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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

考量信用風險下之海外可轉債評價 / Pricing Euro-Convertible Bonds with Credit Risk

吳岱恩, Wu, Tai En Unknown Date (has links)
鑒於近年全球海外可轉換公司債發行檔數大增,然而以此商品為研究主題的文獻並不多,於是決定以此為研究目標。   影響海外可轉換公司債的價格因素包括股票價格、匯率、國內利率、國外利率和發行公司的違約機率,因此可買回、可賣回海外可轉換公司債是一個複雜的商品,而評價也較為困難。本文採用三維度二項樹和最小平方蒙地卡羅法建立評價海外可轉債的數值模型。為了更貼近真實世界,本文考量各變數間相關性和動態信用風險;另外,為了使評價更為精準,於股價過程中加入跳躍過程。   本文將模型運用至兩檔台灣公司所發行的海外可轉債,發現理論價格傾向於高估,但是理論價格與市價極為接近,尤其當以最小平方蒙地卡羅法評價時。另外本文也針對發行條件和模型中各個變數作敏感度分析,其中重要的是發現股票波動度、股票與匯率間相關係數在海外可轉債評價中扮演重要的角色。 / The number of Euro-convertible bonds issued has highly increased in the early 2010s. However, the related literature is barely found. This paper studies the pricing models of this investment product. Euro-convertible bonds are complex instruments affected by the credit risk of the issuers, the dynamic process of stock prices, the term structure of the interest rate and the movement of the exchange rate in the same time. Accordingly, building the ECB pricing model is a hard work. This paper presents a model considering the dynamic credit risk and jump in stock price process to make valuation more precise. Another advantage of models in this paper is use of stochastic interest rates for both local and foreign so as to make the model more staying with the real world. The other advantage is taking the correlation between each random variables into account. For pricing the Euro-convertible bonds, the numerical methodologies used in this paper are three-dimension binomial tree and least squares Monte Carlo approach. For purpose of assessing the performance of the model, two Euro-convertible bonds issued by Taiwan companies are chosen as samples and the difference between the theoretical price and market price during its issue period are provided. The results demonstrate that in spite of pretty slight overestimation, the least squares Monte Carlo simulation does a better job. In addition, this paper performs several kinds of sensitivity analysis to have in-depth understanding about the models. The consequence shows that the volatility of a stock return and the correlation between stock and exchange rate play a central role in ECB valuations.
72

