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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

「公告申報預計損益表」規定與審計判斷關係之研究 / The effects of requiring the release of pre-announced earnings on audit judgments

唐怡錚, Tan, Yi-chen Unknown Date (has links)
證期會於民國九十一年十一月十四日公布「公開發行公司公開財務預測資訊處理準則」,該準則中規定已公開財務預測之公開發行公司,於年度終了後一個月內須公告申報預計損益表之達成情形並說明差異原因。而且若與嗣後經會計師查核之稅前損益間之差異超過一定門檻時,亦須一併公告差異金額及原因。 本研究預期,公司為了聲譽、股價、融資受阻及溝通成本等原因,可能不希望自結損益與查核損益差異過大。另外,公司管理當局為了避免上述差異超過門檻,在公告自結損益前可能洽請審計人員進行財務報表初查或過目自結損益表;而審計人員也可能為了避免查核時調整事項過多,造成與客戶間的衝突,亦可能希望客戶在公告自結損益前能先洽請審計人員進行初查或過目自結損益表。因此,實施自結損益規定可能造成審計人員先前涉入公司之自結損益。 本研究以四大會計師事務所之合夥會計師九名及資深審計經理六十六名為對象,採取實驗的方式,探討實施自結損益規定對審計人員審計判斷的影響。並進一步探討審計人員先前涉入公司自結損益的普遍程度,及此一情形對審計人員審計判斷的影響 實驗結果顯示實施自結損益的規定的確會使得審計人員普遍先前涉入公司自結損益;審計人員調整應計損失的幅度比實施前小,尤其在其有先前涉入公司自結損益的情形下,更為明顯;且發現因設有重大差異標準而造成的門檻效果。換言之,依本研究結果推論,實施公告自結損益規定會影響審計人員的專業判斷,壓縮審計人員調整損益的空間。 / This thesis experimentally examines the effects of a regulation on audit judgments. In November 2002, the Securities and Futures Commission announced a new measure requiring listed companies that have made their financial forecast to the public to release within a month after the year end their income statements (hereafter called “pre-announced earnings”) and explain the discrepancy from the forecasted earnings. This new measure requires that the above listed companies release their earnings information earlier than the deadline for filing audited financial statements (hereafter called “audited earnings”) by three months, aiming to ask the listed companies to provide more timely information to investors. It also sets some threshold beyond which the companies and auditors are required to explain the discrepancy. The threshold dictates, among others, that the differences between the pre-announced earnings and audited earnings cannot exceed 20 percent of pre-announced earnings. The current study predicts that due to the consideration of reputation, communication costs, and stock price reaction, companies will have incentives to keep the difference, if any, between the pre-announced earnings and audited earnings within the limit. The auditors will also have similar incentives to do so to avoid the loss of clients, and communication costs. In doing so, the companies will ask auditors to involve in the process prior to pre-announcing earnings (hereafter called “pre-announcement process”), which will help narrow down the difference between pre-announced earnings and audited earnings. This study recruits 66 senior managers and nine partners from Big 4 firms to participate in an experiment in which they make audit judgment as to the adjustment required for a client’s allowance for bad debts. They are also required to generalize the client’s case to the listed companies as a whole and make similar judgments. Their perception on the extent to which auditors’ involvement in the pre-announcement process is also solicited. The data based on the experiment are used to examine the following hypotheses: H1: The adjustments required by auditors will be smaller after this new regulation than before the new regulation. H2: The degree to which auditors are involved in the pre-announcement process will be high. H3: The adjustment required by auditors will be smaller when auditors are involved in the pre-announcement process than when they are not. The results show that the adjustment required by auditors is smaller after the new regulation than before the new regulation. But the difference is not statistically significant (p = 0.133). When generalizing the client’s case to the listed companies as a whole, the difference becomes marginally significant (p = 0.074). Thus, H1 is not supported. The auditors perceive that the extent to which auditors will be involved in the process prior to pre-announcement is significantly higher than 7 on a 1-9 scale (p = 0.002), supporting H2. The results also indicate that auditor’s prior involvement in the pre-announcement process has a significant effect on the required adjustment no matter it is a specific or general case (p < 0.001). Thus H3 is supported. Combining these findings suggests that the new regulation has an effect on constraining auditors in requiring adjustments to their client’s accounting estimates to the extent that the threshold permits. This new regulation therefore poses a trade off between relevance (timeliness) and reliability (representational faithfulness) of accounting information. Meanwhile, the role of auditors in attesting financial statements may also be adversely affected.
12

