為因應金融環境及經營風險日益複雜化，改進現行資本協定缺點，及鼓勵銀行加強風險管理，巴賽爾銀行監理委員會（以下簡稱巴賽爾委員會）於1999年6月發布「新巴賽爾資本協定」(The New Basel Capital Accord)第一版草案，在歷經2001年1月第二版修訂草案及三次量化影響評估後，2003年4月29日發布第三版修訂草案，預計2004年中正式定案，自2006年開始實施。 「新巴賽爾資本協定」主要修訂內容包括：1.強調「最低資本需求」、「監理審查程序」及「市場制約機能」等三大支柱；2.除原有信用風險及市場風險外，增加作業風險應計提資本；3.修訂及增訂信用風險及作業風險資本計提方法，除標準法外，允許銀行使用內部風險模型計提信用風險所需資本，並對信用風險抵減及資產證券化作進一步規範。本次修訂幅度頗大，預期對我國銀行業及金融監理機關均將產生重大影響。 美國實施新資本協定預計採雙軌制，亦即國際性大型銀行採用信用風險IRB法及作業風險AMA法，其他銀行則沿用現行資本計提方法，惟其強調原有之槓桿比率及立即導正措施(PCA)仍將繼續適用，將進行量化影響評估以分析公平競爭議題，並已陸續發布企業授信內部評等系統及作業風險進階衡量法之監理準則。英國則採不強迫、不禁止原則，由銀行自行衡酌成本效益，決定是否採用進階方法，並將進一步研擬相關規範。我國係由財政部金融局及銀行公會組成共同研究小組，其下分六組：信用風險標準法組、信用風險IRB法組、作業風險組、市場紀律及資產證券化組、監理審查組、市場風險組，分四階段研究與現行規範之差異、可能衝擊、我國可採行內容及研擬法規修訂。依據中央銀行金檢處92年12月對49家本國銀行進行調查，6家銀行計畫採用內部評等基礎法計提信用風險所需資本，43家銀行則採標準法或簡化標準法；作業風險則19家將採標準法，30家採基本指標法。 為協助我國順利推動新資本協定，研擬實施建議如下： 一、 成立監理機關專責小組，統籌實施事宜及彙整各界建議形成決策 二、 評估確定實施範圍及時程 三、 實施第一支柱 (一) 進行量化影響評估 (二) 儘早研擬監理機關裁量項目 (三) 瞭解銀行風險管理實務及準備狀況 (四) 鼓勵銀行檢視資料庫，增進風險管理資訊系統 (五) 建置全國性信用資料庫，建立我國信用風險指標 (六) 研擬我國適用之新資本協定草案及監理審查原則 (七) 加強監理機關間資訊共享 四、 實施第二支柱 (一) 要求銀行加強資本適足性自我評估 (二) 訂定銀行資本適足性審查標準及建立溝通機制 (三) 提高銀行資本適足性目標比率，建立資本緩衝 (四) 採行及早干預及立即導正措施 五、 實施第三支柱 (一) 評估我國揭露現況及銀行產生新資本協定揭露資訊之可行性 (二) 採兩層次揭露，並定期評估銀行揭露情形 六、 檢視我國資本適足性有關法規及計算方法說明 七、 其他監理議題 (一) 成立風險模型評估小組，加強監理人員專業能力訓練 (二) 金融監理架構改以風險為導向

「銀行保險」業務在銀行業者整合行銷推展下，已顯現其經營成果，並逐漸佔有舉足輕重之地位。財產保險業者在飽受市場業務費率激烈競爭下殺情況下，積極開發新的保險通路。於焉，雙方的業務結合便順理成章的形成。財產保險業者面對經營規模遠大於自己的銀行業者，如何以最適的作業平台來總控其作業流程，發揮最大效益，便成為最重要的課題之一。 本文首先藉由對歐美日本等先進國家的銀行保險經營成果探討，歸納出「銀行保險」業務的成功關鍵要素；進而評估分析國內銀行業者從事「銀行保險」業務的發展現況及財產保險業者推行本項業務的不足缺失，嘗試以個案公司設立「銀行保險」業務作業平台的經驗來克服不利因素和建制最適的作業平台。 最後，本文提出對建制「銀行保險」業務作業平台時需特別注意的結論與建議，期能對推展本項業務者起到遵循的參考作用，並推廣適用到其他的保險領域。 關鍵字：銀行保險、直效行銷、作業平台、平衡計分卡、顧客關係管理、客戶服務中心 / Bancassurance business is booming and plays an important role on the Banks. Simultaneously, non-life insurers are trying to explore new sales channels under the fierce pricing competition. Therefore, it is naturally binding these two territories as a whole. Facing the tremendous challenges from the Banks, to establish an appropriate working platform for streamlining operations is indispensable for the Non-life insurers. This paper at first examines the experience of managing Bancassurance business in USA, Europe and Japan and contributes to the success factors of it. Then, by analyzing it the current situations of the development of the Banks and the disadvantages of doing it on the Non-life insurance side, this paper wishes to conquer these difficulties and to construct an utmost appropriate working platform. Finally, this paper shows out the conclusions and recommendations for the establishment of Bancassurance working platform. Wish it could be of assistance to those participants and could be applicable to other insurance territories. Key words: Bancassurance, Direct Marketing, Working Platform, The Balanced Scorecard, Customer Relationship Management, Customer Service Center

