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退休金財務永續與世代公平之探討 / Financial sustainability and intergenerational equity of public service pension fund張珮芬, Chang, Pei Fen Unknown Date (has links)
隨著退休人口不斷的增加,加以政府的財政困難,各國無不加速年金改革的腳步,希望能建立一個財務永續、世代公平,且滿足社會保障需求的年金制度。臺灣的退休金制度長期以來處於提撥率遠低於精算平衡費率的狀態,加上不斷增長的潛藏負債,使得退休金制度將面臨破產的考驗。本研究針對公教人員退撫基金進行財務分析探討,發現對目前正在繳納的年輕世代,若不積極採取適當的年金改革方案,終將成為了繳多卻領少,或甚至領不到的一群人,未來可能缺乏老年經濟安全的保障,造成世代不均,形成嚴重的社會問題。
理想的退休金制度應該同時兼顧老有所養的目的與世代的公平,倘若不斷降低給付支出以達到財務平衡,對於民眾的老年經濟卻造成嚴重的威脅,也不是恰當的方案。研究結果顯示,改革的幅度若是太小,年輕世代(30歲)退休金的金錢價值比約為1;而年長世代(60歲)則約為2.5。而若是將改革的幅度提高,則年輕世代金錢價值比為1.05;而年長世代則約為2.4,均得出確實存在世代公平性的問題。因此,將年輕世代的退休金制度漸進地轉換成確定提撥制(DC)或許是更為理想的改革方式;而採用確定給付制的人,透過政府挹注、減少相當的給付或持續提撥保費,讓世代間透過包容、互助的精神,使得年金改革的路程能夠更正確更為有效,促成社會祥和,才能讓臺灣的年金制度永久的走下去。 / Because of the increased retirement population and the government's financial difficulties, all countries will accelerate the pace of annuity reform. Hoping to establish a financial sustainability, fair pension system and meet the social security needs of the annuity system. In this study, we discuss the financial analysis of the public Service Pension Fund and find that the young generation will become a group of people who receive less pensions. If we do not take the appropriate annuity reform plan, the pension fund will not provide economic security in the old age.
The ideal pension plan should have the function of taking care the elderly and the intergenerational equity. If we continue to reduce the pension payment in order to achieve financial balance, the elderly economy will be threated seriously. It’s not a good and appropriate reform. The research results show that if the magnitude of the reform is too small, the money’s worth ratio of the young generation (30 years) pension is about 1; and the older generation (60 years) is about 2.5. And if the magnitude of reform is increased, the money’s worth ratio of the young generation is 1.05; and the older generation is about 2.4. All have the problem of the intergenerational equity. Thus, the pension plan of young generation changes into the defined contribution plan slowly. It may be a more ideal reform. And the people who use defined benefit plan have to reduce the payments, continue to pay premium into pension fund and the government provides the subsidies. So that the generations through the spirit of mutual assistance, it will make the journey of annuity reform can be more effective.
