本研究旨在探討中華育幼機構兒童關懷協會(CCSA)結合企業進行募款之募款策略、募款合作模式與募款合作關係。非營利組織與企業結合的合作夥伴關係，可創造更多的社會福利，亦是政府仰賴的重要夥伴。發展跨組織的合作關係，讓社會資源被充分運用，藉以順利推動各種社會計畫方案。本文透過文獻分析與深度訪談的方式，呈現中華育幼機構兒童關懷協會在實務運作上與企業進行募款合作之策略、模式與合作關係所反映之特色與問題，嘗試提出對個案及後續研究之建議與改進之道。 本研究個案選擇對象係以關懷失家兒童之中華育幼機構兒童關懷協會為主，探討該協會與企業合作募款之實務經驗，對於其他領域的非營利組織難以含括全貌，因此，未來尚須進行更廣泛之研究與探討。然本研究探討非營利組織結合企業進行募款，跳脫雙方贊助與受領導的傳統關係，藉由個案豐富的實務經驗分析，嘗試提出非營利組織結合企業募款合作具體之道、可運用的募款合作模式、募款合作關係的經營及合作所創造的社會影響與價值。

本研究之研究目的為以「經濟弱勢兒童」為對象、「學校生活經驗」為範疇，試圖「由兒童個體本身」出發，探究經濟弱勢兒童的學校生活經驗（對學校的態度、人際適應、學習適應、常規適應及自我概念情形），期能穿透經驗地了解經濟弱勢兒童的想法與感受，由其立場、角度體察其在教育歷程中的需要，以提供教育工作者及福利政策實務更多來自經濟弱勢兒童本身的觀點。 本研究採「質性研究方法」與「個案研究方法」，以參與觀察為主，訪談與實物蒐集為輔，蒐集一位來自經濟弱勢家庭的國小高年級兒童的學校生活經驗相關資料。分析後依序呈現其在學校生活經驗的諸多面向—對學校的態度、人際適應、學業適應、常規適應及自我概念情形。 來自經濟弱勢家庭的故事主角，透過各種生理、行為及心理上的表現，表達對學校內畏懼事務的無力與恐懼，形成對學校「懼學、拒學」的態度。而長期遲到及未能持續上學，不只影響了她的學習表現，更使其從班級活動中漸漸被排除，尤其當老師視其為特殊分子而以標準外的態度相待，即使是出自善意，卻使弱勢者的處境更形孤立，同儕對其弱勢身分的烙印更加強烈，班級裡的「社會排除」使其由主流分離，面臨了更加邊緣的弱勢處境。然而，老師的愛心關懷、善意協助卻無助改善其學校生活，中產階級與經濟弱勢階級的價值差異及未經理解的企圖改變，致使師生間未能產生實質交流，本故事的主角依然朝氣蓬勃地拒絕上學。而逃避上學的結果則使其在學習上不得輪迴的永處失敗區，儘管在看似絕望的學習態度下，偶仍有學習動機，但面對強大、難以招架的習得無助感，幾乎使她喪失信心，失去勇氣，形成對上學無助又無奈的態度。在常規適應上，安份守己、「不會惹事」是她最引以為豪的事，然而所謂的安份守己、「盡量」不惹事卻也隱含了對同學欺侮和輕蔑態度的忍耐壓抑，及對學校或老師能主持正義或終止欺凌失去信心。此外，長期處於孤單、被排除及習得無助感的打擊，面對學校生活，她也出現抑鬱、自我貶抑的情況。 最後，除了對研究初衷的反省與思考，亦分別對教育實務與後續研究提出若干建議。在教育實務上，除設置「學校社會工作師」協助家庭、教師和學校整合地處理弱勢兒童問題外，亦可減輕教師教學事務負擔，以增進班級導師和經濟弱勢學生的互動品質，而教師亦應試以「轉化型知識份子」的角色，協助經濟弱勢兒童自我增能，並思考如何突破種種結構體制上的限制，創造一個可協助弱勢者「增能」的學習體制。在後續研究上，建議未來相關研究，可在理解之虞，更進一步探究學校場域中，教師和經濟弱勢兒童的師生關係、互動歷程及在互動歷程中如何協助其增能的可行策略，並對經濟弱勢兒童的街頭世界進行認識與理解。 / The purpose of this study is to explore the school experience (including attitude toward school, interpersonal adaptation, academic adaptation, regulation adaptation, and self-concept) of an economically disadvantaged child who is a high-grade elementary school student from a low-income family. Educators and welfare policy makers can refer to this study to better understand the outlook and feelings of children from similar backgrounds. This is a qualitative case study that uses participant observation as the main source of data, complemented by interviews and document analysis. After collecting the relevant information on this economically disadvantaged child, her school experience is presented in accordance with her attitude toward school, interpersonal adaptation, academic adaptation, regulation adaptation and self-concept. The character of this story expresses her powerlessness and fear in school physically, behaviorally and psychologically, and exhibits fear and unwillingness with respect to her studies. She is often tardy and is unable to attend school regularly. This not only affects her academic performance, but also results in that she is tending to be excluded from class activities by classmates, especially when the teacher gives her special treatment. By treating her differently, even if out of goodwill, the teacher is making her situation worse in that her classmates increasingly identify her as belonging to a “minority group”. In a sense, exclusion in the classroom is no different from social exclusion. Though teachers are willing to help, there is still no improvement in her school life. It seems that value differences between the middle class and the economically disadvantaged, as well as attempts to bring about change without fully understanding the circumstances in a student’s