中國做為一個崛起的東亞大國，對於建立自己的高科技產業與自主創新能力的急起直追也經歷了許多轉變的過程，這些演變體現在中央領導的科技政策與區域建設的創新系統上。自1988年的北京市新技術產業開發試驗區以來，從沿海到內陸所設置的大大小小的科技園區，在在說明了中國希望藉由這種模式追求創新集群的效益。然而本研究中的北京中關村做為中國的高科技產業龍頭，其空間發展出現了有別於其他東亞後進國家中科技園區的分散樣貌。這樣的空間樣貌乃基於地方治理結構的特殊性，演化出各個分散在北京市下不同市轄區的園區都被稱為中關村科學園區、都各自建立起華麗而昂貴的辦公大樓、研發中心之現象。 本研究欲透過回顧中國的科技產業政策以及地方治理模式的轉變，來說明這樣的分散樣貌，是源自於中國在改革開放後的地方治理權責下放導致北京市轄下的各區縣都採用了一種近似於滾動開發的模式來大興土木以追求快速的成長的情況。換言之，在中關村，土地開發帶來的多階段收入在地方政府的眼中的重要性幾乎超越了對創新能力的追求。本研究將以上述脈絡為主旨，深入探討中國在全球化的壓力以及治理結構轉型過程的拉扯下，致使中關村的發展進入到一種看似快速但卻相當矛盾的情結當中，並進而勾勒出現今中關村的空間樣貌。 / China has been trying to catch up with the Western world since its economic reform. In the process, China imitated the successful experience of Silicon Valley in the U.S. and trying to establish special science parks to speed up technological upgrading and innovation. Beijing’s Experimental Zone for Developing New- Technology Industries, which later was named Zhongguancun(ZGC), was the first one following this policy and proven to be the most successful one in China. However, the prosperity of ZGC or any other science park in China does come with a price. There is a lot of problems raised referring to the highly growing land price such as the overwhelming high rent has affected smaller innovative enterprises to survive in Beijing. The thesis tries to discuss the production of space in Beijing’s ZGC through two theoretical views: The Innovation Theory and The Growth Machine Theory. This thesis argues that there are two different forces which have driven ZGC to its status today. The first is China’s overall goal of economic catching up strategy that gives ZGC the legitimacy to develop and grow with relatively greater freedom from existing regulations. The second is Beijing’s various district governments’ strategy in using the construction of science parks as a site to generate economic development. This thesis argues that China’s tax reformation in 1994 has reinforced the importance of land politics to a higher level, through which the development of real estate sector of ZGC has played an important role for the creation of an innovation cluster. As a result, the local government, together with its land politics, eventually plays the leading role in ZGC’s production of space and makes the best use of ZGC’s shining brand.

警察制度是近代歐洲國家鞏固內政的手段，也是近代市政府組織中，維護社會秩序、增進管理效率的次級部門。因此本文以近代南京為研究對象，採取晚清、北洋、南京國民政府3段時期，循序討論南京警察在抗戰前的制度變遷與運作概況，觀察警察是如何發揮管理南京社會的職責。 　　首先在晚清時期的發展，著重在警政制度的建立。當清廷於新政、立憲運動提倡建立警察後，南京舊有的衙門巡捕、綠營汛兵與保甲，被官方化、專業化、制度化的警察制度取代，而且警察的職責不侷限於維護治安，開始對南京部分的社會問題，初步提出管理方針或政策。 　　到了民國初年，因北洋政府尚未頒布市組織法，使得南京警察的業務範圍擴大至徵稅、戶口調查、衛生防疫、娼妓管理、貧民教育等事務，儼然是南京市政府的前身。然而警察機關難以跨越專業的藩籬，北洋時期的南京城市管理，就是標準的「以外行兼辦內行」。 　　直到南京市政府成立後，以專業化的市政分工，接辦管理南京社會的各項業務，南京警察也納入了市政一環，是為市政府監控南京社會、執行管理政策的重要人力，然而市政府無法負擔高額的警察費用，國民政府乃在1929年命令市公安局隸屬內政部，而失去警察人力的市政府，等於失去落實管理政策的「執行人員」、查緝不法事件的「執法人員」。因市政府公務員的強制力遠不如警察，導致市民屢有不配合之舉；《違警罰法》賦予警察廣泛的行政裁量權，更向市政府爭奪對南京的管理權。可是單憑警察一己之力，是難以全面管理南京，仍需要市政府給予專業上的協助。最後警察廳與市政府基於「管理南京」的共同目的，還有功能上的互補性，逐漸從對立轉趨向合作，構成緊密合作「雙重管理體系」。因此，抗戰前的南京警察發展史，等同於城市管理的變遷史。