海洛因成癮者的決策判斷與抑制控制缺損探討 / The impairment of decision making and inhibitory control in heroin addicts

鍾昀蓁, Chung, Yun Chen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究目的主要在探討海洛因成癮者是否具有決策判斷的問題與抑制控制能力缺損,利用數理認知模型的參數值檢驗受試者在新式Go/No-Go作業的表現,該作業結合IGT與原先Go/No-Go作業的特性,並將作業刺激改為中性與海洛因相關的圖片,探討海洛因成癮者在此作業的決策歷程與抑制反應功能,並與控制組作比較。另者,根據誘發─敏感化理論 ( Robinson & Berridge, 1993 ) 與誘發─習慣化模式 ( Di Chiara, 2000 ) 的預測,前者認為成癮越嚴重者的抑制缺損情形會越嚴重,對藥物相關刺激的注意力偏誤也越明顯;後者則認為藥物依賴階段的初期會發生較嚴重的注意力偏誤情形,但隨著依賴程度增加而對藥物相關刺激已習慣化,尋求藥物行為也已變成自動化反應,故注意力偏誤的情形反而會減少。因此,本研究試圖在加入藥物相關刺激的Go/No-Go作業中驗證這兩種理論的預測。 本研究以48位一般控制組、88位海洛因受戒治人為樣本,利用Go/No-Go作業與線索依賴學習模式 ( CD model ) 分析受試者對酬賞或處罰的注意力 ( w參數 )、學習率 ( 參數 )、反應一致性 ( c參數 )、以及海洛因圖片價值的影響 ( I_Heroin參數 ),結果發現,比起控制組,海洛因成癮者對酬賞的注意力較低、受到藥物相關刺激影響較明顯。另外,將戒治組分為物質高依賴組與低依賴組時,比起控制組,高依賴組對酬賞的注意力較低;而低依賴組受到海洛因圖片價值影響較明顯。結果證實當面對同時具有中性與藥物相關刺激時的情況下,海洛因成癮者與過去古柯鹼成癮者在決策作業上的表現不同,不僅受到酬賞或處罰的影響,藥物相關刺激本身亦帶有某種價值,影響成癮者的決策與抑制能力;另外,結果部分支持誘發─習慣化的預測。 / The purpose of present study was to investigate the decision making and inhibitory problem in heroin addicts, and to use the mathematics cognitive model parameters to examine performance in a new Go/No-Go Task of subjects. The task combined the characteristics of IGT and original Go/No-Go Task. We changed the task’s stimuli to neural and heroin related pictures, to explore the decision making and inhibitory reactive function in the task, and compared with control group. On the other hands, according to Incentive-sensitization theory (Robinson & Berridge, 1993) and ‘Incentive ─ habit’ model (Di Chiara, 2000), the incentive-sensitization thoery thought that people with increasing severity of addiction get more inhibitory problems and attentional bias toward drug related cues, but the incentive-habit model suggests that attentional bias for drug cues will be more severe in the early stage of drug dependence., but with the increase in dependence and habit to drug cues, drug-seeking behavior has become automatic reaction, so attentional bias will be attenuated when abusers get more dependence. Therefore, this study attempted to verify the prediction of two theories in the Go / No-Go Task with drug-related stimuli. This research was based on the data collected from the 48 normals and 88 heroin addicts, using Go/No-Go Task and Cue-dependence learning model ( CD model ) analysis their attention to reward or punishment ( parameter w ), learning rate ( ), reactive consistence ( c ), and valence of heroin pictures ( I_Heroin). The result revealed that compare to controls, heroin addicts had fewer attention to rewards, and more obvious influenced by drug related stimuli. Otherwise, to divided addicts group into high dependence group and low dependence group, compared to control group, the high dependence addicts had lower attention to reward, and the lower dependence addicts was higher influenced by drug related stimuli. It confirm that when heroin abusers faced to neural and drug related stimili, their performance in decision making task was different from cocaine abusers, it’s not only influenced from reward or punishment, but also from the valence of drug related cues. In addition, the result partially support the prediction of the incentive-habit model.
13

