經驗關聯的生理反應會再現，幫助人們做出較好的決策判斷。並利用愛荷華賭博作業（Iowa Gambling Task）來模擬日常生活決策情境，並同時紀錄膚電反應(Skin conductance respons)，量測受試者決策前的預期膚電反應（Anticipatory SCR）和結果呈現後的回饋膚電反應(Feedback SCR)，加以佐證其神經生理機制。本研究將從三個方向進一步驗證其假說，分別是風險因素、生理證據和個別差異。在愛荷華賭博作業中，期望值負的牌也是高風險程度的牌，使結果無法清楚解釋是期望值或者風險程度造成的影響。而過去雖然有許多研究也使用膚電反應當做生理指標，但有許多相異的研究結果，並且較少研究利用事件關聯電位瞭解其中樞歷程。再者，過去相關研究發現個別差異的存在，但是缺乏一致的解釋。因此，本研究以修改版愛荷華賭博作業，控制期望值皆為零的狀況下，操弄風險程度，並且利用膚電反應和事件關聯電位當作周邊和和中樞的生理反應指標，探討受試者在單純風險情境，是否也會受到情緒軀體標記影響風險行為偏好，以及各項生理指標和風險行為偏好間的關聯，並瞭解不同風險偏好的受試者生理指標是否有所差異。結果發現，從行為上顯示有風險追逐和風險趨避兩組受試者，不同風險程度的牌損失回饋對受試者的歷程影響也不一樣，額葉的腦部回饋相關負波(Feedback-related Negativity，FRN)結果顯示，風險追逐的受試者對高低風險損失時的FRN沒有差異，風險趨避的受試者看到低風險損失時的FRN大於看到高風險損失時的FRN。此外，看到高風險酬賞比起低風險酬有較大回饋膚電反應的受試者，和看到高風險損失比起低風險損失有較小回饋膚電反應的受試者，接受高風險牌的比率也較高，其它生理變項對風險行為偏好沒有顯著的預測力。並且預期膚電反應並非過去研究認為單純扮演警訊或者誘因，而有更複雜的機制存在，受試者在接受非偏好的牌和拒絕偏好的牌前有較大的預期膚電反應。預期階段N170的結果顯示，受試者看到刺激之後會拒絕的N170會大於之後會接受的N170，顯示接受或拒絕兩種不同情境時受試者對刺激的處理歷程亦相異。 / Somatic Marker Hypothesis was proposed to explain the influence of emotion on decision making. To examine this hypothesis, Damasio and his colleagues designed the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and found that the “anticipatory skin conductance responses (SCR)”, i.e. somatic markers, was elevated before selecting from bad decks to serve as alarms and it warned participants not to select “bad deck” which was negative expected value. However, there are three unsolved problem in these IGT researches: the risk factor, inconsistent physiological evidences, and individual differences. In the original IGT, the bad decks are also more risky and that confounds the interpretations of participants’ choice behaviors and related physiological evidences. There are inconsistent evidences of how the anticipatory SCR and feedback SCR related with choice behaviors. Moreover, there are little event-related potential IGT studies. To solve these issues, the primary aim of the present study is to clarify whether decision making is influenced by risk level even when all options have the same expected value. A modified IGT with high risk deck and low risk deck was used and the expected values of two decks were all zero. Moreover, the procedure was different from original IGT. Participants saw a deck with mark first and then decided to accept or reject this deck. Thus, the role of anticipatory SCR could be clarified more clearly. In addition to SCR, ERP was also recorded for further physiological evidences. To elaborately clarify individual differences of choice behavior and physiological evidences, participants would group to risk-seeking (i.e., accepting more high risk deck and rejecting more low risk deck) and risk-aversion (i.e., accepting more low risk deck and rejecting more high risk deck) according their choice behaviors. The result revealed that the participant who accepted more high risk deck, their reward SCR was higher from high risk deck than from low risk decks, and induced lower punishment SCR from high risk deck than from low risk decks. Moreover, the anticipatory SCR was higher both before they decided to reject the liked deck and before they decided to accept the disliked deck. The results of feedback-related negativity (FRN) from ERP data in frontal region showed that the magnitude of FRN was larger under the conflict punishment (the punishment from low risk decks) condition for risk-aversion participants. The results of N170 from ERP data showed that the magnitude of N170 was larger under the reject condition. These results suggest that the SMH could be explained not only with expected value but also with risk preference. In conclusion, the interpretation of anticipatory SCR by previous study was not completed, and it reflected not merely the negative feeling or positive feeling. This strong anticipatory emotion affects people to change the routine behavior about their risk preference, and there exist individual differences of choice behavior and physiological evidences.