本論文計一冊，共約六萬字，分五章十五節論述，第一章緒論，敘述研究動機範圍， 方法及限制，出國進修的內涵以及與人力資源運用與發展的關係，並涉及出國進修制 度之演變。第二章闡明與出國進修之理論介紹，俾對理論有一梗概之了解，其中以學 習理論，激勵理論以及人力發展理論為重點。第三章係對出國進修制度之政策分析， 將政策之制訂與規劃，制度之演變與發展加以分析。第四章出國進修之執行機構，方 式以及成效加以探討。第五章結論對出國進修之評估與改進建議。本論文研究主旨趣 ，乃肇因於中華民國台灣地區是一個天然資源十分有限，自從能源危機發生以後，人 力資源之運用與發展乃屬當務之急，行政機關因業務之高度專門化，員工自工作場所 或內訓練機關己離期獲得某一領域之新知，故派員出國進修乃有逐年遞增的趨勢及必 要，省府公教人員出國進修除可激勵士氣，發揮個人潛能，提高工作意願與滿足外， 並可適應組織外來及內在之變遷與革新，使政府施政目標得以順利完成。

This paper sets out from Taiwan and China’s overseas students’ numbers, countries and majors, and is aimed at the return situation and the contribution of overseas return students for further study and comparison. The research is of the opinion that because the rise of China and the reformed opening-up, the Chinese Government even places more importance on studying abroad students. Similarly, those students are even more patriotic feeling and sense of missions for their motherland. So they hope in the future they are able to return home after graduation to contribute what they had studied. Because of this, the China studying abroad students and overseas return students are increasing every year. In recent years, because Taiwan Institutes for enrollments have a substantial increase; thus, the number of Taiwan studying abroad students is far less than the number of China studying abroad students. Taking the international advanced technology, culture and management knowledge and experience back to their countries is the largest contribution to the study of education. Therefore, in the face of Taiwan students to choose to stay at home study, in fact, it will have a negative impact on Taiwan’s international competitiveness in the future. The research shows that if the number of Taiwanese studying abroad remains in the doldrums, then, the cultivation of international talents of Taiwan might occurred the fault.

本論文共壹冊，約六萬餘字，計分七章十七節。 本論文首先敘述研究目的，在於找出出國旅遊者對旅遊有關之心理構面。以此來區隔 國內出國旅遊者之市場，並針對每一出國旅遊區隔市場，了解其對觀光地點的知覺與 偏好，並藉著這項研究結果，作為旅遊業者釐訂行銷策略的一個依據；並有助於旅行 業在旅遊內容上的安排，而研究對象方面，乃以東南旅行社所提供七十二年、七十三 年出國旅遊者名單為樣本，計三千名，使本研究更為嚴謹與實用性的提高。至於變數 方面，則包括ぇ生活型態變數え人口統計變數ぉ知覺與偏好變數，而以因素分析、集 群分析、與非計量多元尺度，作為研究分析之方法，以達成研究目的所希望達成之效 果，最後本論文根據研究結果提出結論與建議，以作為後學者與旅行業進一步研究參 考之用。

本文係自勞動移出國的觀點, 探討國際勞動移動對移出國之福利影響。 本文共分六章 第一章為緒論, 簡述研究動機與研討重點。第二章在完全競爭假設下 , 對前人有關國際勞動移動理論之評介。 第三章假設國內有失業及工資僵硬性之不 完全競爭下, 探討國際勞動移動對移出國福利的直接效果與間接效果。 第四章修改 前章模型, 在下列三假設: ( 一) 自由教育之情況,(二) 移出國加強勞工福利,(三) 國內有內部人才外流現象下, 分別探討國際勞動移動之福利影響, 并予以比較之。 第五章提出課徵「人才外流稅」之方案, 并予以評估其可行性。第六章結論。