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十世紀的文化創意產業伴隨著科技的進步，已經逐漸成為生活文化中重要的產業項目。文創產業成為世界各國注意的焦點。台灣能不能吸引創意新貴、文化創意人久居 將決定台灣未來是否衰退。 文化及文創產業之所以受到矚目，乃是因為現實生活中，文化掌握關鍵角色的社會階層愈來愈有影響力。所謂的「創意新貴（Creative Class）」的社會階層會是肩負二十一世紀發展最為重要的階層。 文化創意人非常關心自然環境、人權、和平、和精神層面，是六○年代市民.學生運動的始祖。 對於「創意新貴」沒有吸引力，缺乏文化性的國家、區域、以及都市將會日益衰退。 本研究透過個案研究方式，使用Rchard Florida、Elizabth Currid、出井伸之、青木貞茂、村上隆、野中郁次郎、茂木健一郎、李仁芳等美、日、台等產學業者的創意經濟理論，對京都3家文創老產業、藝匠產業，進行個案研究，尤其針對其中一家四百年歷史的唐長進行深度個案研究，分類歸納這三家老文創產業長青因素何在。 研究發現，京都老產業之所以長青是因為吸取了京都歷史、地理所孕育而來的京都特有文化風格與美學，並且以嫡傳精簡家族為經營核心；將京都的山川文明、歷史文化、家族傳承精華內化成自己的內隱知識；並且不斷地歷史、在地文化、甚或國際衝擊，以螺旋方式激盪出屬於自己的有機學習組織。 不過這中間最關鍵的還是這個藝匠達人是否對所繼承的藝匠家業充滿熱情與中興的慾望；以及京都市政府本身是否有意持續維持京都的優勢。 研究結果建議1︰民間業者方面，必須能向時間縱軸──歷史學習；也必須能向所在地理橫軸──所在地的文化孕育老產業的美感，做知識螺旋，結合時空環境下，孕育而來的美學創新素養，將外顯知識內化，內化之後，再成為文創產業的內隱知識，再繼續傳承下去。 建議2︰國家及在地政府必須重視各個地方的歷史與文化的原味封存以及鼓勵觀光客來個文化之旅，才能活絡地方的新陳代謝。 / As technolgy innovations accelerate, creative industries have gained more prominance in our daily life in the 20th century.Creative Industries have drawn attentions in every develped country.Whether Taiwan can attract the new creative class and culture glitterati will determine Taiwan's path fo development. The creative industries have gained more and more influence in today's society. The so-called "Creative Class" is the most primary and significant social class in the 21th century. The creative class is concerned about environment, human rights, peace, and spiritual wealth. They are the forerunners of civil movement and student activism in the 1960s. The countries, regions, and cities, who failed to attract creative class, will face the inevitable fate of decline. This study attempts to explore the reason of longevity and sustainibilty of Kyoto's creative industries. Through the methodology of case studies. This thesis draws on theories of Richard Florida, Elizabeth Currid、 Nobuyuki Idei 、Takashi Murakami、Yuichiro Nonaka、Ken Mogi、Renfan Lee This thesis focus on deep analysis of one 400-years-old 唐長 and discussion on other 2 craftmanship and creative enterprises in Kyoto to arrive at the conclusion of ever-gr0wing vitality of Kyoto's creative industries. This studies find out that the old creative industries in Kyoto has absorbed the historial tradition, geographical characteristic, and culture uniqueness of Kyoto. The core philosophy of management is familial succession. The historical tradition, geographical characteristics and family management have become implicit knowledge and gives birth to Kyoto-unique organic learning organiztion. This research suggests that private enterpreneur should learn from local history and local culture and distill geniune local flavors, refine the aesthetic flavors into "knowledge spiral," and make the implicit knowledge of knowledge to pass on to future generations. The second advice is that county and local government should encourage the preservation of local culture and culture tourism to lay the foundation for future new creative enterpreneurship.