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開発途上国における気候変動適応とモニタリング・評価池田, まりこ 23 January 2018 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第20822号 / 地環博第169号 / 新制||地環||34(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 宇佐美 誠, 教授 諸富 徹, 准教授 吉野 章, 特定講師 菊地 諒 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM
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臺灣50指數期貨與基金上市後臺灣期貨與現貨市場之分析 / The Analysis of Taiwan Futures and Spot Markets after Taiwan 50 Futures and Taiwan Top50 Tracker Fund Trading洪文琪, Hung, WenChi Unknown Date (has links)
本文係針對臺灣50指數期貨與基金於2003年6月30日上市之後,臺灣期貨及現貨市場報酬率間領先落後關係與波動性的變化來進行探討。研究分為兩部份,第一部份是觀察臺灣50指數期貨與現貨之間的關聯性,並探討臺灣加權股價指數、金融保險類股股價指數及電子類股股價指數期貨與現貨市場間的變化;第二部份是採用可模擬現貨走勢的臺灣50指數基金、國泰金及臺積電的股價來做為現貨的替代變數,觀察其與期貨之間的關連性是否與第一部份的結果類似,若是實證結果極為相同,則相關機構與一般投資人將可運用各期貨與其標的指數中市值最大的股票來進行套利操作。此外,本文在進行模型估計時,首度採用一階段估計法,來聯合估計雙變量GARCH模型中的條件平均數方程式與條件變異數方程式,以避免過去相關文獻將兩條方程式個別估計時所造成的估計誤差。
實證結果所獲得的重要結論如下:首先,臺灣期貨市場的發展仍未趨成熟,並不具有價格發現的功能,在考慮風險溢酬方面,僅有臺灣50指數期貨與現貨的投資人會在報酬率之外,額外要求用以補償的風險溢酬,再者,臺灣50指數期貨與基金的上市,並沒有對臺灣現有的期貨與現貨市場造成顯著的影響,然而,替代變數並不能完全取代現貨指數,但相較之下,國泰金在臺灣50指數期貨與基金上市之後的那段期間模擬成效最好。 / This paper investigates the change of lead-lag relationship in returns and volatilities in Taiwan futures and spot markets after the introduction of Taiwan 50 Futures and Taiwan Top50 Tracker Fund (TTT) on June 30, 2003. The study divides into two parts. The first part examines the relationship between Taiwan 50 Futures and spot markets, and also discusses the change of Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization Weighted Stock Index, Taiwan Stock Exchange Banking and Insurance Sector Index, and Taiwan Stock Exchange Electronic Sector Index in futures and spot markets. Another part uses the stock price of TTT, Cathay Financial Holding Company and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company as the substitutive variables of spot index and goes a step further to examine the relationships between them and futures individually. Additionally, this research used One-Pass Method for first time to estimate jointly the conditional mean equation and conditional variance equation of Bivariate GARCH Model to avoid estimating error in previous relative studies with Two-Pass Method.
The major empirical results are as follows: first, the development of Taiwan futures market is incomplete. The futures market does not play the price discovery role to the spot market. Second, under the consideration of risk premium, only investors in Taiwan 50 Futures and spot markets would ask for compensated risk premium excepting returns. Third, the opening of Taiwan 50 Futures and TTT does not influence significantly Taiwan futures and spot markets. Last but not least, these substitutive variables can not replace spot index perfectly. However, comparing with others, the stock price of Cathay Financial Holding Company is the very model of Taiwan Stock Exchange Banking and Insurance Sector Index after the introduction of Taiwan 50 Futures and TTT.