自1990年代起，台灣政府與社會在面對新移民女性與移工，大批進入台灣境內的現象開始感到焦慮，一方面由於當時政府與民間團體對於相關議題處於相當陌生的階段，另一方面也由於台灣的特殊的國家認同問題，造成台灣社會除了在不同種族、階級的外籍配偶與移工所產生歧視與壓迫的對待之外，對於為數眾多的大陸配偶抱持著敵對的態度，使得這些在台灣社會邊緣化的族群一直無法享有基本的人權保障。「移民/住人權修法聯盟」(簡稱:移盟)於2003年11月正式成立並以爭取婚姻移民權益為其主要訴求，本研究側重於移盟發動入出國及移民法(簡稱:移民法)修法運動過程的觀察，並透過訪談當時參與修法運動過程的行政、立法部門人員與移盟成員，呈現出三方互動的動態過程。 本研究以社會運動三大理論:動員結構論、政治機會結構與構框理論做為分析修法運動的觀察角度。入出國及移民法於2007年11月經立法院三讀通過，移盟所主張的家暴條款、反歧視條款、禁止婚姻媒合商業化、鬆綁外國人參加集會遊行、保護人口販運被害人等內容被納入移民法內容中。雖然目前移民法在永久居留權內容、正當法律程序的餞行與部分法律內容的規範上尚有改善的空間，但移盟在2003年起所發動的移民法修法運動仍可被視為是台灣新移民運動中的成功典範。因為移民法修法運動所代表的不僅是將台灣移民法推向一個相對保障移民/移工人權的法律之外，更是台灣社會中第一個充分展現外籍配偶主體性的社會運動，並為台灣後續的新移民運動奠定重要的運動基礎與拓展更寬闊的運動空間。

我國憲法學者多數認為外國人雖為基本權主體，但依照權利性質說，並不享有國際遷徙自由，從而國家可任意地拒絕其入境、居留或驅逐出境。最主要的理由在於，依照國際法，主權可自由決定是否允許外國人入境及課予入境條件。從而，主權也可自由設計入出境管理制度，那麼藉此箝制外國人言論、宗教或學術自由等基本權利，並非不可想像，甚至我國亦有實例發生。雖然，憲法學者也指出國家應儘量尊重外國人的入出境，亦不得任意藉此任意侵害其他基本權利。不過，既然外國人沒有作為憲法權利的國際遷徙自由，即難以對抗立法者藉由入管制度造成的侵害，更抹滅全球化時代下外國人國際遷徙活動本身具有的各種意義與功能。 有鑑於此，本文一方面嘗試跨足國際法，檢視現行國際人權法對外國人國際遷徙的保障程度，並回溯國際法古典著作探尋主權與國際遷徙自由的軌跡；另一方面，分析現行憲法學說之不足，藉由與國際法的對話成果，嘗試重新構築憲法保障外國人國際遷徙自由的體系。之後探討國家於限制外國人的國際遷徙自由時，應如何遵循法律保留原則、比例原則與正當法律程序，並提供救濟管道，始合乎憲法第23條之意旨。經由憲法基本權保障機制的確立，最後進一步檢討現行入出國及移民法，提出建言。 / The study is intended for elaborating on the freedom of international movement for aliens. First of all, the author examines the protected area of international movement for aliens under current international law and explores the classics of international law in order to research into the entangling relationship between sovereignty and freedom of international movement. In addition, the author analyzes constitutional doctrines at the present times and their inadequacy by applying international law. Meanwhile, what this article does attempt to do is to provide a new framework of the protected area of freedom of international movement for aliens under constitutional law. Also, in an effort to protect the freedom of international movement for aliens, the author discusses how to apply principles of non-delegation and proportionality and due process of law appropriately to prevent state power from violating it. Finally, the author examines immigration law and offers suggestions.