With rapid urbanization, climate change and population growth in the 21st century, the development of eco-cities, especially in those fast-growing populated countries such as China and India, is important to minimize human impact on the planet. Nevertheless,  despite that there is a very well-designed eco-city, if residents living in an eco-city are not environmentally conscious, the eco-city is sustainable only in its tangible part – technologies and infrastructure, but not in its intangible part – environmental attitudes and behavioral patterns of residents. The intangible part is important since HUMANS are the root cause of current climate change (IPCC, 2014). When the policy makers decide to build an eco-city, this thesis thus argues that they should consider not only the tangible part of the city, but also consider the intangible part of eco-city – environmental attitudes and behavioral patterns of residents. This thesis provides a survey of environmental attitudes of 150 Stockholm residents living in three districts: Hammarby Sjöstad, Östermalm and Bromma. It also reports on a well-developed environmental project which is led by residents living in the Stockholm eco-district of Hammarby Sjöstad. The scope of this research is the City of Stockholm (Swedish: Stockholms kommun / Stockholms stad). The objectives of this research are: (1) to find out the environmental attitudes of residents living in three selected districts of Stockholm; (2) to understand the development of Hammarby Sjöstad and find out if residents living in Hammarby Sjöstad are particularly environmentally conscious; (3) to provide suggestions for the policy makers (e.g. Chinese and Indian) of how to take environmental attitudes of residents into consideration when planning and developing projects such as eco-cities. Among the findings of the research are: (1) in the high income, educated, and political conservative Stockholm districts where I conducted my surveys, respondents in general report high levels of environmental concerns and environmentally friendly behavior; (2) however, concerns questions relating to cars (parking restrictions, limiting or banning cars from their districts or Stockholm as a whole), opinions were very divided. There seemed to be much reluctance among many to put severe restrictions on the use of cars; (3) in the eco-district Hammarby Sjöstad, the expression of environmental consciousness did not appear particularly different from the other districts. Many respondents in the district moved into the area for diverse reasons other than environmental ones; (4) however, a well-developed environmental project which is led by residents living in Hammarby Sjöstad has emerged in the eco-district, where comparable projects were not found in the other districts in Stockholm. / I och med den snabba urbaniseringen, klimatförändringen och befolkningstillväxten under 2000-talet, är utvecklingen av eko-städer i de snabbväxande befolkade områdena som Kina och Indien viktig för att minska den mänskliga påverkan på planeten. Emellertid, om en eko-stads invånare inte är miljömedvetna så kommer en väldesignad eko-stad endast vara hållbar på sin materiella del (teknik och infrastruktur) men inte på sin immateriella del (miljöattityder och beteendemönster hos invånare). Den immateriella delen är viktig eftersom MÄNNISKOR är grundorsaken till den nuvarande klimatförändringen (IPCC, 2014). När beslutsfattarna bestämmer sig för att bygga en eko-stad, hävdar den här uppsatsen att de inte bara bör överväga den materiella delen av staden, utan också överväga den immateriella delen av staden - miljöattityder och beteendemönster hos invånare. Den här uppsatsen bygger på en undersökning om miljöattityder hos 150 boende som bor i tre olika områden i Stockholm: Hammarby Sjöstad, Östermalm och Bromma, samt beskriver ett välutvecklat miljöprojekt som leds av invånare i eko-distriktet - Hammarby Sjöstad. Målen för denna forskning är: (1) att ta reda på miljöattityder hos invånare i tre utvalda områden i Stockholm; (2) att förstå utvecklingen av Hammarby Sjöstad samt ta reda på om invånare i Hammarby Sjöstad är särskilt miljömedvetna; (3) att ge förslag till beslutsfattare (t.ex. kinesiska och indiska) om hur man tar hänsyn till miljöattityder hos invånare när de planerar och utvecklar projekt som eko-städer. Bland forskningsresultaten finns följande: (1) i de politiskt konservativa Stockholmsdistrikten med många välutbildade invånare med hög inkomst där jag utförde mina undersökningar rapporterar respondenterna generellt en hög nivå av miljöhänsyn och miljövänligt beteende; (2) när det gäller frågor som rör bilar (parkeringsrestriktioner, begränsning eller förbud mot bilar i deras distrikt eller Stockholm som helhet), var åsikterna emellertid mycket uppdelade. Det föreföll att många svarande inte är villiga att sätta stränga restriktioner på användningen av bilar; (3) invånare i eko-distrikt, Hammarby Sjöstad, verkade inte som om de var särskilt miljömedvetna. Många svarande flyttade in i distriktet på grund av olika orsaker än miljö; (4) ett välutvecklat miljöprojekt som leds av invånare i Hammarby Sjöstad har emellertid uppstått i eko-distriktet. Jämförbara projekt hittades inte i övriga distrikt i Stockholm. / 随着21世纪迅速的城市化，气候变化和人口增长，尤其在中国和印度等拥有庞大人口及急速发展的国家，生态城的建设对于减低人类对地球的影响至为重要。