我國票券金融公司符合BASELⅡ量化要求之比較研究-以華票為例

蕭長榮, Hsiao, Chang-Jung Unknown Date (has links)
本研究利用問卷方式及訪談蒐集票券金融公司符合新巴塞爾資本協議量化要求之風險管理制度及量化技術,首先就新舊巴塞爾資本協定對量化要求之演變做比較分析,再藉由相關文獻之搜集與探討,來了解風險管理制度之實務架構,就金融服務業經營業務所面臨風險之管理過程及各類風險衡量方式、理論及實務進展做探討。其次對票券金融公司經營概況及風險管理方式作敘述及說明。再次,將就國內票券金融公司自行掲露及評等機構揭露之風險管理制度、管理方式佐以訪談內容做研究,期以了解國內票券金融公司(含個案票券金融公司)風險管理現況及有待改善之處,俾供票券金融公司未來改善風險管理機制及量化技術符合新巴塞爾資本協議量化要求之參考。 華票因應Basel Ⅱ量化要求方面,簡言之,在風險管理制度上除未將風險與績效結合考量外,基本上已符合未來標準法所需之監理規定,但在量化技術上,信用風險之內部信用評等法尚無符合BASEL Ⅱ量化要求之方法學可與外部評等機構之評級作一合理對照,量化技術相當不足,目前擬先觀摩金融同業作法,再作改善,至於市場風險方面,目前評價進度除有市價依市價者外,不具高度流動性現貨商品而無市價者,係採具流動性債券之市場利率,依被評價債券之屬性酌予對信用風險及流動性風險加碼,或以插補法方式估算後反推其市價;對於衍生性及結構性金融商品,現況下並無能力逐一合理評價,目前正委由業界專家培訓中,最終仍希望能以風險值法來估算整體交易之VaR值,但預估最快在一、二年之後才有建置之可能。流動性風險之衡量及監控上尚符Basel Ⅱ要求之內涵,但與作業風險一樣,均欠缺更進階之量化技術,有待加強。 多數票券金融公司在走向風險量化之實際運作前,仍存在下列主要缺失: 1.在符合新巴塞爾資本協定信用風險之量化要求方面:部分票券金融公司雖已建立集團企業及個別授信戶之內部信用評等等級,但此內部評等等級設計背後之方法學未見揭露,該等級之違約機率、違約風險額、違約損失率之資料,除中國信託票正配合其母金控公司積極蒐集外,各家票券金融公司均尚未有系統之蒐集及整理,不符合新巴塞爾資本協定量化要求。違約機率、違約損失率及違約曝險額等資料庫之蒐集不易或有所欠缺也是原因之一。 2.在市價評估方面,釘住市價是估算金融性交易部位未實現損益之基石。部份票券金融公司坦承在衍生性商品之評價及量化技術上並不高明,但也不願意隨意購置套裝軟體,因為外購軟體無法取得程式原始碼,對該套裝軟體之設計原理無從了解,更無從指出有無瑕疵。但也有部分業者,傾向購置軟體解決燃眉之急但對於評價合理性並無十足把握,唯一好處是相關參數之說明可獲軟體廠商之支援,較易取得監理機關之認可。部分票券金融公司目前店頭市場金融商品之評價,如:除利率交換、債券選擇權係購買套裝軟體使用外,很多均無法透過套裝軟體評價者,均洽由交易對手或委由評價能力較成熟之券商或銀行提供,這也曝露票券金融公司評價能力不足之缺失,易使交易對手賺取評價能力不足之價差。 3.在選擇權市場風險之量化計算上,目前票券金融公司都採標準法中之簡易法,而居於交易商之立場,對選擇權之多空部位均有涉入,選擇權交易金額早已超出或迫近監理機關須提升量化技術之要求,故最近有不少票券金融公司擬改採Delta-plus法,但只有一家花費半年時間才獲監理機關同意,且該票券公司係使用路透社kondor+軟體,由此可見票券金融公司欠缺風險量化人才及量化技術之嚴重性。 4.在量化下方市場風險方面,如VaR模型之建置,也發現採用自有模型法,在估計市場風險,須符合監理機關所謂的「質的標準」、「量的標準」、「市場風險因子(參數)之規格」等之規定。顯然,此類量化技術須由前、中、後檯人員與資訊人員共同合作方能達成,也亟須量化人才方能協助完成。 5.欠缺資本配置與績效評估管理:各票券金融公司現行風險管理制度除前述在衡量信用、市場風險之量化模型方法上都未揭露,並不符合量化管理之潮流趨勢外,對於績效之衡量亦未提及。 6.部份票券金融公司尚未設有專責風險管理單位,交易人員與風險人員尚未分離,這也不符新巴塞爾資本協議量化要求之精神。 針對票券金融公司風險管理制度並未能符合新巴塞爾資本協定量化要求之缺失提出建議如后: 1.建議應建置獨立運作執行的風險管理部門,最好直接隸屬於董事會,以符合新巴塞爾資本協定量化要求之精神。或由最高管理階層負責或指派具代表性人員〈如總經理〉統籌建置整體風險管理制度,宣示或凸顯董事會或最高管理階層之高度重視。 2.建議可由董事會在風險管理制度中加入落日條款,明訂一定期間後須採行某一量化風險之方法及曝險量化資訊,以迫使各票券公司經理部門朝此目標努力。 3.交易部門及風險管理部門須自行培養或擁有高素質專業人才,最好具有財務工程或財務金融背景,並能自行撰寫簡單程式之人才,方能確實掌握可能的之風險,不致因誤用模型或不瞭解模型之限制而誤算或錯誤評價。 4.建議集全體票券金融公司之力,相互交換個別違約資訊及已公開之財務資訊,擴大樣本庫,減少建置成本,共同發展基本之信用風險量化方法或模型,再自行依個別需求加以擴展。同理,亦可運用於市場風險值之量化,集眾人之力,可節省建置及學習之成本、期間,共同培養及提升量化能力。 5.建議全體票券金融公司宜儘速在風險管理制度加入績效之衡量,落實風險調整後之績效管理,藉以協助票券金融公司有效配置各風險產生單位之風險資本。 6.為配合量化資訊之建置,建議票券金融公司應檢視目前之軟、硬體資訊系統是否足以確保並滿足未來可能的風險管理功能之需求,預作必要之更新規畫。 7.建議可由票券公會出面或透過台灣金融研訓院或證券期貨基金會邀請金融商品評價之學者或專家指導,當可提升整體票券金融公司之金融商品合理評價能力。 為符合新巴塞爾資本協定之量化要求,對監理機關的建議如後: 1.建請監理機關儘速提供業界致力於量化風險管理之誘因,如允諾開放具有利基性之新種業務供有能力可進行量化風險管理之票券金融公司承作,當可以鼓勵業者提升量化技術。 2.透過票券金融公會出面,根據各票券公司之共同實際需求,延聘具專精量化技術之博士及學者或專家與業者合作,由淺而深的實地建置或共同開發不同風險之基本量化模型,再由個別業者針對其不同風險管理需求自行擴展該基本模型,全面提升票券金融公司之量化技術,既可節省成本,亦可在實作中培養風險量化人才。 3.為要求業者加強揭露其風險管理資訊,應比照93年版之「銀行年報應記載事項準則」之第7、8及21條之相關規定,修訂「票券金融公司年報應記載事項準則」,詳實揭露其質化及量化之風險管理資訊,間接促使各票券金融公司提高其風險管理透明度,激發量化技術落後之票券業者力求改善,進而提升整體票券金融公司之量化風險管理能力。 4.為協助票券金融公司盡速向監理機構申請運用進階之市場內部模型法及信用內部評等法,監理機構應與票券金融公司共同參予研討,縮短認知差距,明確規定監理評估各項不同風險進階法量化之審理標準,供業界朝此目標努力。
73