價格離散對消費者價格知覺的影響 / The Effect of Price Dispersion on Consumers' Price Perception

陳嬿伊, Chen, Etta Y. I. Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要目的在探討價格離散對消費者價格知覺的影響。藉由心理物理理論—適應水準理論、範圍理論與範圍頻次理論,為理論基礎以預測價格刺激在價格離散市場對消費者價格知覺判斷的影響,且基於物理刺激與價格刺激的本質差異,針對價格刺激的價值特性,提出兩點作為價格離散效果的推論基礎。第一、消費者對金錢損失與利得的不對稱反應,使得消費者對低價刺激比高價刺激更敏感。第二、價格資訊複雜時,消費者傾向以價格帶的價格頻次作為處理價格資訊的捷思。本論文藉由三個系列研究,以實驗設計法,將價格離散的效果來源區分為平均價格、價格範圍、價格範圍端點與價格型態四方面探討。 研究一結果發現,價格範圍會降低消費者能接受的最低價格水準並影響消費者的預期最低價格。低平均價格則會降低消費者可接受的最高價格。因此,當市場價格離散程度提高,市場價格範圍變寬或平均價格降低時,會使得消費者的可接受價格帶價格水準降低。可接受價格帶降低會影響價格判斷結果。在消費者主觀知覺上,寬價格範圍使得消費者知覺價格離散程度提高,代表著知覺價格差異、知覺價格不一致與知覺價格混亂三方面的指標都提高。 研究二則進一步證實,市場低價端點與高價端點對消費者的影響權重並不對稱。結果顯示,低價端點的寬價格範圍組會拉低可接受價格帶,然而,高價端點的寬價格範圍組並不會提高可接受價格帶,這是由於消費者對低價與高價的不對稱反應,使得低價與高價對消費者的影響權重有別。同時,在少數低價端點的高價格離散市場,消費者會感受到較高的價格離散程度,主要反映在知覺價格差異與不一致程度;相對地,若是少數高價端點的高價格離散市場,知覺價格離散程度不會顯著提高。一般在運用心理物理理論時,並未提到低價端點與高價端點的相對影響上的不同,事實上則會降低理論預測消費者面對市場價格差異的真實反應。 研究三探討集中分佈與兩極分佈兩種價格型態的影響,結果顯示價格分佈對可接受價格並無顯著影響。然而,兩極價格呈現的是市場價格變異很大的高價格離散市場,確實消費者的知覺價格離散亦有大於集中價格的情況,主要反映在知覺價格混亂程度方面。因此,欲瞭解價格離散對消費者價格知覺的影響,則需從平均價格、價格範圍與價格範圍端點分析之。 / The main purpose of this dissertation is to explore the impact of price dispersion on consumers’ price perception. Borrowing from psychophysics theories, such as Adaptation-Level Theory, Range Theory and Range-Frequency Theory, this research predicts how price stimuli in a product market with high price dispersion have effects on consumers’ price perception and judgments. On top of the difference between physic stimuli and price stimuli which has monetary value attached in nature, two assumptions are proposed for hypothesis inferences. First, consumers have asymmetric responses towards monetary loss and monetary gain, which make them more sensitive to low prices than high prices. Second, consumers tend to use relative price frequency among different price zones as a heuristic to process complicated price information. Therefore, this dissertation conducted three studies, all with experimental designs, to explore the effects of price dispersion from four dimensions- price mean, price range (width), extremely high or low prices and price pattern. This dissertation includes three studies. Study one was designed to explore the effect of price mean and price range. The result indicated that wide price range lowered down the lower boundary of acceptable price. Meanwhile, price range has effect on consumers’ lower boundary of expected price. In contrast, lower mean marked down the upper boundary of acceptable price. Thus, in a market of high price dispersion, the wide price range or lower mean tends to lower down the level of acceptable price, which further influences consumers’ price judgment. In addition, wide price range raised a consumer’s perceived price dispersion, which could be measured from higher perceived price difference, higher perceived price inconsistency and higher perceived price chaos. Study two focused on the effect of extreme prices under high price dispersion. Wide price range with relatively fewer extremely low prices maked down the range of acceptable price. However, wide price range with relatively fewer extremely high prices had no impact at all. This is because of consumers’ asymmetric responses towards low prices and high prices, which make consumer more sensitive to lower prices than high prices. Consumers’ perceived high price dispersion aroused by fewer extremely low prices was mainly the perception of high price difference and price inconsistency. In contrast, fewer extremely high prices would not enhance perceived price dispersion. Past application of psychophysics theories to predict the effect of price stimuli did not emphasize the different weight of low and high prices on consumers’ perception. Then the theories could not fully predict consumers’ real perception of market price difference. Study three further explored the effect of price pattern by comparing two price patterns, normally-centered and bipolarly-separated. The result indicated no effect on the range of acceptable price, but two patterns differed in their perceived price dispersion. What the pattern of bipolarly-separated represented was a market with high price variances, which also led consumers to perceive higher price dispersion, especially higher price chaos. Accordingly, the overall effect of price dispersion should be analyzed through the effect of mean, price range and extreme prices.
14