本研究以「人口遷移學推拉理論」為基礎，探索我國與留學地主國間留學互動關係的推拉因果模式，及其間的一致性和關聯性，並對我國未來留學生人數進行預測。研究的主要目的為：(1)瞭解我國與留學地主國留學教育概況，並探討海外留學對留學地主國與送出留學生國家國家的正反面效果；(2)說明人口遷移學中的推拉理論及評閱有關留學生流動的研究文獻與報告；(3)探索我國與留學地主國間留學互動的推拉因果模式；(4)探索我國與留學地主國間在留學互動的推拉因果模式間之一致性與關聯性 ；(5)對我國未來出國的留學生人數進行預測；最後(6)根據研究結果提出建議，作為制訂留學教育政策及未來研究的參考。 　　在探索留學互動的推拉因果模式與其模式間的一致性和關聯性時，是以我國與美國、德國、日本及法國等四個留學地主國為對象，採1954年到1988年共35年縱貫動態分析為主。在我國未來留學生人數預測上，則以1950年到1988年的動態資料為主。研究資料來源是「中華民國教育部統計」、「中華民國台灣地區統計提要」、「中華民國統計年鑑」、UNESCO統計、國際貨幣基金統計年報、美國國際教育組織的Open doors統計，做為分析的根據。 　　本研究之資料處理係利用國立政治大學PRIME 6150大電腦的SPSSX、SAS/ETS及PC版的LISREL 7統計套裝軟體，另外引用余民寧(民81)所設計「二次式分配準則SAS/IML之程式」，作為統計分析的工具。本研究共提出十個虛無假設，並擬以下列方法檢定研究假設。 　　一、以共變結構分析(LISREL)檢定我國與留學地主國間留學互動的推拉因果模式，即假設一～四。 　　二、以二次式分配準則 (QAP)檢定我國與留學地主國在留學互動的推拉因果模式之一致性與關聯性，即假設五～十。 　　三、以單變量時間數列ARIMA方法與迴歸分析方法，進行我國未來留學生人數之預測。 　　本研究之主要結果為： 　　一、我國與美國間留學互動的推拉因果關係證實存在。 　　二、我國與德國間留學互動的推拉因果關係證實存在。 　　三、我國與日本間留學互動的推拉因果關係證實存在。 　　四、我國與法國間留學互動的推拉因果關係在修正模式後證實存在。 　　五、我國與美國、我國與德國在留學互動的推拉因果模式之適配共變數矩陣具有.429的顯著相關性與一致性。 　　六、我國與美國、我國與法國在留學互動的推拉因果模式之適配共變數矩陣具有.469的顯著相關性與一致性。 　　七、我國與美國、我國與日本在留學互動的推拉因果模式之適配共變數矩陣的相關性與一致性僅-.098而已。 　　八、我國與德國、我國與法國在留學互動的推拉因果模式之適配共變數矩陣具有.763的顯著相關性與一致性。 　　九、我國與德國、我國與日本在留學互動的推拉因果模式之適配共變數矩陣具有.510的顯著相關性與一致性。 　　十、我國與法國、我國與日本在留學互動的推拉因果模式之適配共變數矩陣具有.377的顯著相關性與一致性。 　　另外，在我國未來出國留學人數預測上，民國87年以前預期每年將至少有6600名以上的留學生出國，並且當國民所得達12000美元時，出國留學的人數預期將可能突破10000人以上。 　　本研究根據研究結果提出建議，作為政府制訂留學教育政策及未來研究的參考。 / This research is based on "the push-pull theory of population mobility. It explores between Taiwan and the leading host coun-tries the causal model, consistency and correlation of the push-pull interaction in studying abroad. It also forecasts the number of studying-abroad students of Taiwan in the future. Therefore, the purposes of this research are: (1) to understand the foreign education of both Taiwan and the leading host coun-tries and further to probe the pros and cons of foreign educa-tion; (2) to explain the push-pull theory of population mobility and to comment the literatures of studying abroad; (3) to explore between Taiwan and the leading host countries the causal rela-tionship of push-pull interaction in studying abroad; (4) to explore between Taiwan and the leading host countries the consistency and correlation of push-pull causal model in studying abroad; (5) to forecast the number of studying abroad students of Taiwan; and (6) to propose suggestions for the policy-making of studying abroad and future studies according to the results of this research. 　　In exploring the causal relationship model, consistency, and correlation of the push-pull interaction in studying abroad, the subjects will be Taiwan, U.S.A., Germany, Japan, and France. The data are collected from The R.O.C. St-atis-bics of the Educa-tion Ministry, The R.O.C. Statistics Summary of Taiwan Areas, The R.O.C. Statistics Yearbook, UNESCO Statistical Yearbook, Interna-tional Financial Statistics Yearbook, and Open Doors (1991-1993) of the Institute of International Education. While in forecast-ing the number of studying-abroad students of Taiwan the data will be ranged from 1950 to 1988. All data of this research are dynamic. 　　The handling of data will adopt SPSSX, SAS/ETS, and LISREL7 packages program and will cite Yu Min-ning"s SAS/IML program of QAP (1992). All packages program are in the Computer Center (PRIME 6150) of National Cheng-chi University, exclusive of LIS-REL7 which is set in personal computer. This research will propose ten null hypotheses, and the statistical methods used to confirm the null hypotheses are as follows: 　　(1) Use Linear Struc-tural Equation (LISREL) to test the causal relationship of the push-pull interaction in studying abroad between Taiwan and the leading host countries. (Hypotheses 1-4) 　　(2) Use Quadratic Assignment Paradigm (QAP) to test the con-sistency, correlation of the push-pull interaction in studying abroad between Taiwan and leading host countries. (Hypotheses 5-10) 　　(3) Use both Autoregerssion Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) of univarate time series and regression analysis to forecast the number of the studying-abroad students of Taiwan in the future. 　　The main results of this research are as follows: 　　(1) There exists a push-pull causal' relationship in studying abroad between Taiwan and U. S. A. . 　　(2) There exists a push-pull causal relationship in studying abroad between Taiwan and Germany. 　　(3) There exists a push-pull causal relationship in studying abroad between Taiwan and Japan. 　　(4) There exists a push-pull causal relationship in studying abroad between Taiwan and France after modifying the model. 　　(5) Taiwan-U.S.A. and Taiwan-Germany best-fitted covariance matrices are significantly similar. The correlation coefficient is .429. 　　(6) Taiwan-U.S.A. and Taiwan-France best-fitted covariance matrices are significantly similar. The correlation coefficient 　　(7) Taiwan-U.S.A and Taiwan-Japan best-fitted covariance matrices are not significantly similar. The correlation coeffi-cient is only -.098. 　　(8) Taiwan-Germany and Taiwan-France best-fitted covariance matrices are significantly similar. The correlation coefficient is .763. 　　(9) Taiwan-Germany and Taiwan-Japan best-fitted covariance ma-trices are significantly similar. The correlation coefficient is .510. 　　(10) Taiwan-France and Taiwan-Japan best-fitted covariance ma-trices are significantly similar. The correlation coefficient is .3768. 　　Therefore, nine null hypotheses are rejected and only one null hypothesis is accepted. 　　Besides, in forecasting the number of the studying-abroad students of Taiwan, it will be expected to send out over 6600 students to study abroad every year before 1998. Furthermore, when the per capita income of Taiwan reaches US$12000, the number of studying-abroad students will be over 10000 per year. 　　Finally, according to conclusions and results of this re-search, some suggestions for the policy-making of studying abroad and future studies in this field are proposed.