固定期信用違約交換之評價與避險分析

陳俊豪 Unknown Date (has links)
固定期信用違約交換(Constant Maturity Credit Default Swap)是移轉固定年期信用違約交換信用價差(CDS Spread)變動風險的信用衍生性金融商品,目前僅Brigo(2005)以及Krekel and Wenzel(2006)探討固定期信用違約交換的評價,也各自推導出近似封閉解,但對於相關參數之估計以及避險參數並沒有涉及,因此本研究將利用歷史資料估計Krekel and Wenzel(2006)評價公式中的參數,讓評價模型更加完備,並求算避險參數,提供發行商與投資人避險資訊。 本文利用目前信用違約交換(Credit Default Swap)市場中各到期日流動性較高的美國Eastman Kodak Company公司債作為標的物,發行一檔固定期信用違約交換,並利用現有市場資訊估計模型中的參數。在避險實證上,本文利用標的物債券信用價差曲線的變動,對固定期信用違約交換契約價值以及五年期及十年期信用違約交換契約價值的影響,建構了一個避險投資組合,使得避險後總投資組合價值波動減少。 / Constant Maturity Credit Default Swap (CMCDS) is one of the credit derivatives, whose function is to circumvent the fluctuating risk of CDS Spread. Brigo (2005) and Krekel and Wenzel (2006) focused on not only probing into the evaluation of the CMCDS but also deriving the approximated closed-form solution in their recent research separately. However, they seldom concern the hedging approach and the estimated parameters of pricing model, which could be major variable in the measurement. This paper is aiming to calculate the history data of hazard rate to estimate the parameters by using the formula from Krekel and Wenzel (2006) and compute the hedging approach of the pricing model to make it become more complete and provide the hedging information for both financial institutions and investors. By using the corporation bond of Eastman Kodak Company which with higher liquidity and various maturity as the main reference asset to issue a CMCDS and utilizing the current available market data to estimate the parameters of the pricing model to evaluate the value of the product, I find that the various credit spread curve of reference bond will influence the value of CDS and CMCDS and try to structure a hedging portfolio to eliminate the fluctuation of the product.
74