意識在軀體標記假說中涉入情形之檢驗 / Examining Consciousness Involvement in Somatic Marker Hypothesis

陳冠華 Unknown Date (has links)
本研究檢視軀體標記假說與意識之關係。研究中使用一修改版愛荷華賭博作業,其中與各副牌所連結的情緒為由閾下呈現的情緒圖片在意識下所引發,而意識上每副牌輸贏的訊息則加以控制。本研究透過此作業以及實驗設計上不同的操弄,結果發現:意識應為軀體標記運作時的必要條件。此外,即使是與作業無關的情緒也可以被當作軀體標記加以被處理。再則,軀體標記的運作可以在具有衝突的作業情境下發生。最後,本研究提出了一個軀體標記運作的可能機制。 / The present study aimed to examine the relation between Somatic Marker (SM) Hypothesis and consciousness. A revised Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was created in which emotions attached to different decks are activated unconsciously by subliminally presenting different emotional pictures. On the other hand, conscious information coming from task outcomes is controlled. Based upon this task, and with some variances in experimental designs, it was found that consciousness might be necessary in SM operation. In addition, even emotions that are irrelevant the ongoing task can be taken as SMs. Furthermore, the SM operation can be taken place when the task or situation is with conflict. A possible mechanism for SM operation is also proposed in the study.
15

漢娜‧鄂蘭論思考與判斷:以心靈能力為基礎的政治行動 / Hannah Arendt on Thinking and Judging: The Political Action Based on Mental Faculties

趙翊夫 Unknown Date (has links)
「積極生活」與「沉思生活」乃是鄂蘭思想的核心關切,晚年更是致力於研究如何從心靈的活動走向實踐的行動。在眾多心靈能力中,鄂蘭特別看重能避免罪惡的「思考」與分辨對錯的「判斷」,兩者皆與現實政治關聯甚深。然而鄂蘭最終認為「判斷」是「最具政治性的心靈能力」,「思考」則難於政治處境中適用。對此,筆者認為「思考」與「判斷」並非截然對立的兩種能力,事實上兩者有許多相通之處,而真正的差異其實是「標準」與「角色」不同的兩種對話,且從鄂蘭建構「思考」的原型─蘇格拉底─身上亦能發掘許多實踐意義,這將是如何實踐更理想的政治的關鍵。 / “Vita activa” and “vita contemplentiva” are the two main subjects in Arendt’s thought. In her last years, she committed herself to find the path from “mental faculties” to “actions.” In all mental faculties, Arendt paid more attention on the evil-prevented ability called “thinking” and “judging,” which can telling right from wrong, both of them have a lot to do with real politics. But Arendt considered “judging” is “the most political of man’s mental abilities” and “thinking” is not applicable to politics at last. In my point of view, “thinking” and “judging” are not actually two different kind of “ability” but two kind of “conversation,” the difference between them is “standard” and “role”. If we delve into the model of “thinking” in Arendt’s thought –Socrates,– we can find out that there was lots of practical meanings in his actions, those will be the key to make ideal politics practicable.
16

建構「讀人識人模式」之可行性分析─ 以高科技通路企業為例

黃惠娟 Unknown Date (has links)
企業所需要的優秀人才,必須具備「能力條件」與「人格特質」兩個面向條件,這是所有現代化企業都同意的觀點,然而,這兩個大面向均為籠統的概念,能否展開到更具體的、甚至有客觀衡量標準的要項,而且在不同階段都可能成為影響工作表現的關鍵因子。各企業間就有相當大的差異,甚至連企管學界的說法也都莫衷一是。因此,如何歸納出最重要的幾個判斷項目?要如何判讀?成為所有組織任用人的關鍵。 本文嘗試以個案研討的方式,說明個案公司如何基於其企業的特質與經營模式,如何透過擷取認知神經科學的學理,彙整出一套系統化的「讀人識人模式」,並輔以問卷調查的深度訪談,針對使用該模式的高階主管,印證該模式的實用性、不足與侷限處,嘗試了解系統化的建構一套判讀人的能力潛質與人格特質之可行性。
17

道德判斷之根據:康德與孟子的道德思考及其教育意義 / The Ground of Moral Judgment: The Moral Thinking of Immanuel Kant and Mencius and Its Implication for Education