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非營利組織救援功能之研究:以台灣九二一震災中六個個案為例游淑綺 Unknown Date (has links)
從九二一震災的救援經驗中使我們對非營利組織的救援行為加以肯定及重視,本研究試圖從非營利組織救援行動中四個重要相關議題:資訊傳播、人力動員協調與聯盟合作、賑災款項管理及與政府的互動關係進行非營利組織救援行為的探討;為了使研究結果能切合本土性需求,本研究以國內九二一震災作為研究標的,並以此次震災中六個具指標性的組織作為研究個案。在研究結論中以上述四大議題進行結果檢視,希冀研究所提出之建議,能對台灣未來非營利組織的救援行為有正面積極之貢獻。
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一九九O年代我國與拉丁美洲友邦經技合作之研究王家倫 Unknown Date (has links)
大綱提要
研究之動機、目的及方法
論文組織架構及資料來源
台海兩岸在中南美洲外交對抗之回顧(三個時期)
1949-1970年(我退出聯合國前-敵消我長-友邦數比2:20)
1971-1979年(我退出聯合國後-敵長我消-友邦數比12:12)
1980-1989年(蔣經國執政時期及李登輝執政初期-敵長我進-
友邦數比18:15)
備註:1990-1999年(李登輝執政時期-敵我建交拉鋸戰-友邦數比 19:14)
我國與中南美洲友邦經技合作
背景緣起
組織機制
(1)1960年代-外交部拉丁美洲農業技術合作小組
外交部海外技術合作委員會(1968年)
(2)1970年代-海外技術合作委員會CITC(1972年)
(3)1980年代-海外經濟合作發展基金會IECDF(1988年)
(4)1990年代-財團法人國際合作發展基金會ICDF(1996年)
合作項目
(1)1960-1980年代-農業(1963年起)、漁業(1974年起)、工業(1981年起)、竹工藝(1980年起)及昆蟲醫技(1981年起)
(2)1990年代-貸款計畫(基礎工程建設、工業區開發、中小企業轉融資、小農貸款、人道貸款)、外交部政策性貸款及人道援助
經費來源
(1)1974年6月以前-美援及我政府配合款
(2)1975年會計年度起-外交部預算(駐外技術團經費、政策性貸款、人道援助)
(3)1988年起-國庫編列援外基金(海外會及國合會貸款計畫)
合作策略
(1)1960-1980年代-傳統的農漁業技術合作
(2)1990年代-
擴大技術合作範圍(協助農業產銷、小農貸款、中小企業輔導與顧 問諮詢服務、海外服務工作團志工服務)
雙邊及多邊經濟合作(1991年CABEI會員國、1992年中美洲國家與中華民國合作混合委員會、1997年中美洲元首暨總理高峰會、1998年中美洲永續發展聯盟會員國及籌設中美洲經貿合作發展基金)
人道援助
合作績效
(1)1960-1980年代
政治外交層面-穩固8國傳統邦誼、爭取新興國家7國建交
經濟層面-1963年起總共派遣農技團23個、漁技團6個、竹技團2個、醫技團1個,至23國進行技術合作,協助當地農、漁業及竹工藝發展
(2)1990年代
政治外交層面-爭取尼加拉瓜復交、友邦支持我國參與聯合國、友邦歡迎我國加入中美洲統合體SICA
經濟層面-提供台灣成功發展經驗、7國中小企業轉融資貸款、 4國小農貸款、海地微額貸款、4國風災緊急紓困貸款、廠商赴友邦投資享有最優惠待遇、設立中美洲經貿辦事處、捐贈中美洲經濟合作發展基金、人道捐助
難題挑戰-
(1) 援外經費不足(國合基金僅達預定額度1/3、技術團經費增加有限且人事費偏高、援外金額占GNP比例偏低)
(2) 援外機制尚未完全明確建立(國合會成員架構不能反映民意監督功能、我國總體援外預算分屬不同部會或不同科目或隱藏在第二預備金內、援外支出缺乏民意有效監督、駐外使館浮濫運用援外資源)
(3) 援外專業人才難覓(國外待遇誘因不大、聘期無保障、國內不願優秀農技幹部外調、駐地貧窮落後或戰亂、被民間企業以高薪挖角)
(4) 友邦政府財力及基礎設施配合困難
(5) 廠商經貿投資未能配合援外政策
結論
經技合作--(1)效果:鞏固邦交、增進友邦的經濟發展、建立多邊的政經合作關係、突破中共外交封鎖
(2)影響經技合作成敗的變數:國際因素、中共因素、友邦國內政經情勢因素、我國國內因素
第一章導論
第一節研究動機及目的/3
第二節研究方法/4
第三節組織架構及資料來源/5
第二章台海兩岸在拉丁美洲外交對抗之回顧
第一節「敵消我長」時期(1949年-1970年)/9
第二節「敵長我消」時期(1971年-1979年)/12
第三節「敵長我進」時期(1980年-1989年)/14
第三章一九九○年代以前我國與拉丁美洲友邦經技合作概況
第一節經技合作的背景與緣起/19
第二節經技合作的組織機制、內容項目與經費運用/22
第三節經技合作的評估/39
第四章一九九○年代我國與拉丁美洲友邦經技合作策略之分析
第一節拉丁美洲友邦對我之重要性/51
第二節我國與拉丁美洲友邦經技合作策略之轉變/65
第三節李總統登輝先生的太平之旅與我國與拉丁美洲友邦之經技合作/88
第五章一九九○年代我國與拉丁美洲友邦經技合作之評估
第一節當前我國經技合作的組織機制/111
第二節我國與拉丁美洲經技術合作的績效/117
第六章我國經援及技術合作所面臨的難題挑戰/130
第一節援外經費不足
第二節援外機制尚未完全明確建立
第三節援外專業人才難覓
第四節友邦政府財力及基礎設施配合困難
第五節廠商經貿投資未能配合援外政策
第七章結論/159