life, are not conducive to effective teacher-student communication. She is energetic, yet resists going to school and shows a poor academic performance. Even though she occasionally exhibits motivation for learning, the sense of helplessness she brings from home robs her of confidence in her schooling. In regulation adaptation, she takes pride in abiding by school rules and staying out of trouble. However, this implies that she might be enduring bullying from her classmates and that she lacks confidence in the ability of her teachers and her school to prevent it. Due to the resulting sense of isolation and helplessness, she exhibits depression and self-deprecation in her school life. In addition to a discussion on the original intent of this study, recommendations for educators and for future studies are also offered. In education practice, school social workers can help families, teachers and schools to collectively address the problems that disadvantaged children face. At the same time, we should lighten the burden on teachers and improve relationships between teachers and economically disadvantaged students. Furthermore, teachers should try to be “transformative intellectuals” who can empower these children, by considering methods that can surpass the limitations of contemporary institutions. In future studies, researchers may explore teacher-student relationships, interactive processes between teachers and economically disadvantaged children, as well as feasible strategies that can empower economically disadvantaged children. Another topic for future studies would also be to understand the street life of economically disadvantaged children.

世界上有一條路，最筆直也最曲折、最簡單也最艱難，叫做「回家」。這是一個關於渴望被愛、找尋與放下的故事。本劇希冀探討所謂的「你認為的好，不一定適合我」的概念。主角是一名患有氣喘的小女生，被雙親送到鄉下讓阿嬤照顧。她為了回家想盡各種方法，並在嘗試的過程中結識了一頭小鹿和孤僻的鄰居阿公。透過主角、小鹿及鄰居阿公三者間的互動，揭示了孩童的不安全感、動物的靈性及喪偶老人的孤獨等生命課題。 本文共分《回家的路》劇本、創作論述及附錄等三部分。創作論述中先說明故事發想歷程與創作背景，並回顧此劇探討面向的相關資料，包含兒童的安全感、老人的孤獨感及其與動物互動等；其次為劇本結構與人物研究，最後是創作心得與檢討。附錄則為相關電影介紹及分場大綱。 / There is one road in this world. It is the most straight and tortuous, the simplest and most difficult road – the road that takes us “home.” This story is about the desire to be loved, to search and to let go. The film script is hoping to explore the so-called “what is good to you may not mean the same to me” concept. It is about a little girl who suffers from asthma that her parents once took her to the countryside, and asked her grandma to take care of her. The little girl tried various ways to go home, and during the time she met a cute little deer and a solitary old neighbor. Through interaction among the little girl, the deer and the neighbor, the story reveals some life issues such as insecurity of children, spirituality of animals and loneliness among widowed elders. The thesis consists of three parts: the film script, literature review and appendixes. In the first part, the creative process and background of the story is mentioned, then to review on documents of children’s sense of security, loneliness of elders and the interaction between human and animal. Following with script organization and studies on characters, this thesis lastly presents the personal creation review and an overview of the script writing. Attached in the appendix is the introduction of related movies and outline plot.