羅智韋, Chih-Wei, Luo Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探究康德與孟子對於「道德判斷之根據」的論述。首先討論康德在前批判時期的道德思考歷程,發現其思考兼具理性主義和經驗主義之色彩。但到了〈論感性世界與智思世界的形式及其原則〉一文發表,康德已經確立兩重世界觀,將倫理學領域歸屬在智思世界。在批判時期,康德明確地以「道德法則」為核心,而將其視為倫理學上最後的評斷規準,其中,康德談論了諸多人類不同的心智狀態,俱是其論道德判斷之根據的不同說法。復次,在孟子哲學方面,本研究將其定位在「一接續人心與他者、萬物、天地間之歷程」。第三,關於康德與孟子之對比下,本研究以兩種模式作為對比之進路:一是「文化類型」;另一是「生活世界」,結果指出,可以「基督宗教倫理觀影響」和「存有的相契與連續性」作為兩者道德思考的關鍵性因素。基於以上所述,本研究嘗試說明康德與孟子哲學之道德教育意義及其限制性。 / This thesis studies the ground of moral judgment of Immanuel Kant and Mencius. I'll divide it into three parts. In the first part, I attempt to explicate the process of moral thinking of Immanuel Kant in his pre-critical period. In this period, it is proved that both idealism and empiricism are included in his thinking. After the paper On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and the Intelligible World (Kant, 1770) was presented, Immanuel Kant firmly established the theory, dualism of world, in which the sphere of ethics is classified under an intelligible world. After that, in his critical period, the moral law is much emphasized and considered the last standard for ethic judgment. Besides, it is also indicated that there are many different states of human mind underpinning the distinct statements of what the ground of moral judgment is. In the second part, the moral thinking of Mencius is under discussion. Mencius argues that there is a process of human mind connecting others, all things on earth and heaven and earth. In the third part, I try to compare Immanuel Kant with Mencius by two approaches: “cultural type” and “life-world.” The conclusion is drawn that the impact of ethical viewpoints of the Christian religion and the connection and continuity of being are the crucial factors in their moral thinking. Therefore, on the basis of the mentioned above, the implication and limitation of moral education of Immanuel Kant and Mencius are explained.
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康德美學中的構想力研究 / Imagination in Kant's Aesthetics