摘 要 　　國內銀行傳統上最擅長及投注最多資源之領域即是企業金融業務，然經驗顯示此處亦為金融業者蒙受最多損失之處，甚至導致中興銀行及高雄企銀退出市場，大型行庫兩、三年前，每年打銷呆帳之金額係以新台幣數十億元、甚至上百億元計。其後消金業務盛行，信用卡循環信用業務之興起尤為引人注目，而現金卡亦在萬泰銀行的「George & Mary」之強勢促銷下製造出另一波高峰。然由於風險控管之鬆散，在卡債呆帳暗潮隱然成型，外資券商開始對現金卡業務暴衝至前幾名之銀行投以質疑的眼光之際，部份銀行也在此刻宣布停掉現金卡之業務。「財富管理」便是在銀行亟思轉向提高以手續費收入為基礎之殷殷期盼下，在國內銀行的業務領域中逐漸萌芽、茁壯。 在短短兩三年間，財富管理業務從在銀行營業廳一隅的小規模經營，到現在引領國人開啟投資理財之風潮，其方興未艾之勢頗值吾人加以探討。其成因包括人口老化問題衍生之退休規劃需求，因經濟活動之暢旺，造成富裕人口及富裕家庭數目之提昇，因微利時代的來臨等，皆實質地催化民眾對於理財之迫切需求，而「財富管理」即順應這種經濟金融環境之變遷，此其時地走入人群，成為眾所矚目之焦點，也成為這一年來銀行短兵相接之處。 　　其次，國際金融法規之變動，尤其是新巴塞爾資本協定(The Basel Capital Accord II)即將在2006年底實施，導致銀行在經營策略上不得不思考導入既能獲利，又屬低度資本需求業務之必要性，更何況銀行本身本應多元化其業務收入來源，以分散業務經營之風險。本文即從這些角度，探討財富管理業務之確具經營價值。 　　然財富管理業務之經營，終究有其須注意之風險，一為「策略風險」，一為「作業風險」。雖「策略風險」難以量化，也未普遍為業者所重視，然有謂「錯誤的決策，比貪污更可怕」，姑不論此言之對錯，但錯誤之決策會造成績效之不彰及資源之浪費，確屬不爭之事實。故本文專章論述經營策略，期所提出之分析與探討有助於業者經營時之省思。另有關「作業風險」，亦是日常之業務經營中稍有不慎即有可能對銀行造成重大損失、甚至被迫退出市場之風險。霸菱銀行殷鑑不遠，甚至以國際知名之花旗集團，其日本之私人銀行亦因涉未注意洗錢防制及資訊揭露等作業風險問題，而被勒令關閉。故內部稽核及內部控制等基本功之具體落實，確有其必要。本文就作業風險部份亦專章論述，從主管機關之相關規範，到國外相關機構之規範及做法，作業風險案例介紹，相關作業風險之管理等，皆做一分析與探討，期從所提出之案例，讓銀行業者於從事財富管理業務時，非僅注意手續費收入之多寡，或僅專注於市場佔有率之提升，而是實質注意到伴隨手續費收入而來之風險；盼所提出之風險分析，讓業者因瞭解風險之無所不在，而正視其重要性與迫切性，期將財富管理業務之作業風險減至最低。 / Abstract Just not long ago, domestic banks in Taiwan, with little differentiations, claimed their expertise in corporate finance and have allocated simultaneously most of their resources in this business. Ironically, however, corporate finance was also the area where the banking industry suffered the most. The problematic exiting of Chung Shing Bank and Kaohsiung Business Bank were obviously costly examples. Actually, almost all major banks were writing off their bad loans every year in billion of New Taiwan dollars for the past few years. Banking institutions tried to develop alternative business models by engaging in consumer banking, and some has indeed found its success. One of the stars that owned the spotlight was the revolving interest income from credit cards. Later, with the aggressive and successful marketing campaign of so-called “George & Mary” Cash Card by Cosmos Bank, the importance of consumer banking was pushed to its plateau. Nonetheless, loose risk management caused the bad debts of credit/cash cards to mount up and become potentially a serious problem. Foreign securities firms have already indicated their reservation of those top cash card business banks. A few banks have even suspended their cash card business. In light of the challenging environment facing corporate and consumer banking, banking institutions gradually turned to “Wealth Management” and holds high expectation that it will become a means to enhance their fee income. Indeed, wealth management has, in a matter of two to three years, started from