本研究設計了一個結合遊戲性及新型互動體驗的英語學習輔助玩具，目的是將英語學習帶入學齡前兒童的戲水情境之中，兒童可透過與玩具遊戲的過程，達到英語學習歷程的催化。本研究開發之數位互動玩具，可藉由手與尾巴做出不同組合的動作，以及眼睛可以投射出燈光圖案表達不同情緒。並透過語音播放出故事中的單字與句子，再藉由以上的功能會組成不同的回饋。小朋友能用摸與說話的方式，在與玩具之間的遊戲過程中，達到產生興趣的效果。 現階段本研究探討使用者經驗的分析，若要分析小朋友的正式學習歷程，就必須先了解小朋友的動機和使用後的回饋，以讓未來學習歷程中的研究作為基礎。因此，基於認知心理學家的理論討論幼兒學習的歷程，以及為了得知如何設計適合的玩具給小朋友，本研究提出設計時的原則以及使用者經驗與使用性，建構出互動玩具的雛形。實驗評估對象共為8位3~5歲之兒童(第一階段7位，第二階段1位)，以觀察的方式紀錄實驗過程，利用開放式問題詢問小朋友的回饋，並以進行整理與分析。總結，研究成果為： 1. 互動學習體驗：將科技結合一般戲水玩具，透過觸摸及語音的互動方式產生動作、燈光圖案、聲音等回饋，從戲水互動過程中給予兒童新的互動學習體驗。 2. 學習與探索的動機：本研究依據Skinner的操作制約概念制定互動流程，玩具經實驗發現透過觸摸及口說的互動，產生了多元回饋刺激，包含故事內容及卡牌的配合，讓小朋友在遊戲過程中能自行探索內容並在過程中學習。 3. 使用者經驗與使用性分析：從使用性五項指標分析情緒起伏歷程紀錄及分析使用者經驗，發現玩具容易讓小朋友操作且記憶玩具提供之內容，整體使用性是高的。但相較於觸摸的互動方式，說話的互動方式會讓小朋友在操作上使用性較低。 互動玩具的設計製作：以UCD的設計思維建構互動玩具外型設計、人機互動方式及內容設計，並再以Arduino為主要載體建構模組化之設計。 / This study designed an English learning toy that combined the game and a new interactive experience. This aim is to integrate English learning into the context of preschoolers playing in water and use the interaction with the toy to promote the English learning process. In this study, the digital interactive toy we made that can make different combinations of action by using its hands and tail, project out the lighting patterns to express various emotions by its eyes, and play out the words and sentences of the story by the voice player. According to the above functions, the toy forms different ways of feedback. It is effective that children can develop an interest in the toy by the ways of touching and saying in the process of game playing. At present, this study explored the analysis of user experience, if we want to analysis the children's formal learning process, we must first understand the child's motivation and feedback after use, so that it can be a foundation of the learning process in the future. Thus, the study is based on the theory of cognitive psychologists that discussed the course of early childhood learning. In order to know how to design a suitable toy for preschoolers, this study built the prototype of the interactive toy through presenting the design principles and user experience and usability. The subjects were 8 preschoolers (3-5 years of age) enrolled in the study (7 subjects in the first stage and 1 subject in the third stage). Researcher recorded the experimental procedure by the way of observing, inquired the research subjects to get their feedback by opened questions, and then digested and analyzed to the conclusion. Summary, the results of this research are in the following: (1) Interactive learning experience: The combination of technology and the general water-playing toys. The digital interactive toy let preschoolers get a new interactive learning experience through the way of touching and speaking to emerge action, light patterns, sound and other feedback. (2) Learning motivation and exploration: Based on Skinner's operational control concept, the research has found that the toy stimulates a variety of feedback through touching and speaking of the interaction, including the story content and cards. The preschoolers in the course of the game can explore the content by themselves and learning during the process. (3) User experience and usability analysis: According to the use of five indicators to analyze the course of emotional change and user experience, the research has found that the toys easily to be operated by children and made them keep memory of the contents the toy provided. The overall use is high, however, compared to the interactive way of touching, the way of speaking is lower in the children’s operation. (4) Interactive toy design: The toy is based on UCD design thinking to construct interactive toy exterior design, human-computer interaction and content design. The main carrier is Arduino to build out the modular design.