蔡幸芝 Unknown Date (has links)
康德(Immanuel Kant)對「構想力」(Imagination / Einbildungskraft)的看法,隨其思想發展而轉變。然而這出於康德對構想力觀點的修正,抑或主張同一種能力的不同表現?學者們各有見解。在我們看來,構想力的論爭與各家觀點,都可在文本中獲得佐證,難以輕言對錯。這除了是出於研究者對問題意識的趨向,可採取時間性的縱軸,研究構想力的發展歷程;抑或採取空間性的橫軸,探究構想力在特定領域(理論認識或審美活動)的效能;亦可針對問題本身,去論析構想力某種特定功能的轉變。在此同時,也顯示康德對構想力的看法不如其他認識能力(知性、判斷力、理性)的功能來得清晰明確;可是我們也可以大膽地假設,這是因為構想力本身就不是能夠被定義與完全闡明的能力。構想力的某些運作方式,究竟它如何產生的過程,至今仍是個謎團,超出人類目前所知的範圍。 我們將採取問題意識的研究路徑,主張構想力可作為理解康德思路轉變與發展的指標,因為構想力不但在其知識論與美學中扮演重要的角色,並且使得思想的整合與貫通成為可能。在《判斷力批判》之審美判斷力的部分,構想力獲得最自由的表現,「審美判斷力的批判」則被公認為康德的美學理論,因此我們以「康德美學中的構想力」為研究主題。然而構想力的自由,又是相對於它在理論認識中受到知性原理的規定而言的,所以我們必須先釐清在《判斷力批判》之前,構想力是否曾出現過一種前概念的、不受制於知性規範的綜合之自由,才能主張構想力在康德美學中表現得比知識論中更突出、更卓越。為此,我們的研究溯及構想力出現在最為人熟知的脈絡,即《純粹理性批判》的兩版「純粹知性概念的先驗演繹」與「純粹知性概念的圖式論」,以對比構想力的自由在理論認識與審美活動之間的差異。此外,我們認為構想力有許多功能與任務,就主體能力而言,構想力兼具感性與知性能力的特質;就對象知識的構成而言,構想力的先驗圖式亦介於概念與直觀之間,使得抽象概念應用於感性雜多成為可能;就審美活動而言,構想力是與知性或理性之間相互一致或不一致的作用。無論如何,由於康德賦予構想力某種中介的任務,它的功能始終要與其他認識機能一起進行的情況下,才能施展開來。因此,我們是將構想力置於它與判斷力的關係中探討。這是因為我們審視自然世界,無論採取認知的或審美的觀點,我們都在下判斷,即動用到我們心靈中的判斷力。然而無論是規定的判斷力在理論認識中,形成認知判斷;抑或反思的判斷力在審美活動中,形成優美及崇高判斷,判斷力的運用都需要藉助構想力的功能,才能完成一個判斷。因此,構想力在理論認識與審美活動的不同表現,更合適理解為返回到主體認識諸機能及其原理之中,考察構想力與判斷力的兩種運用之成果。 因此,我們便將構想力置於判斷力之運用的框架下,提出討論。論文共分七章,第一章導論與第七章結論之外,將以「反思判斷力與自然的合目的性原理」、「構想力與先驗演繹」、「構想力與圖式論」、「構想力與鑑賞判斷」及「構想力與崇高判斷」為主題依序闡述,至於闡述的明晰性(clarity),我們考量到康德所說的,「可建立在憑藉概念的推理的(邏輯的)明晰性,亦可建立在憑藉直觀的直覺的(感性的)明晰性,即憑藉實例或其他具體說明的明晰性。」 因此,我們希望既做到前後連貫的理論推演,也盡可能地運用例證來輔助說明。以下扼要闡述各章要點。 第二章「反思判斷力與自然的合目的性原理」,是我們正式進入構想力與判斷力運用關係之探討前的預備工作。由於康德是將美學(即審美判斷力的批判)置於其哲學體系的架構中處理,優美與崇高判斷是反思判斷力及其自然的合目的性原理之應用之一,我們就必須理解康德賦予《判斷力批判》的系統任務,才知美學理論在系統哲學中的地位,進而釐清構想力在美學中的作用。換言之,我們先綜觀全貌再轉進問題的核心,以避免見樹不見林的危險。本章就《判斷力批判》的〈導論〉為本,先論康德指出人類心靈具有三種高階的認識機能:知性、判斷力、理性;介於中間的判斷力具有兩種運用方式(規定的與反思的),其中反思判斷力才是《判斷力批判》的焦點。再論康德推得反思判斷力有其自身的先驗原理——即自然的合目的性原理,卻非將自然「認知」為蘊含目的因,而是指出我們對自然的經驗探究,主體必先採取一種假設的觀點:即自然「好像是」(as if)蘊含一個經驗法則的系統,它在一超越的理智之中被統一起來,並且正好契合了我們的認識能力及目的。最後,我們將分析自然的合目的性原理在三方面的應用:(1)作為知性認識系統化的規約性原理;(2)作為主觀的審美情感之規定性原理;(3)作為道德經驗與自然經驗的統一性之超感性的底基。 其中與本文直接相關者,在於經驗的個殊者、反思判斷力以及主觀情感,它們三者形成一藝術的領域,是前兩大批判尚未被探討的地帶;此地帶隱含了兩個領域獲得連結的可能性。 第三章「構想力與先驗演繹」,我們將先釐清康德在「形上演繹」中,提及「構想力的一般綜合」之意涵;再指出康德對構想力的兩種立場:第一,構想力的綜合先於知性的概念化綜合;第二,構想力的綜合隸屬於知性的綜合之下,是知性概念對感性對象的初步應用。在A版的主觀演繹中,康德談及一個判斷或對象知識的形成,通過「三重綜合」(threefold synthesis)的作用:直觀中領會的綜合(the synthesis of apprehension in intuition)、構想力中再生的綜合(the synthesis of reproduction in imagination)及概念中認定的綜合(the synthesis of recognition in a concept)。我們將指出三重綜合的結果顯示,先驗統覺作為經驗對象之同一性的先天根據,而構想力的綜合則促使直觀的雜多與統覺的統一性獲得連結,是形成理論知識的第三種能力。然而「本源的綜合統一性」指向先驗統覺,亦指向純粹的構想力,這與構想力是否是比感性與知性(統覺的思維)更基礎的能力有關。