公司信用風險之衡量 / Corporate credit risk measurement

林妙宜, Lin, Miao-Yi Unknown Date (has links)
論文名稱:公司信用風險之衡量 校所組別:國立政治大學金融研究所 畢業時間:九十年度第二學期 提要別:碩士學位論文提要 研究生:林妙宜 指導教授:陳松男博士 論文提要及內容: 信用風險一直是整體金融環境非常重要的一環,銀行授信、商業交易、投資評估,都會對信用風險做仔細的研究與評估。本論文以台灣的公司為樣本,採用會計財務比率與股票價格,主要兩項反映公司體質的資訊,建構信用風險模型,期望能提供台灣公司信用風險衡量上,公正而有效的指標。 以財務比率為基礎的區別分析模型,選取變數為獲利能力指標的常續性EPS、現金流量指標的現金流量對負債、成長率指標的盈餘成長率、償債能力指標的負債比率,與經營能力指標的平均收帳天數,這五項財務比率涵蓋企業繼續經營與財務狀況的各個層面。區別分析模型在財務危機前一年可達正確分類率91.67%。 以股票市場價格為基礎的選擇權模型,可由每日之股票價格求算出預期違約機率,將市場對公司價值的衡量轉化為信用風險的程度,能即時掌握公司體質的變化,做出適當之因應。 關鍵字:信用風險、財務危機、會計資訊、財務比率、區別分析、股票價格、選擇權模型、預期違約機率 / Title of Thesis: Corporate Credit Risk Measurement Name of Institute: Graduate Institute of Money and Banking, NCCU Graduate Date: June, 2002 Name of Student: Lin, Miao-Yi Advisor: Dr. Chen, Son-Nan Abstract: Credit Risk has been the great concern in the financial market. Before the bank grants a loan or the company makes deals and investment, they first consider the credit risk of the conterparty. The empirical study tries to construct the credit risk models based on the public firms in Taiwan. Using financial ratios and stock prices, the two main sources of corporate financial information, we expect to provide a fair and efficient indicator to measure the corporate credit risk in Taiwan. In the discriminant analysis based on accounting data, the model chooses five financial ratios that cover the corporate operation and financial situation. They are earnings per share, operating cash flow to total debt, equity substantial growth rate, and average days to accounts receivable. The discrimanant analysis model can accurately classify 91.67% of the data as being default or solvency one year before the financial distress. In the option pricing model based on stock prices, the expected default probability can be solved by daily stock prices. In this model, how the market values the firm is turned into the level of credit risk, which can help us catch the changes of corporate soundness and make proper responses. Keywords: Credit Risk, Financial Distress, Accounting Data, Financial Ratio, Discrimanant Analysis, Stock Prices, Option Pricing Model, Expected Default Probability
75

選擇權與信用衍生性商品之研究 / Essays on Options and Credit Derivatives

傅瑞彬, Fu, Jui Pin Unknown Date (has links)
本研究分為兩個部份,第一部份提出評價選擇權時,應考慮加價利益(Mark-Up Interest)的觀點,第二部份則提出信用違約交換選擇權的新評價模型。 在第一部份,所謂加價利益是指選擇權賣方為彌補採取避險組合後仍可能發生的損失而向選擇權買方收取的風險補償。本研究的方法是將選擇權市價拆解成理論公平賭局價格與加價利益,建立包含加價利益、買賣權平價理論、隱含標的價格與猜測波動度的選擇權評價模型,解決隱含波動度微笑(implied volatility smile)所帶來模型內部不一致的問題。在建立各種情境條件下之加價利益後,可用來評估選擇權市價的合理性,以提升買賣雙方對市價的合理判斷,有利於風險管理者進行選擇權之造市操作與避險。本研究經由對台指選擇權(TXO)的實證結果發現:加價利益受到距到期交易日、價況程度(moneyness)及猜測波動度的影響。 第二部份所提出之信用違約交換選擇權的新評價模型則是延伸Schonbucher ( 2000, 2003, 2004 )、Brigo ( 2004, 2005a, 2005b, 2006 )、Brigo & Mercurio ( 2006 )、Brigo & Morini ( 2005 )、Jamshidian ( 2004 ) 與Wu ( 2006 ) 的研究,以市場上交易之各年期信用違約交換之商品所導出之費率期間內之各單期( single tenor )遠期信用違約交換率之費率端價值做為計價資產,假設各單期遠期違約交換率為對數常態分配下,可以將信用違約交換選擇權拆解為由各單期加總之違約交換選擇權,應用在投資銀行發行許多相同標的但不同起始日、不同到期日之一系列信用違約交換選擇權( CDS options )時,可以具有評價簡易的優勢,吻合各期間之信用市場狀況,避免套利機會,並能運用信用違約交換( CDS ),增進避險與管理信用風險之技術。 / This thesis is composed of two parts. The first part is the standpoint of the “Mark-Up Interest” on options. The second part is the new model about pricing and hedging on credit default swap options. In the first part, the Mark-Up Interest is regarded as the reward on the hedging portfolio to compensate for possible losses. For presenting this, options market prices are decomposed into the fair-game options prices and the Mark-Up Interests. The options pricing model formed with the Mark-Up Interest, put-call parity, implied underlying price, and guessed volatility is used to solve the internal inconsistence caused by the implied volatility smiles. Therefore, the justness of the options market prices could be estimated with the Mark-Up Interests under different scenarios. The result will help the risk manager to do market making and hedging. The empirical results based on the Options on Taiwan Stock Exchange Weighted Stock Index (TXO) in this paper are as follows: The trading days to expiry, moneyness, and guessed volatility are the factors affecting the Mark-Up Interests. The second part of this thesis extends the research on Schonbucher ( 2000, 2003, 2004 ), Brigo ( 2004, 2005a, 2005b, 2006 ), Brigo & Mercurio ( 2006 )、Brigo & Morini ( 2005 ), Jamshidian ( 2004 ) and Wu ( 2006 ). We use the fee leg of the single tenor forward credit default swap rate ( tenor CDS rate ) as numeraire. Under the lognormal distribution assumption on the tenor CDS rate, we decompose a credit default swap option into the sum of tenor CDS options. The result can be used by investment banks to manage credit risk when their derivative book consists of different start-date and end-date CDS options. In addition, our result shows that CDS can be used to hedge against the risk of CDS options. The proposed method helps improve the techniques of hedging and managing credit risk.
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金融控股公司風險管理之實務運作-以J金控公司為例