在人際互動中，衝突幾乎是不可避免，常常發生的事，而衝突解決的策略是要經過學習才能得到。由於在孩子社會行為學習的過程中，母親扮演著重要的角色，因此本研究著重於了解母親教導的衝突解決策略及所使用的內容，是如何透過孩子的知覺而對其選擇衝突解決策略有所影響。在分別對三年級及六年級的孩子及其家長施測後，分析的結果顯示出：不同年級的孩子所選用的衝突解決策略有所不同。其不同在於三年級的孩子較六年級的孩子常使用行動權力及分離退讓的策略，較少使用語言權力的策略。母親在教導協商輪流､行動權力､語言權力時，對二個年級孩子的教導沒有任何的差異。只有在教導分離退讓及尋求幫助的策略時，較多的母親會教導三年級的孩子使用這二種策略。母親教導的策略對孩子選擇衝突解決策略的影響有二：(1)孩子正確的知覺到母親教導過的策略，形成一個與教導策略相對應的『母親希望我在衝突時使用此策略』的信念，而會選擇相對應的衝突解決策略。(2)孩子會主動的解釋母親教導的策略。母親教導策略時，所使用的內容對孩子的知覺有所影響，其影響在於當母親以對方心理感受為內容教導孩子尋求幫助的策略時，孩子較能正確的知覺到母親的教導。當母親以雙方關係為內容教導不同年級孩子相同的策略時，不同年級的孩子會知覺到不同的策略。 目 錄 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 動機與目的 1 第二節 名詞詮釋 6 第二章 文獻探討 9 第一節 衝突 9 第二節 母親教導對孩子社會行為的影響 19 第三節 研究架構 41 第四節 研究假設 43 第三章 研究方法 45 第一節 研究對象 45 第二節 研究工具 46 第三節 施測程序 60 第四章 研究結果 61 第一節 母親教導孩子衝突解決的策略 62 第二節 孩子對母親教導的認知 76 第三節 孩子衝突解決策略 98 第四節 總結 108 第五章 討論 121 第一節 孩子衝突解決策略的選擇及其發展趨勢 121 第二節 母親教導對孩子選擇衝突解決策略的影響 125 第三節 檢討及建議 152 參考文獻 157 附錄 附錄3-1 量表形式的確定 165 附錄3-2 孩子衝突解決量表 169 附錄3-3 母親在開放性問卷中反應的衝突解決策略 179 附錄3-4 母親對結構性問卷反應的衝突解決策略 185 附錄3-5 母親教導衝突解決量 189 附錄3-6 量表之再測信度 199 附錄4-1 交互作用事後考驗 205 表-附-4-1 影響孩子知覺到母親教導尋求幫助策略 的迴歸分析 205 附錄4-2 相關的交叉次數分配表 207 表-附-4-2-1 孩子在衝突中選擇的策略與孩子認為母 親希望他使用策略間的次數分配 207 表-附-4-2-2 孩子在衝突中所選擇的策略與母親希望 他使用策略間的次數分配 207 表-附-4-2-3 母親希望孩子使用的策略與孩子認為母 親希望他使用策略間的次數分配 207 圖 表 目 錄 表4-1 母親教導孩子要使用五種策略的考驗 63 表4-2 母親教導孩子不要使用五種策略的百分比及考驗 65 表4-3 母親教導孩子要使用五種策略時所告知的內容 67 表4-4 母親教導孩子不要使用五種策略時所告知的內容 71 表4-5 孩子知覺到母親所教導五種解決策略的百分比及卡方考驗 77 表4-6 孩子知覺到母親教導不要使用五種策略的百分比及卡方考驗 78 表4-7 孩子知覺到母親教導要使用策略的迴歸分析 82 表4-8 孩子知覺到母親教導不要使用策略的迴歸分析 85 表4-9 孩子知覺到母親教導策略的重要預測變項 88 表4-10 孩子知覺到母親希望他選擇解決策略的百分比 89 表4-11 影響孩子知覺到母親希望他使用解決策略的預測變項 91 表4-12 孩子認為母親希望他使用策略的重要預測變 97 表4-13 孩子在衝突中使用五種策略的百分比及卡方考驗 98 表4-14 孩子衝突時選擇解決策略分配 100 表4-15 孩子在突時選擇策略的回歸分析 104 表4-16 影響孩子使用衝突解決策略的總表 107 圖3-1 研究架構圖 42 圖4-1 協商輪流策略之圖示 109 圖4-2 語言權力策略之圖示 111 圖4-3 行動權力策略之圖示 112 圖4-4 分離退讓策略之圖示 114 圖4-5 尋求幫助策略之圖示 116 / Child conflicted with peers frequently. The relationships between children will be worse if one didn't have proper ways to resolve the conflict. Since the proper strategies were learned, it will be very interested to know how mothers' teaching influenced it. There were two purposes of this research. (1) To find out if the strategies that mother taught will influence children to select their strategies when they conflicted with their peers. The strategies , which this research focus on were: compromise, physical assertive, verbal assertive, withdraw and seeking for help. (2) To find out the effect of different inducing reasoning mother gave while teaching the strategies. The inducing reasoning were the outcomes of the strategies, which included concern about others' feeling, concern about the ongoing relationships and the teacher reaction orientation. 