a neglected corner of a bank’s business lobby developed progressively as a business trend leading how Taiwanese invest their wealth. The rapid pace of development in wealth management business certainly warrants our closer examination of various major issues relate to this phenomenon. To begin with the backgrounds, the aging of population has derived the need for retirement planning. The economic success of Taiwan over the years has contributed to the growth of numbers of wealthy families. The low interest rate environment has directed people to manage their wealth more actively. It was against this background that wealth management made its debut in the financial market, and caught the attention of the market, and became the central focus of the banking battleground. Additionally, recent changes in banking regulations, particularly, the introduction and planned implementation of Basel Capital Accord II, also pressured banking institutions to adjust their business strategy. Under Basel II, a bank will be required of more capital when engaging in corporate or consumer banking to cover credit risks. In contrast, wealth management needs to cover only operational risks. Not to mention that it also helps to diversify a bank’s source of income and risks portfolio. In terms of risks relate to wealth management, there are basically strategic risks and operational risks. Strategic risk may be difficult to quantity and certainly was not paid enough attention than it deserves. As people often said, “an erroneous strategic decision is worse than embezzlement”. Wrong decision often caused underperformance and waste of resources. This thesis, accordingly, attempts to analyze business strategies as it relates to a bank’s engagement in wealth management business. Furthermore, operational risk is also an area which could cause significant damages to a banking institution. In its worst case, operational risks might even cause the collapse of a bank. Baring’s scandal doesn’t seem to have happened that long ago. Even Citicorp private banking was sanctioned by the Japanese authority for failed to comply with the money laundry and disclosure requirements. It is therefore, essential that banks pay enough attention to its internal control and audit. This paper will also discuss operational risks issues, including relevant regulations, the practices in other major jurisdictions, case studies, and management of operational risks. The desire of the author is to alert the banking institutions that when engaging in wealth management, neither fee income nor market share should be their only focus. The effectiveness to control operational risks to its minimum is equally if not more important for a bank wishing to achieve success in wealth management business.