楊敦仁, Yang, Tun Jen Unknown Date (has links)
自從美國於1999年11月通過金融現代化法案(Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act),排除銀行不得兼營證券及銀行控股公司不得兼營保險業務之規定,准許原銀行控股公司可申請改制為金融控股公司,並以此金融控股公司來經營銀行、證券及保險業務後,我國為尋求國內金融機構能與國際接軌,順應國際金融集團跨業經營之趨勢,遂於2000年通過「金融機構合併法」及「銀行法部分條文修正案」,隨後再於2001年6月26、27日通過包括「金融控股公司法」等之金融六法,期望透過金融機構間之合併與成立金融控股公司,整合銀行、證券、保險、票券等金融相關產業擴大金融機構之規模,透過金融控股公司之跨業平台來滿足客戶之需求,發揮金融資源整合之綜效(Synergy),進而得以提升競爭力與獲利能力。 然而,本國金融控股公司自成立以來發展至今,有關金融控股公司之風險管理之組織、功能與執掌,除了金管會發布之「金融控股公司內部控制及稽核制度實施辦法」之第11條、第12條及第13條,規範金控須訂定適當之風險管理政策與程序,建立獨立有效風險管理機制、應設置獨立之專責風險控管單位,並定期向董事會提出風險控管報告及風險控管機制應包括之內容等原則性規範外,並未有其他較為詳盡之法令或可遵循之規範。 本論文以個案金融控股公司之實務運作為探討,期望可提供國內金融控股公司風險管理之運行之參考,吾人從此次2007及2008次貸風暴所形成之2008世紀金融大海嘯,亦可深知風險管理之重要性,金融機構之風險管理就如同蓋一棟大樓一樣,風險管理之制度與機制是該大樓之鋼樑與鋼柱,每個樓地板是金融機構之各項業務,而串連各樓層之樓梯或電梯為風險管理與各業務部門間之溝通管道,但要大樓不倒,重點在於地基的扎實與穩固,而此大樓之地基即是所謂的「風險管理文化」,透過該地基穩固的支撐每個鋼樑鋼柱及樓地板,才能有效防止並保護大樓能夠屹立不搖。因此,重視風險管理文化之深耕,建立金融機構全員之共識與確實遵循,乃是保有地位與安全之不二法門。
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跳躍擴散模型下固定比例債務債券評價,風險構面及避險分析 / The Pricing, Credit Risk Decomposition and Hedging Analysis of CPDO Under The Jump Diffusion Model