326 boys and 306 girls of third and sixth graders and their mothers participated. The results showed that different graders selected different strategies. Compare to sixth graders, there were more third graders selecting physical assertive and withdrawal strategies, while less third graders selecting verbal assertive strategies. The different choice made by two graders was not caused by the strategy mother taught differently. Mother taught all the children with the same strategies. However, the strategies mother taught impacted to children in two ways. (1) Children perceived the strategies what mother taught them, and formed a correspond belief. (2) Children will reconstruct all the strategies what mother taught and formed a new belief. No matter how the belief was formed, children will select a strategy according to the belief. Besides, the reason mother gave while teaching determined if children could perceive the strategies correctly. When mother gave the reasons of considering other's feeling, while teaching seeking help strategy, more children will perceive the strategy correctly. When mother gave the reasons of considering the relationships, while teaching children did not seek help in conflict, different grade students will perceive the strategies differently.

兒童的電視暴力行為模仿是存在的，常人由個人經驗和媒體的顯著個案報導對此現象建立表象的印證；而學者透過研究也證實電視暴力具有不良示範作用，和閱聽人─尤其是兒童─日常生活的攻擊行為脫離不了關係。但學界卻忽視了兒童的認知節目能力與電視暴力訊息的互動關係：兒童看過有暴力訊息的節目後，電視暴力訊息在兒童腦海裡會留下什麼印象；並進一步告訴常人如何扼止這些印象可能引起的不當後果。 　　本研究企圖應用故事基模理論於電視暴力訊息的研究，探討電視暴力訊息如何透過故事基模的運作，在兒童腦海中留下何種的印象。研究方法為場地實驗法配合問卷調查及深度訪談等多重方法設計。 　　研究發現，兒童的電視故事基模具有層級效果，愈上層回憶愈抽象。電視暴力訊息的高低和呈現方式，對兒童組織故事的方式沒有顯著的影響；但視覺呈現的高暴力訊息會使兒童對故事產生較多的推論；如果故事一開始就出現大量的高暴力畫面，則能強化兒童對故事開始情節的記憶。年齡和先備知識是有力的解釋變項。年長的、先備知識豐富的兒童電視故事基模較強，回憶數多、理解高、偏差少、推論多，顯見故事基模的形成一方面是自然的成熟因素，同時也受環境經驗因素的作用。 　　然而年幼兒童對於最易產生暴力訊息的反應和企圖事件的回憶數及詳細層次，與年長兒童無顯著差異，但對行為後果（施暴下場）記憶較簡略，可能因此產生施暴並無不可的解禁心理。此外，父母教育程度高、社會成績好、電視知識豐富的兒童故事基模亦較佳，尤其是男生可能因興趣使然，對本研究的故事記憶更好，且詳細記得反應和企圖事件。 　　根據研究發現，本研究建議未來電視暴力研究觀察互動情形、加強實驗設計、進行特定對象研究、進行長期研究；並對電視節目製作者提出加強故事張力減少暴力情節、不得不保留的暴力情節應淡化處理、發展電視識讀材料等實質建議。 / This study applied story schema theory to understand how children decoded the violent messages in television cartoon by a multi-method design. in-depth interviews were conducts with 60 subjects immediated after watching a TV cartoon with different violent level and media presented in a experiment. The same interviews were conducts again after one week. 　　The study demonstrate the 'effect level'in childern's TV story schema and find the top recall level is more abstract. No significant relationship between story schema and violence decoding were found, but visual-presented high violence may increase inferene and enhance memory on the beginning episode. These results correlated closely with age and story-relevant previous knowledge. Finally, the author make some suggestions to TV program producedr.