本研究旨在探討台灣電視產業中，商品為何、商品的特性、商品的生產過程，以及與生產結構間的對應關係。本研究採行批判的傳播政治經濟學視野，對台灣四十餘年來的電視事業進行考察。研究結果指出，電視事業中的商品，首要應為節目本身，而台灣的電視節目的首要消費者，是廣告業主而不是觀眾。同時因為國民黨時期無線三台特殊的經營體制，形塑本地節目製作業的特性：規模小、業務人員為公司主要人力。導致台灣節目的廉價化與廣告化，不論在三台寡占市場時期，或衛星電視頻道百家爭鳴時期，皆是如此。 / My objective is to find out the commodity in TV industry in Taiwan, and figure out the characteristics of the commodity, the production process, and the relationship between the commodity and the production structure. Therefore, I studied the TV production process in Taiwan for 40 years from an critical political-economy perspective. At the end, I figure out that the commodity in TV industry is programmers, and the very first consumer of this commodity is advertisers rather than audiences. Because of the special operate model of three main TV broadcasters protected by KMT, TV program producers are small and poor, and they spend too much time in maintain the relationship with advertisers and TV managers. After all, TV program in Taiwan looks like advertisement and the quality of it is low end. No matter the market is monopolized by the three main broadcasters, or opened for hundred of satellite channels, the circumstance are all the same.

為了探討注意力與年齡因素對計時行為的影響，本實驗選用事前知道計時派典（prospective paradigm）與不涉及人為時間單位之知識的計時複製方式。針對注意力的因素，本研究採用雙重作業以操弄注意力資源集中或分散，檢測其對計時作業的影響。另針對年齡的因素，本研究比較低年級小學生、高年級小學生、及大學生成人三種不同年齡組的受試。 本研究利用四種計時作業，針對三個不同年齡層的受試進行對兩種不等的時距計時資料收集。計時作業及年齡因子的實驗設計採受試者間設計，而時距因子則採受試者內設計。研究結果發現（1）低年級組的計時準確性較高年級組或成人組差；（2）受試在雙重作業的計時表現的確較單一作業差，這個計時受干擾的結果，在複雜的雙重作業又較在簡單雙重作業明顯，且年紀愈小的受試所受干擾影響愈大；（3）三年齡層受試在雙重作業中皆有低估目標時距的現象，其中以低年級在複雜雙重作業中的低估程度最明顯；（4）低年級組的計時能力之穩定性較高年級或成人組低；（5）在無需對不斷出現之無意義刺激作偵測反應時，三年齡受試的計時準確性未受影響。 這些結果顯示計時的誤差的確隨著注意力需分派於非時間作業的增加，受試所複製的時距也隨之縮短。這項由於注意力分散所致的計時誤差在國小低年級組最明顯，但隨著年齡的成長及腦發展愈臻成熟，這項影響效果愈趨式微，致使計時的表現愈正確。 關鍵詞：時間複製、年齡與發展、雙重作業、注意力、小學生、純量計時 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the attention and age on time estimation based on the prospective timing paradigm. Four timing tasks, with different degrees of attentional requirement, were utilized to test timing of reproducing the target intervals in three groups of different ages including the lower-grade (M= 7.5 years), higher-grade (M= 11.2 years) elementary school students and adult (M= 20.1 years). The subjects in this work were asked to estimate a stimulus duration lasting for 7 or 14 s, during which they are required to either do or do not perform a concurrent non-temporal task. Thus, the experimental design for the present study was mixed with between-subject factors (age and task) and a within-subject factor (target interval). The results showed (1) the lower-grade children performed less accurate than the higher-grade children; (2) all subjects had worse timing performance in the dual-task condition than the single-task or control condition, which effect was most evident in the lower-grade children; (3) all subjects reproduced shorter interval as compared to the target interval, which effect was most apparently observed from the dual-task for the lower-grade children; (4) the lower-grade children had less reliability in timing; and (5) the effect of age on the single-task and control condition is not significant. Together, these data indicate that concurrent non-temporal task cause temporal reproduction shorter, especially under high attention demand in lower-grade children. In addition to the influence by the task complexity, the accuracy of timing estimation depends on the age. Keywords: time reproduction、age and development、dual task、attention、elementary school student、Scalar expectancy theory(SET)