近年因社會經濟產業結構轉變，擇業態度改變，漁船工作具危險性且相較於陸上工作待遇及福利之優勢不再，再加上「少子化」因素，國人從事漁船工作意願低落，外來船員逐漸成為補充漁業勞動力來源，尤其大陸船員語言及文化習慣與國人相近，頗受我國漁船主青睞，惟我國漁船主境外僱用大陸船員陸續所衍生的問題，在漁船主、民間團體及漁政主管機關努力下，終於98年12月22日第四次江陳會談簽署「海峽兩岸漁船船員勞務合作協議」可望獲得解決。 大陸船員引進機制在我國不開放陸勞前提下，維持「境外僱用、境外作業、過境暫置」原則，但就入出國管理角度觀之，大陸船員現行以搭乘兩岸直航客船來臺再搭專車接駁至其他漁港作法，卻與實質入境無異，本研究透過各地區漁船主對大陸船員引進機制意見調查，瞭解漁船主對現行大陸船員引進機制的看法，並藉以提出大陸船員引進機制之建議。 / In the recent years, the industrial structure of social economics has transformed, people’s attitudes of career choice have changed, and the pays and benefits of dangerous works on fishing boats are no longer better than those of works on land. Plus the factor of “low birthrate”, people are not willing to do works on fishing boats in Taiwan. Foreign crew members have graduate become the source of supplementary labors in the fishing industry. Crew members from Mainland China are similar to Taiwanese in the aspects of language and cultural habits. Therefore, they are very preferred by fishing boat owners in Taiwan. However, there have been many issues caused by Taiwanese fishing boat owners hiring crew members from Mainland China. With the efforts put in by fishing boat owners, non-governmental organizations, and fishery management authorities, these issues are expected to be resolved after the “Cross Strait Fishing Boat Crew Affairs Cooperation Agreement” was signed in the Fourth Chen-Chiang Summit on 2009/12/22. Under the premise of not opening up labor from Mainland China, the “offshore employment, offshore operation, and temporary transit arrangement” principle is maintained for the mechanism of Mainland China crew employment. However, in the aspect of entry and exit control, the practice of crew members from Mainland China taking cross-strait direct passenger ships to Taiwan and going to fishing ports by special buses is no difference from actually entering Taiwan. This study explored fishing boat owners’ opinions on the mechanism of employment of Mainland China crew members through surveys to find out their viewpoints and provide suggestions regarding the mechanism of employment of Mainland China crew members.