本研究旨在以回溯方式瞭解兒童過去的幼兒園經驗、家庭背景因素與兒童教育成就及其幼兒就學準備度之相關情形，並更進一步探討就學準備度對於目前學童在教育成就表現上的影響 本研究以問卷調查法進行研究，問卷調查樣本以立意取樣的方式選取臺北市文山區、萬華區與信義區之公立小學三年級兒童為研究對象，共387位，樣本回收162份，回收率為42%，可用樣本為133份，可用率為34%。研究工具主要分為三大部分，第一部分為瞭解兒童教育成就現況，分別使用兒童小三上學業成績與生活適應能力表現（自評問卷）做為替代指標；第二部份則以家長問卷的方式瞭解兒童個人與家庭背景現況；第三部份為蒐集兒童過去幼兒就學準備度的表現，使用兒童在小一上學期五個學習領域之成績做為替代指標。本研究所使用的統計方法包含描述性統計分析、交叉表（Crosstabs）與卡方檢定（Chi-square test）、皮爾森積差相關(Pearson’s product -moment correlation)、斯皮爾曼等級相關（Spearman's rank correlation）、t考驗（t- test）與多元階層迴歸分析(Multiple hierarchical regression analysis)方法進行分析。 根據分析結果歸納之結論如下： 一、過去就讀公私立幼兒園的兒童在教育成就表現上無顯著差異；二、就讀幼兒園年數與兒童教育成就無顯著相關；三、家庭社經地位與兒童學業成績有顯著正相關，與兒童生活適應能力則無顯著相關；四、小學時期家長參與與兒童教育無顯著相關情形，幼兒時期家長參與與兒童學業成績有顯著正相關，與兒童生活適應能力則無顯著相關；五、兒童教育成就與幼兒就學準備度有顯著正相關；六、「母親教育程度」、「幼兒就學準備度」與「生活適應能力」對兒童學業成績有顯著預測力，「學業成績」對兒童生活適應能力有顯著預測力；七、過去就讀公、私立幼兒園的兒童在幼兒就學準備度上無顯著差異；八、就讀幼兒園年數與幼兒就學準備度無顯著相關；九、家庭每月總收入與幼兒就學準備度有顯著正相關；十、幼兒時期家長參與與幼兒就學準備度有顯著正相關。 最後，本研究根據分析結果，俾供相關建議給家長、教育工作者、教育單位及未來欲從事相同主題之研究者。 / The main purpose of this study is to investigate children’s experience in kindergarten, their family’s background, educational achievements and school readiness by ex-post-factor research. This study tries to explore the relationship between children’s educational achievements and school readiness. By questionnaires investigation, researcher collects data from the third grade students in Wenshan, Wanhua, and Xinyi district in Taipei City. Out of 387 questionnaires handed out, 162 were returned, of which 29 were invalid or partially answered, resulting in a total of 133 effective surveys. There are three questionnaires in this study, including children’s educational achievements, parents’ socioeconomic background, and school readiness. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, Crosstabs, Chi-square test, Pearson’s product -moment correlation, Spearman's rank correlation, t- test, and multiple hierarchical regression analysis. Based on the statistics analysis of the questionnaire, the results of this study are as follow: A. There is no significant difference towards children’s educational achievements between public and private kindergarten. B. There is no significant correlation between children’s school year in kindergarten and children’s educational achievements. C. There is a significant and positive correlation between parent’s socioeconomic status and children’s academic achievement. D. There is a significant and positive correlation between parents’ participation in early childhood and children’s academic achievement. E. There is a significant and positive correlation between children’s educational achievements and school readiness. F. Mother’s education level, school readiness, and the ability of life adaptation are appropriate indicators in predicting children’s academic achievement. G. Children’s academic achievement is an appropriate indicator in predicting children’s ability of life adaptation. H. There is no significant difference towards school readiness between public and private kindergarten. I. There is no significant correlation between children’s school year in kindergarten and school readiness. J. There is a significant and positive correlation between family’s income and school readiness. K. There is a significant and positive correlation between parents’ participation in early childhood and school readiness.