在B版的先驗演繹中,我們則探討「理智的綜合」(intellectual synthesis)與「圖象的綜合」(figurative synthesis)之區分與關係,並推論構想力的先驗綜合(圖象的綜合)如同知性的先驗綜合(理智的綜合)一般,必然服膺於範疇的規範。最後,我們將比較兩版先驗演繹中,構想力地位的轉變,並提出康德轉變的理由以及構想力的可能發展。 第四章「構想力與圖式論」,我們先確認圖式論與先驗演繹的關係,討論學者間對兩者任務是否重疊而引起的爭論;並提出我們的看法,即先驗演繹在於論證範疇是作為統覺的統一性之必要條件,著重在範疇與先驗統覺的關係;圖式論則指出範疇如何被運用於感性直觀上,強調範疇與感性直觀的關係,前者是理論的證明,後者卻是理論的應用。然而要回答範疇的經驗應用如何可能,應當關注構想力(作為一種中介的機能)在闡釋圖式論時所扮演的角色,意即構想力「如何」使知識的兩大主幹——知性與感性——一起和諧運作的問題。因此,我們根據康德的安排,將圖式論置於「判斷力的先驗學說」下,也就是一般判斷力與構想力的關係中,探討康德賦予圖式的種種意涵。康德將「先驗圖式」(transcendental schemata)與「經驗圖象」(empirical images)做出區別,並主張先驗圖式才是「先驗的時間規定」(transcendental determinations of time),後者僅是再生的構想力的經驗產物,而先驗圖式才使經驗圖象的產生成為可能。最後,我們將探討先驗的構想力(亦為生產性的構想力)如何運用先驗圖式而使直觀與概念被綜合為知識的過程,並藉由先驗圖式的特質,指出康德在先驗演繹與圖式論中,對於構想力之各種看法的關連性。 第五章「構想力與鑑賞判斷」,我們將指出反思判斷力是在一種沒有明確概念的規定,而以「自然與我們的認知機能契合一致」之不確定的概念為指導下,形成普遍可傳達的判斷。這種反思判斷力的運用,是以審美判斷力為典範,其形成的純粹的鑑賞判斷,具有四個構成環節或契機(moments):無利害關心的愉快(質)、無概念的普遍性(量)、無目的的合目的性(關係)、以及主觀的必然性(模態)。我們將指出四個契機的關連性,以及在此類判斷中,構想力與知性如何在一個既予的表象上自由遊戲(free play),因而產生愉快的心靈狀態。相對於此,在「美的理想」(ideal of beauty)與「美的藝術」(fine art)的討論中,構想力是與理性具有內在的關連。我們將指出美的理想與美的藝術都不是康德意義下純粹的鑑賞判斷,卻有助於理解示範之普遍有效性的意涵,因為有某些個殊者(individuals)(無論理想或經驗的)表現出康德所說的典範的(exemplary)作用,並從典範中發現「新規則」(new rules)的產生,這當中隱含了康德對反思判斷力如何在不進一步尋求規則下遵循規則,即自由活動又合規律的情況下,形成普遍有效的判斷之見解。因此在「美的理想」中,將分別探討美的理想作為鑑賞原型,而且美的理想必須具備兩個構成要素:感性的規格理念與理性理念。再以這兩者為尺度下,推得世上一切物種中,唯有人才能成為美的理想。接著在「美的藝術」中,我們將先談康德對藝術的看法,進而指出美的藝術只能作為天才的藝術。康德指出天才的四個特質:原創性、典範性、自然性、以及藝術性,然而就天才內心的各種機能的運用來說,康德認為天才是展示「審美理念的能力」(the ability to aesthetic ideas)(CPJ, §57, 5:344)。我們將指出,構想力在經驗知識的構成中,為展示一個知性概念而提供圖式;在藝術創作中,構想力則為展示一個理性理念而提供了審美理念,意即就構想力「激發」(to stimulate)理性起作用來說,構想力的審美理念提供了理性諸理念某種非認識的展示可能。最後,我們探討鑑賞判斷與道德判斷的關係上,康德主張「美作為道德的象徵」,用意在指出美可作為道德的預備,因為審美的教化有助於人從感性的束縛中掙脫,提升到超感性的道德層次,因而使自然的存有者更輕易地過渡為道德的存有者。 第六章「構想力與崇高判斷」,我們將先提出崇高概念的歷史意義,才能瞭解崇高何以單獨成為一個審美範疇。接著探討優美與崇高的異同,指出崇高判斷亦是審美的反思判斷之一,因而前章討論過優美之鑑賞判斷的四個契機,亦合適於對崇高判斷的說明。然而康德也提出兩者在對象的形式或無形式、不確定的知性或理性概念、愉快與質或量的關係、直接或間接的愉快、以及形式的合目的性之差異,並主張合目的性的表現方式最為不同。我們在文中將指出,崇高與優美在合目的性上的表現差異,主要在於主體與客體關係的改變,以及主體內在諸機能之間協調作用的方式,在崇高比在優美的鑑賞活動中更為複雜的結果,因而造成的愉快亦有直接與間接之別。為此,我們將在先就主體與客體的關係上,探討兩種崇高之特質:「數學的崇高」(the mathematically sublime)與「力學的崇高」(the dynamically sublime),並分析得出崇高只能針對內心的各種理性理念,而非在對象之中。然而,兩種崇高經驗所激起的理性理念與主觀感受,又出於主體內在諸機能之協作關係的不同而有別。於是,我們將在最後探討在數學的崇高經驗中,我們如何藉由偉大的可感事物,誘發我們體會到自己內心具有無限而絕對的總體理念,因而表現出構想力與理論理性的交互作用,由不一致轉為一致的合目的性關係。在力學的崇高經驗中,我們則從有力量的可感事物,促使我們體察到自己內心具有高於自然的道德理念,因而表現出構想力與實踐理性的內在關連性。所以,康德要指出,兩種崇高判斷乃基於我們將自己內心所有的理性理念,應用到偉大或有力的事物身上,才將它們評判為崇高的。在我們看來,康德對崇高的分析,同時涉及理論理性與實踐理性的理念,被以構想力與理性在一個既予的對象上和諧作用的合目的性關係來體現,此時人便是作為一個完整的存有者,因為這意味著我們在鑑賞活動中,我們彷彿感受(feel)到客體與主體之間的和諧關係,因而超感性自然與自由的道德主體便可在理性自身之中,供作反思運用的合目的性的原理為根據之下,獲得統一的可能。
19