然而，即使生态城的设计完善，如果生态城的居民不具环保意识，生态城的可持续性只能在其有形的部分（技术和基础设施），而不在其无形的部分（居民的环保态度和行为模式）。生态城的无形部份是重要的因为人类是当前气候变化的根本原因（IPCC，2014）。当决策者建设生态城时，本文认为决策者不仅要考虑生态城的有形部分，还要考虑生态城的无形部分 - 居民的环保态度和行为模式。 本文提供了一个瑞典斯德哥尔摩三个地区150位居民的环保态度调查：哈马比生态城（Hammarby Sjöstad），Östermalm和Bromma。本文还探讨了一个具规模并由哈马比生态城居民领导的环保项目。 本研究的目的： （1）了解斯德哥尔摩三个地区居民的环保态度; （2）了解哈马比生态城的发展情况和探讨哈马比生态城的居民是否特别具有环保意识; （3）为决策者（如中国和印度）在规划和开发生态城等项目时如何考虑生态城居民的环保态度提供建议。 研究结果包括： （1）在斯德哥尔摩高收入，高教育和政治保守的地区，受访者总体上显示高水平的环保意识和环保行为; （2）然而，受访者在涉及汽车的问题上（如泊车限制，限制或禁止在区内或斯德哥尔摩内使用汽车）意见是非常分歧的。许多人似乎抗拒限制使用汽车; （3）在哈马比生态城，居民的环保意识显现与其他地区没有什么特别的区别。除了环保因素外，受访者迁入该地区有多种原因; （4）然而，哈马比生态城有一个具规模并由当区居民领导的环保项目。在斯德哥尔摩其他地区并没有发现类似的项目。

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Government and Public Administration

本論文從IBM在軟體的策略，尤其是軟體的產業解決方案作為研究的核心。2008年的金融海嘯造成全球經濟大衰退，IBM適時提出了智慧的地球的計劃與願景，並積極推動從客戶實際需求與價值思考出發的產業解決方案(Industrial Solution)，結果IBM驗證了其營運與業績不但沒有受到影響並且在營收與獲利上繼續穩健成長。本論文首先依時間軸對IBM自1993年葛士納總裁接任後針對服務與創新的轉型；到2003年帕米沙諾接班後的併購計劃與智慧的地球創新策略；乃至於2012年羅美蒂繼任後推動之商業分析，軟體產業解決方案以及最重要的2015年成長計劃等各項重要改革與執行策略做一詳細的整理與分析，個案研究針對IBM公司所面臨的挑戰與企業經營策略及轉型架構進行分析與探討並延伸至軟體產業解決方案，以Michael Porter的五力分析架構對IBM公司在軟體產業與產業解決方案的產業競爭態勢予以深入探討分析，並針對IBM與其主要競爭對手的軟體產業解決方案以SWOT做一完整的分析，此外也從IBM的軟體事業群的成長與轉型策略，來驗證IBM對軟體的產業解決方案的重視與策略意涵，並針對軟體之產業架構(Industry Framework)的發展與導入的「客戶導向與客製化產業解決方案開發策略(client focused & tailored execution strategy)」與成功要素予以分析並歸納。 最後結論中對國內軟體產業以Michael Porter的鑽石模型做一分析，並對未來台灣軟體產業可能的發展方向提出建議以提供產業與政策制定者參考，如何面對與開發國際市場以及如何從人才面發展並建立台灣的軟體產業競爭優勢將是值得我們仔細深入思考的方向，希望未來台灣的軟體產業也能創造出典範移轉，發展出如同IC設計與製造產業的規模與競爭優勢。 / The development of this paper is focused on IBM`s software strategy，especially on the strategy of IBM`s software industrial solution as the research focuses。When the financial tsunami caused the serious economic recession around the world during 2008 year end，IBM raised the「smarter planet 」initiative and vision to drive the execution of series of industrial solution centric projects according to the client real requirements and values。IBM proved that its operation and business performance were not affected by this crisis，moreover IBM continued to grow steadily in the areas of both income and margin。In the context of this paper，I will first analyze the IBM`s transformation history in the three key stages under three CEOs，including Lou Gerstner`s service & innovation transformation since 1993；Sam Palmisano`s Merge & Acquisition plan & smarter Planet initiative；and Ginni Rometty`s 2015 roadmap plan to shoot for at least US$ 20 EPS by year 2015。 In the case study we will analyze the challenges which IBM was facing from corporate operation and transformation standpoints. For IBM`s software & software industrial solution strategy，Michael Porter’s five forces framework will be used to do an analysis to have a clear view on IBM`s competitiveness in the software & software industrial solution industry. SWOT analysis will also be applied to gain an in-depth view on IBM and its major software industrial solution competitors。From IBM software group’s growth and transformation strategy，we can also verify the strategic imperatives on IBM`s focuses on industrial solutions。Finally we use the example of how IBM successfully developed the various Industry Frameworks through client focused & tailored execution strategy to illustrate IBM`s asset-based solution development concept。From the recent organizational transformation of IBM software group in 2012，we can also prove that the transformation direction is toward solution centric。 In the summary of this paper I will analyze Taiwan`s software industry using Michael Porter’s Diamond model to come out several suggestions for the reference of software development vendors and government policy makers in Taiwan。How to develop the international market and build the talent resources to increase Taiwan`s competitiveness advantage will be the key focuses which we need to think deeply。Hopefully the software industry in Taiwan will have a paradigm shift and grow to the scale of the IC design and manufacturing industry with competitiveness。