本研究的目的為探究中文母子對話中，母親的互動風格與話題延續的關係。 研究問題為: (a)本研究中兩位母親的互動風格為何? (b)兩位孩童的話題延續表現有何不同? (c)母親的互動風格與話題延續有怎樣的互動關係? 研究語料為兩組親子互動的自然語料，各取三個小時，孩童的年紀約為三歲。研究結果顯示兩位母親的互動風格有所不同，分別屬於命令型和引誘型。 而小孩的在話題延續上表現則是相近，大多用回應母親問題的方式來延續話題並且能在不同的情境中提供新資訊。對兩組親子互動的探究顯示命令型的母親比較不會延續對話而經常改變話題，造成較短的話題片斷。引誘型的母親則較注重對話的延續且較少改變話題，造成較長的話題片斷。 / The purpose of the study is to investigate the interaction of the maternal interactional styles and topic maintenance in Mandarin mother-child conversational interaction. There are three research questions: (a) What are the mothers’ interactional styles in the current case? (b) What are the differences among children’s competences of topic maintenance? (c) How do the maternal interaction styles interact with topic maintenance in the conversational interactions? Naturally occurring conversations of two dyads' conversational interactions were adopted as the data and analyzed. Results suggested that while the two mothers differed in terms of their interactional styles, the two children showed nearly equal sophistication in terms of their topic-maintaining competences. Examinations of the two dyads' interactions also revealed that the directive mother was less interested in maintaining the conversations, changed topics more frequently, and maintained discourse topics for less turns. The conversation-eliciting mother paid more attention on maintaining of the conversations, change topics less frequently, and maintained discourse topics for much more turns.

繪本共讀對學前及低年級兒童而言，因可同時增加兒童閱讀的經驗以及閱讀能力，故十分受到重視。過去文獻亦指出成人與兒童進行繪本共讀，確實能促進兒童的讀寫萌發能力，惟成人運用何種策略的助益較大，尚未有結論。閱讀最重要的目的在理解，然過往繪本共讀研究的焦點主要集中於繪本共讀對聲韻覺識等解碼能力的效果，較少觸及繪本共讀對兒童理解能力的影響，更少討論推論理解等較高層次的理解歷程，是否會影響兒童在繪本共讀時的表現。 本研究旨在探究成人不同的共讀策略以及不同閱讀理解層次的內容，是否會對兒童繪本閱讀歷程產生影響？實驗一操弄提問式與評述式兩種共讀策略，並以眼動儀(Eye Tracker)觀察記錄大班與小一兒童在共讀繪本時的眼動表現。結果顯示提問式策略對大班兒童注視目標圖區的引導功能較評述式策略強，但評述式策略則較提問式策略更能引導兒童凝視目標字區。大班兒童在不同策略時的眼動與語音對應性，在不同區域的差異相反，顯示圖畫與文字兩種區域，在繪本閱讀的歷程中，可能扮演不同的角色、提供不同的訊息。 實驗二進一步將成人與兒童的互動內容分為文義與推論理解兩不同閱讀理解層次，討論不同的共讀策略及閱讀理解層次對小一兒童的繪本共讀是否有所影響。結果同樣發現提問式策略可引導兒童注視目標圖區，而評述式策略則有助兒童凝視目標字區。在不同閱讀理解層次的影響上，則發現推論理解層次時，評述組兒童注視目標圖區時間高於文義理解；而文義理解層次的內容，對引導提問與評述兩組兒童注視目標字區的幫助則高於推論理解層次。惟語音對應凝視時間的指標，反映出評述組兒童目標字區推論理解的對應凝視比例高於文義理解，與凝視時間比例之策略差異相反。 評述組兒童在推論理解層次的內容時，凝視目標圖區的時間比例顯著高於文義理解，在文字區域文義理解高於推論理解的差異亦達顯著，顯示不同層次的閱讀理解內涵，確實會影響兒童看圖看文的眼動表現，故推知圖畫與文字兩區域，其資訊本質並不相同。而推論理解在目標字區的語音對應凝視比例高於文義理解的結果，則代表推論理解較文義理解更能引導兒童在繪本共讀時的注意力，並有機會使兒童可整合圖畫與文字兩類資訊。 文獻指出單純聆聽成人唸誦繪本內容，不針對內容加以明確的引導與互動，並不會對兒童的讀寫萌發能力有顯著的幫助。本研究進一步發現成人運用提問與評述等不同策略，及不同閱讀理解層次的互動內容，可分別引導兒童注視繪本畫面上不同的區域，使兒童在閱讀歷程中獲取推論或文義理解所需之不同訊息。因此，進行繪本共讀的活動時，成人或教育工作者應選擇適合的互動策略、設計不同理解層次的互動內容，並依據不同的互動與教學目的交替使用，以使繪本共讀對兒童的閱讀理解歷程發揮最大的功效。 / Since benefits of shared book reading (SBR) to young children’s emergent literacy have been manifested, numerous studies have emphasized the advantage of SBR to children’s decoding ability (e.g. phonological awareness).Even though the most important purpose of reading is comprehension, research which focus on the effects of SBR to comprehension ability is still scarce, and especially so for studies which discuss the relationship between SBR and higher level comprehension ability (e.g. inferential comprehension). The influence of adult’s interactive strategies on children’s reading comprehension is also indistinct too. The present study investigated the