王聖元, Wang , Sheng Yuan Unknown Date (has links)
信用衍生性商品在市場上交易漸趨熱絡,創新速度更是一日千里,市場上琳琅滿目的信用衍生性商品,投資人要如何審慎客觀評估風險後再檢視自身能承擔的風險後投資,諸如此類的議題在近幾年備受關注。尤其在2007金融海嘯之後,所有信用衍生性產品也無一倖免,信用評等公司對信用衍生性產品的評價,也備受挑戰,因此,辨識風險以及驅避風險在後金融海嘯時期,已是一刻不容緩之待解決問題。固定比例債務債券(Constant Proportion Debt Obligations; CPDO)亦是金融海嘯前一年所發明的創新信用衍生性商品,由於其高收益特性以及強調極低投資風險,吸引了許多投資人爭相購買,但金融海嘯時期,也是付之一炬。為了使投資人更了解此商品的風險,本研究運用在跳躍擴散模型假設下,存在封閉解的雙出場障礙式選擇權複製此商品的風險因子,並且為了描述此商品具有動態調整槓桿的時間相依(Time Dependent)性質,加入了蒙地卡羅模擬法,捕捉任意時點上,投資人面臨的風險,將風險因子拆解選擇權後,也更能讓投資人能以投資選擇權的知識運用到此商品來操作。最後,為了使投資人趨避諸如金融海嘯時期的風險,本研究也用選擇權的Delta 避險策略,替商品虛擬一現貨市場,並模擬出其避險之績效。 / The increasing trading volumes and innovative structures of credit derivatives have attracted great academic attention in the quantification and analysis of their complex risk characteristics. The pricing and hedging issues of complex credit structuers after the 2009 financial crisis are especially vital, and they present great challegens to both the academic community and industry practitioners. Constant Proportion Debt Obligations (CPDOs) are one of the new credit-innovations that claim to provide risk-adverse investors with fixed-income cash flows and minimal risk-bearing, yet the cash-outs events of such products during the crisis unfolded risk characteristics that had been unseen to investors. This research focuses on the pricing risk quantification, and dynamic hedging issues of CPDOs under a Levy jump diffusion setting. Based on decomposing the product's risk structure, we derive explicit closed-form solutions in the form of time-dependent double digital knock-out barrier options. This enables us to explore, in terms of the associated hedging greeks, the embeded risk characteristics of CPDOs and propose feasible delta-netral strategies that are feasible to hedge such products. Numerical simulations are subsequently performed to provide benchmark measures for the proposed hedging strategies.
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評估極值相依組合信用風險之有效演算法 / Efficient Algorithms for Evaluating Portfolio Credit Risk with Extremal Dependence

施明儒, Shih,Ming Ju Unknown Date (has links)
蒙地卡羅模擬是在組合信用風險的管理上相當實用的計算工具。衡量組合信用風險時,必須以適當的模型描述資產間的相依性。常態關聯結構是目前最廣為使用的模型,但實證研究認為 t 關聯結構更適合用於配適金融市場的資料。在本文中,我們採用 Bassamboo et al. (2008) 提出的極值相依模型建立 t 關聯結構用以捕捉資產之間的相關性。同時,為增進蒙地卡羅法之收斂速度,我們以 Chiang et al. (2007) 的重要性取樣法為基礎,將其拓展到極值相依模型下,並提出兩階段的重要性取樣技巧確保使用此方法估計一籃子信用違約時,所有模擬路徑均會發生信用事件。數值結果顯示,所提出的演算法皆達變異數縮減。而在模型自由度較低或是資產池較大的情況下,兩階段的重要性取樣法將會有更佳的估計效率。我們也以同樣的思路,提出用以估計投資組合損失機率的演算法。雖然所提出的演算法經過重要性取樣的技巧後仍無法使得欲估計的事件在所有模擬路徑下都會發生,但數值結果仍顯示所提出的方法估計效率遠遠優於傳統蒙地卡羅法。 / Monte Carlo simulation is a useful tool on portfolio credit risk management. When measuring portfolio credit risk, one should choose an appropriate model to characterize the dependence among all assets. Normal copula is the most widely used mechanism to capture this dependence structure, however, some emperical studies suggest that $t$-copula provides a better fit to market data than normal copula does. In this article, we use extremal depence model proposed by Bassamboo et al. (2008) to construct $t$-copula. We also extend the importance sampling (IS) procedure proposed by Chiang et al. (2007) to evaluate basket credit default swaps (BDS) with extremal dependence and introduce a two-step IS algorithm which ensures credit events always take place for every simulation path. Numerical results show that the proposed methods achieve variance reduction. If the model has lower degree of freedom, or the portfolio size is larger, the two-step IS method is more efficient. Following the same idea, we also propose algorithms to estimate the probability of portfolio losses. Althought the desired events may not occur for some simulations, even if the IS technique is applied, numerical results still show that the proposed method is much better than crude Monte Carlo.
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信用違約機率之預測─Robust Logitstic Regression