台灣的高科技研發設計產業長期以來一直享有較高的競爭優勢以及令人稱羨的利潤，但近幾年來，在面對全球性競爭與快速變遷的環境下，原先具有的高品質及低開發成本的優勢有逐漸喪失的情形。而企業為了維持原有的競爭優勢，除了加緊腳步在研發技術的創新、提供服務的效率以及營運成本的控制上找出最好的方法及策略外，而如何計算產品成本，如何有效訂價，更為企業迎戰此一競局的重要考量。 由於傳統的成本制度無法滿足快速變遷的製造環境，高科技研發設計產業亟需新的方法以適時的提供相關成本資訊，做為決策之用。而作業基礎成本制度(Activity-Based Costing System, ABC)經過學術界的大力推廣及實務上不斷的經驗累積，大多認為此一制度不僅可以減少成本扭曲，更重要的是可以協助管理者進行較佳的成本控制，增加企業營運的效率，以及進一步可以輔助產品的訂價及競爭策略。 因此，本研究係以國內某高科技軟/硬體研發設計公司為研究對象，透過個案研究及作業基礎成本法之探討，分析高科技研發設計公司成本組成及影響成本活動的因素，並建立其關聯，藉此提出一套可供研發設計公司參考之成本分析架構與模式，並進而協助相關企業在產品研發及訂價方面做出最好之決策。 / The R&D design industry of Taiwan have enjoyed high competition advantages & high profit margin for a long time. But in recent year, under global competition & environment of rapid change, those advantages have lost gradually. In order to maintain the original competition advantages, enterprises need to step up the step to find out the best method and tactics in R&D innovation, service providing of high efficiency and control of operating cost. Besides, It is also the important consideration for those companies to think about how to calculate the product cost and set up the pricing strategy. Because the traditional cost system cannot satisfy the diversified manufacturing environment, R&D design industry tremendously need a new cost method which provides decision-makers with up-to-date, complete, and reliable cost information. Activity-Based Costing System (ABC) has been approved by academic study & implemented by a lot of company. Mostly think that this system cannot merely reduce the cost to distort, the more important thing is that can help top managers to control better cost, increase the operating efficiency, and program the better pricing strategy. This paper studies how a software/hardware design company by adopting the activity-based costing (ABC) system traces and analyze all of the cost elements associated with research & development activities. The main purpose of this study is trying to use ABC costing system to build a cost model for future application in the R&D design industry and hope this study can help relevant enterprises to make the best decision in the product development and establish the competitive pricing strategy.

面為基階段在視覺處理歷程中扮演重要角色，面表徵是高於視網膜影像的視覺表徵，本研究目的在於探討以「面表徵」為選擇基礎之注意力運作。參考過去研究者所採用的面材料，本研究改為同時呈現二個交叉斜面並進行線索提示作業，以同面優勢效果作為面為基注意力運作之指標。 本研究分成四項實驗，每項實驗皆由兩個子實驗構成，此二個子實驗分別使用「外因性線索提示作業」與「內因性線索提示作業」探討面為基注意力的運作。實驗一利用上述「面」的設計及兩種提示作業，得同面優勢效果，反映面為基注意力的運作參與其中。實驗二目的在於排除注意力根據「可能目標的斜度」進行選擇之混淆，因此將面改為擁有相同斜度且互相平行的二個斜面。注意力若根據可能目標的斜度進行選擇，則無法得同面優勢效果。結果顯示在實驗二的兩種提示作業中，仍得同面優勢效果。實驗三目的在於排除可能目標因空間排列而形成簡單的知覺組織，繼而影響注意力分配之可能性。結果顯示在外因性線索提示作業下，仍得同面優勢效果；在內因性線索提示作業下，SOA需延長至500毫秒，才展現同面優勢效果。實驗四則進一步確認在不同SOA下，面為基注意力的運作情況，結果發現：在外因性線索提示作業下，SOA為500毫秒展現同面優勢效果；內因性線索提示作業下， SOA為1000毫秒下展現同面優勢效果。 綜合而言，在外因性線索提示作業與內因性線索提示作業下皆得到同面優勢效果。當可能目標難以群聚後，在長SOA時距下，依然展現同面優勢效果。因此本研究的結果，對於面為基注意力提供了直接的支持證據。 / Surface-based stage plays an important role in visual information process. Surface representation means the representation that goes beyond 2-D image representation. The purpose of this study is on the exploration of attentional selection which is based on surface representation. Referring to the surface material used before, this study adopted two interlacing slant surfaces structured by random-dot stereogram to test the effect of “same-surface advantage”. There are four experiments and each experiment includes two sub-experiments which are exogenous cuing task and endogenous cuing task, respectively. In Experiment 1, the same-surface advantage was revealed. In Experiment 2, the confounding of “slant” was ruled out and the same-surface advantage was still kept. In Experiment 3, we reduced the possibility that candidate targets group together to form simple perceptual organization and then influence the allocation of attention. After rearrange the spatial positions of candidate targets, attention cannot select the simple perceptual organization easily. In exogenous cuing task, same-surface advantage was still revealed. In endogenous cuing task, SOA should be prolonged to 500ms, and it shows same-surface advantage. Furthermore, in Experiment 4, we manipulate three kinds of SOA and confirm the operation of surface-based attention. We found that in exogenous cuing task, SOA should be prolonged to 500ms, and it shows same-surface advantage.In endogenous cuing task, SOA should be prolonged to 1000ms, and it shows same-surface advantage. In conclusion, it shows same-surface advantage in exogenous cuing task and endogenous cuing task. When candidate cannot group together to be selected easily, SOA should be prolonged to longer, and it still shows same-surface advantage. The results provide the direct support evidences of surface-based attention.

本研究以理學院大學數學學科能力測驗成績在7級分以上的女大學生49名作為研究對象，操弄兩種刻板印象：『女性的數學較差』與『理學院的學生數學能力較好』，結合『刻板印象威脅』與『刻板印象提升』的概念，探討一個同時具有正負向刻板印象的當事人，當被激發不同所屬團體認同（性別/科目），對於受試者工作表現、工作選擇與自我能力評估的影響，並驗證考試焦慮與工作記憶容量作為刻板印象效果的中介變項之可能性。 本研究為單因子設計，獨變項『不同認同團體激發』有三組：性別認同組、理學院認同組、控制組。依變項則有8項指標：工作記憶容量測驗分數、數學測驗分數、考試焦慮量表分數、考試焦慮生理測量、數學測驗選擇難度、數學測驗難度評估、自我評估數學能力、刻板印象相信程度。 研究結果發現，當受試者被激發理學院認同時，他們的確會受到刻板印象提升效果的影響，造成工作記憶容量上升，但當受試者被激發性別認同時，他們在工作記憶容量測驗上的表現和控制組的受試者並沒有差異，亦即，刻板印象威脅效果沒有顯現。而接受到不同認同團體激發的受試者，儘管在自陳式考試焦慮量表上並沒有顯現出差異，然而在脈搏測量上則顯現出組間差異。 另外，在『測驗難度選擇』方面，本研究發現理學院認同組的受試者較其他組受試者會選擇較困難的作業。然而，在『數學能力測驗難度評估』、『對自己能力的評估』、『刻板印象的相信程度』這三方面，不同組的受試者則沒有顯現出差異。而本研究所提出的刻板印象效果之中介機制，並未在本實驗中得到支持。最後，研究者除了對上述結果進行討論之外，亦提出本研究的限制以及對未來研究的建議。

不同於以往採用數學測驗的性別刻板印象威脅研究，本研究採用男性不擅長的剪紙作業為實驗材料，並以男性為烙印團體成員。本研究同時將過去研究未探討的團體作業情境納入實驗考量，以探討在團體作業情境中，同一「刻板印象」可使參與者擔心自己表現不佳而降低表現（刻板印象威脅），但又可使參與者預期伙伴表現不佳而傾向付出更多心力（社會補償），則參與者是否因為付出更多心力而提升了原本受到刻板印象威脅影響所降低的表現。 本研究為2(刻板印象威脅：有 vs. 無)× 2（伙伴性別：男 vs. 女）× 2（伙伴表現：好 vs. 差）的受試者間設計。其中，在刻板印象威脅部分，採用直接告知「女性比男性擅長剪紙作業」的方式引發刻板印象威脅效果。在社會補償方面，分別以「伙伴男性」與「伙伴表現差」二種訊息來引發參與者社會補償。本研究之主要依變項為完成剪紙作業之作業速度與作業品質。本研究有效樣本為121位男性大學生。 研究結果發現，「伙伴表現」與「伙伴性別」二變項之效果皆未達顯著，顯示伙伴訊息未能引發社會補償效果；而針對社會補償是否能減除刻板印象威脅效果之考驗，亦未達顯著水準，因此以社會補償作為減除刻板印象威脅效果的可能性在本研究中未獲支持。然而，卻發現「伙伴表現」與「伙伴性別」的交互作用顯著，即當操弄的伙伴訊息與刻板印象「不一致」時，參與者表現比「一致」時更好，顯示「伙伴訊息」可能另有影響。本文將針對上述結果進行探討，並對研究限制與對未來研究之建議加以說明。 / Different from previous gender stereotype threat studies that use mathematics tests as tools, this study uses the manual task—paper cutting generally not familiar to males as experimental material and take them as stigmatized group numbers. This research take into consideration the group task (cooperation situation) to investigate whether participants’ additional efforts will compensate the degraded performance resulting from gender stereotype threat, in the situation that a stereotype can cause people to lower their effort as a result of their worry about their perceived poor performance (stereotype threat) and can also motivate them to make more effort thanks to their prediction of their partner’s poor performance (social compensation). The participants were randomly assigned to one of the eight conditions in a factorial design: 2 (stereotype threat: salience, not salience) × 2（partner’s gender: male, female）× 2（partner’s performance: good, bad）. To evoke stereotype threat effect, the experimenters directly told the participants that “Females are better than males in the manual task.” To evoke social compensation effect, researchers arranged “males” and “poor performance” information. Valid samples were 121 male undergraduates, and their reaction time and quality of the manual task were measured. Not as expected, the results do not support hypotheses. However, it has found out that “the interaction of partner’s gender and partner’s performance” was significant. That is, the participant whose partner’s information is consistent with stereotype performs better than the participant whose partner’s information was inconsistent with stereotype. The result suggests that partner’s information may have unexpected influence on participants’ performance. This article also discusses the results, explains the limitations and offers suggestions for future research.

本研究旨在於觀察對話者之間的熟悉度對於外語學習者的語言影響。溝通互動性質的作業能提供語言學習者機會來對話；然而，很少有學者研究對話者之間的社會層面對於溝通互動的影響。在此研究中，實驗對象是一群台灣的高一生，程度介於全民英檢初級和中級之間，他們依彼此間熟悉程度的調查而分成19個熟悉組和不熟悉組，並進行三種不同性質的溝通作業，再分別計算negotiation for meaning，language-related episodes，和recasts的使用次數。量化分析的結果顯示對話者之間的熟悉度並沒有造成以上三種溝通特性的顯著性差異，唯有在作業類型中有顯著性差異。但質性研究發現由於權力關係帶來的張力，對話者間的熟悉度會因著面子的考量而造成互動模式的些微差異，對於學習者的情意層面、投入程度和溝通策略的使用產生一定的影響。此結果將對於語言課室中配對練習有重要的教學啟示。 / The purpose of this paper is to observe how the interlocutors' familiarity influences the language produced by EFL (English as a foreign language) students. It is widely argued that communicative language tasks may provide learners with opportunities to manipulate and modify their language productions, which in turn helps learners develop their target language. However, few studies concern the social dimension of interlocutors in task-based interactions. In this study, some senior high school English learners in Taiwan were divided into 19 familiar and 19 unfamiliar pairs. Every dyad was engaged in the picture differences task, the describe-and-draw task, and the discussion task. Negotiation for meaning, language-related episodes, and recasts viewed as crucial to second language acquisition (SLA) were interactional features used for quantitative analysis. The results showed that interlocutor’s familiarity had no significant effect; only in task types did the researcher find discernable differences. Opposed to such negative results, the qualitative analyses showed a divergence of interactional patterns due to the face issue resulting from social dynamics. Learners’ interloctutors’ familiarity, which may impact learners’ affective domain and conversational strategy use, may bring some pedagogical implications for pair work in second language classroom teaching.