effects of adults’ interactive strategies and comprehension levels of interactive content on children’s comprehension process during SBR, which was reflected by the eye movement data. Experiment 1 compared reading behaviors of preschool and first-grade children under question versus comment strategies. Experiment 2 explored the effects of comprehension level of adult’s interactive content and interactive strategies on first-graders. Results of experiment 1 and 2 revealed that the question strategy drew preschoolers’ attention to target picture area (critical for story comprehension), while the comment strategy guided it to word area. Moreover, children paid more attention to target picture area in the inferential condition than the literal one and the data on target word showed the opposite pattern. Results confirm that adults’ explicit references during SBR can attract children’s attention to different areas on shared book, and thus enhance respective aspects of the comprehension process. Therefore, using interactive strategies and interactive content with high comprehension level contribute more to children’s literacy and comprehension development than simply reading to them.

過去研究指出，親職壓力是造成兒童虐待的危險因子之一。本研究探討：親職壓力因應策略與親職同理心對管教行為的影響，或此兩變項是否能調節親職壓力對管教行為的影響，欲透過研究結果來加強兒童虐待的預防。本研究請每位受試者填寫五種量表，分別為：基本資料、親職同理心、親職壓力、親職壓力因應與親職衝突策略量表，利用零相關和階層迴歸，分析142位育有國小子女之單親母親所填寫的量表。研究結果部分符合預期：親職壓力因應策略中的「主動面對問題」、「逃避隱藏情緒」可以調節親職壓力對非暴力管教行為的影響，「情緒認知調整」亦在親職壓力和嚴重攻擊管教行為間扮演調節變項。除了調節作用外，親職壓力因應策略對管教行為有獨特的預測力：「主動面對問題」使用經常性越高，輕度攻擊的使用次數越多，「負面情緒反應」使用經常性越高，心理攻擊和輕度攻擊的使用次數越多。「親職同理心」則對管教行為沒有獨特的預測力，也不具有調節作用。另外亦發現「親職同理心」和「逃避隱藏情緒」可以預測親職壓力。本研究針對研究結果進行討論，包括管教行為與兒童虐待的關係、親職壓力因應策略與管教行為間的關係、親職同理心扮演的角色，以及單親母親兒童虐待行為的預防。 / According to previous studies, parenting stress is one of the risk factors of child abuse. This study explored the influence of parenting stress- coping styles and parental empathy on parenting practices, and examined the moderating effect of these variables on the relationship between parenting stress and parenting practices. The subjects were asked to complete the questionnaires including: basic information, parental empathy scale, parenting stress scale, parenting stress-coping scale, and Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales. Zero-order correlation and hierarchical regression analysis were used to analyze the scales completed by 142 single mothers. The results indicated that “Facing the problems actively” and “Evading hidden feelings” could moderate the relationship between parenting stress and non-violent discipline. “Adjustment in sentimental cognition” could moderate the relationship between parenting stress and severe assault. Furthermore, some of the parenting stress- coping styles had main effect on parenting practices: “Facing the problems actively” had a positive effect on minor assault. “Negative sentimental reaction” had a positive effect on psychological aggression and minor assault. There were no main effects nor moderator effect of parental empathy. The relationship between parenting practices and child abuse, the influence of parenting stress- coping styles on parenting practices, the role of parental empathy, and the prevention of child abuse in single-mother households were discussed in this study.