撤銷仲裁判斷之訴理論與相關判決之研究

王淳 Unknown Date (has links)
仲裁為訴訟外紛爭解決機制,本文針對仲裁制度做一概要性之介紹,探討仲裁之意義、仲裁緣起,以及仲裁制度之特性。後就法律性質予以介紹,探討撤銷仲裁判斷之訴之理論,研析撤銷仲裁判斷之訴審查模式及其方式,以及程序上所面臨之問題。復進入我國撤銷仲裁判斷之訴之法定事由,併整理實務相關判決,以及參照外國法例,提出本文見解以供參酌。另就撤銷仲裁判斷之訴所衍生後續相關問題亦併論述之。最後本文以前揭部分所獲之研析結果為基礎,參照外國法例,提出對我國仲裁判斷救濟制度之修正芻議。
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一、三及五年級學童機率概念的發展──直接估計的作業方式對機率判斷之影響

卓秀足, Zhuo, Xiu-Zu Unknown Date (has links)
本研究嘗試探討國小學童機率判斷能力的發展,想知道是否使用直接估計的方式來增加機率判斷的正確性。其中二個主要的獨變項是:年齡及作業方式,所抽取的三個年齡組分別是國小一、三、五年級的學童,而作業方式則以是否在作機率判斷前對機率的大小作直接估計分成:「量尺估計選擇作業」及「選擇作業」。希望藉由上述變項來了解直接估計方法能否增加國小學童機率判斷的正確性,以及這種直接估計的方法對不同年齡學童的助益是否有所差異。 研究設計採二因子的受試者間設計,研究對象是國小一、三、五年級的學童共96人,以個別施測的方式進行,每名受試都必須接受18個二選一的機率判斷題目,這些題目分由機率差異量大及機率差異量小二部分組成。實驗情境是以故事的方式呈現,要求受試機率題目作大小的判斷並說明判斷的理由。 根據二因子變異數分析結果如下: (1) 機率差異量大時: a)不同年級的學童在機率判斷的表現會不同,其中五年級的表現優於一年級的學童。 b)國小一年級的學童在「量尺估計選擇作業」的表現較「選擇作業」佳。 c)國小三年級的學童在「量尺估計選擇作業」的表現較「選擇作業」略佳。 d)國小五年級的學童在「量尺估計選擇作業」的表現較「選擇作業」相同。 (2) 機率差異量大時: a)不同年級的學童在機率判斷的表現會不同,其中五年級的表現優於一年級的學童。 b)國小一年級的學童在「量尺估計選擇作業」的表現和「選擇作業」一致。 c)國小三年級的學童在「量尺估計選擇作業」的表現和「選擇作業」相同。 d)國小五年級的學童在「量尺估計選擇作業」的表現和「選擇作業」沒有差異。

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