林公韻, Lin,Kung-yun Unknown Date (has links)
本研究所使用違約機率(Probability of Default, 以下簡稱PD)的預測方法為Robust Logistic Regression(穩健羅吉斯迴歸),本研究發展且應用這個方法是基於下列兩個觀察:1. 極端值常常出現在橫剖面資料,而且對於實證結果往往有很大地影響,因而極端值必須要被謹慎處理。2. 當使用Logit Model(羅吉斯模型)估計違約率時,卻忽略極端值。試圖不讓資料中的極端值對估計結果產生重大的影響,進而提升預測的準確性,是本研究使用Logit Model並混合Robust Regression(穩健迴歸)的目的所在,而本研究是第一篇使用Robust Logistic Regression來進行PD預測的研究。 變數的選取上,本研究使用Z-SCORE模型中的變數,此外,在考慮公司的營收品質之下,亦針對公司的應收帳款週轉率而對相關變數做了調整。 本研究使用了一些信用風險模型效力驗證的方法來比較模型預測效力的優劣,本研究的實證結果為:針對樣本內資料,使用Robust Logistic Regression對於整個模型的預測效力的確有提升的效果;當營收品質成為模型變數的考量因素後,能讓模型有較高的預測效力。最後,本研究亦提出了一些重要的未來研究建議,以供後續的研究作為參考。 / The method implemented in PD calculation in this study is “Robust Logistic Regression”. We implement this method based on two reasons: 1. In panel data, outliers usually exist and they may seriously influence the empirical results. 2. In Logistic Model, outliers are not taken into consideration. The main purpose of implementing “Robust Logistic Regression” in this study is: eliminate the effects caused by the outliers in the data and improve the predictive ability. This study is the first study to implement “Robust Logistic Regression” in PD calculation. The same variables as those in Z-SCORE model are selected in this study. Furthermore, the quality of the revenue in a company is also considered. Therefore, we adjust the related variables with the company’s accounts receivable turnover ratio. Some validation methodologies for default risk models are used in this study. The empirical results of this study show that: In accordance with the in-sample data, implementing “Robust Logistic Regression” in PD calculation indeed improves the predictive ability. Besides, using the adjusted variables can also improve the predictive ability. In the end of this study, some important suggestions are given for the subsequent studies.
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在序列相關因子模型下探討動態模型化投資組合信用風險 / Dynamic modeling portfolio credit risk under serially dependent factor model

游智惇, Yu, Chih Tun Unknown Date (has links)
獨立因子模型廣泛的應用在信用風險領域,此模型可用來估計經濟資本與投資組合的損失率分配。然而獨立因子模型假設因子獨立地服從同分配,因而可能會得到估計不精確的違約機率與資產相關係數。因此我們在本論文中提出序列相關因子模型來改進獨立因子模型的缺失,同時可以捕捉違約率的動態行為與授信戶間相關性。我們也分別從古典與貝氏的角度下估計序列相關因子模型。首先,我們在序列相關因子模型下利用貝氏的方法應用馬可夫鍊蒙地卡羅技巧估計違約機率與資產相關係數,使用標準普爾違約資料進行外樣本資料預測,能夠證明序列相關因子模型是比獨立因子模型合理。第二,蒙地卡羅期望最大法與蒙地卡羅最大概似法這兩種估計方法也使用在本篇論文。從模擬結果發現,若違約資料具有較大的序列相關與資產相關特性,蒙地卡羅最大概似法能夠配適的比蒙地卡羅期望最大法好。 / The independent factor model has been widely used in the credit risk field, and has been applied in estimating the economic capital allocations and loss rate distribution on a credit portfolio. However, this model assumes independent and identically distributed common factor which may produce inaccurate estimates of default probabilities and asset correlation. In this thesis, we address a serially dependent factor model (SDFM) to improve this phenomenon. This model can capture both dynamic behavior of default risk and dependence among individual obligors. We also address the estimation of the SDFM from both frequentist and Bayesian point of view. Firstly, we consider the Bayesian approach by applying Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques in estimating default probability and asset correlation under SDFM. The out-of-sample forecasting for S&P default data provide strong evidence to support that the SDFM is more reliable than the independent factor model. Secondly, we use two frequentist estimation methods to estimate the default probability and asset correlation under SDFM. One is Monte Carlo Expectation Maximization (MCEM) estimation method along with a Gibbs sampler and an acceptance method and the other is Monte Carlo maximum likelihood (MCML) estimation method with importance sampling techniques.

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