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保本信託基金之評價與分析--以怡富日本美元還本收益基金為例 / Valuation and Analysis of Principal Guaranteed Fund--A Case Study on JF Japan Capital Guaranteed Trust江明鐘, Chiang, Ming-Chong Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要從金融創新的角度分析保本基金之證券設計,並藉由零息債券與指數選擇權兩種投資工具,複製成為具有與保本基金相同到期價值之投資組合,用以評價保本基金,再進一步以該投資組合為基礎,分析保本基金的金融創新價值及基金操作之投資績效。本研究以怡富日本美元還本收益基金為例,提出上述有關保本基金之評價、金融創新價值及投資績效之討論。
在本研究中,選擇權之型式係為一算術平均式指數買權。本研究採用蒙地卡羅模擬(Monte Carlo simulation)作為算術平均式買權之評價方法,然後以零息債券與日經 300季平均買權之結合,計算怡富日本美元還本收益基金之理論價值。利用計算得之基金理論價值作為基金的績效評估準則,採用Wilcoxon符號等級和檢定法檢定基理論價值與淨值兩者之差,進一步推估該保本基金的投資績效。
根據本研究之結果,顯示怡富日本美元還本收益基金就整段評價期間之平均而言,該基金之淨值係小於理論價值。本研究提出保本基金之創新價值包括潛在交易成本的降低、使市場更完全、不易複製、及提供小額證券之投資。在假設其他情況不變下,影響怡富日本美元還本收益基金之創新價值因素,包括該基金起始日之淨值、及複製零息債券與日經300 季平均買權之交易成本愈大時,該基金之創新價值愈大;而基金起始日之理論價值、及基金之交易成本愈小時,則該基金之創新價值愈大。本研究進一步以怡富日本美元還本收益基金之理論價值為基準,採用Wilcoxon符號等級和檢定方式檢定該基金的投資績效,檢定結果顯示該基金的投資績效不佳。
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台灣創投基金對於新創公司 長期表現的影響 / The Effect of Venture Capitals on the Long-term Performance of Start-ups王家唯, Wang, Chia Wei Unknown Date (has links)
本研究透過台灣創投基金的聲譽、國際化和政治連結等信號(Signal),探討創投基金對於新創公司初次公開發行後的長期表現的影響。本研究之實證結果發現,創投基金的聲譽越高以及國際化程度越高,對於新創公司的長期表現有正向影響,但是創投基金與國發基金的政治連結卻產生非單一面向的結果,政治連結僅對於新創公司的長期研發投入具有正面顯著影響。政治連結會帶來負向的效果可能由於國發基金所推行的政策影響,或者是其中具有裙帶資本主義的干擾,導致受到國發基金所投資的創投基金對於新創公司的長期表現帶來負面影響。由本研究的結果我們可知若新創公司得到具有高聲譽或國際化的創投投資是對於其未來發展是有所幫助,所以新創公司在尋找創投基金合作時,可以以此作為考量的標準。 / In this research, venture capital reputation, degrees of internationalization, and the political links formed by venture capitals and Taiwanese National Development Fund are hypothesized to influence the long-run performance of start-ups. By utilizing a unique dataset of venture capital investment, we could investigate the sources of higher long-run performance of venture capital teams. Besides, we also inquire the impact of internationalization and political links of venture capitals on the performance of stat-up business. The results show that venture capitals with higher reputation or degrees of internalization impacts positively on long-term performance of start-ups. However, the political links formed between venture capitals and Taiwanese National Development Fund only affects business innovation measures positively. The policy focused or the crony capitalism long existing between Taiwanese National Development Fund and venture capitals can both be the major reasons to trigger the mixed investment influence. Thus, this research can shed some light on the intrinsic factors driving positive investment results other than the venture capital reputations.
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韓國KOTEC評估方法探討 - 以台灣新藥研發公司為例 / A Study on South Korea's KOTEC Evaluation Method - Taiwan New Drug Development Companies as Examples吳書帆 Unknown Date (has links)
生技產業為我國未來六大明星產業之一,除政府成立生技創投基金,民間企業也陸續加入這波生技投資行列,如永豐餘集團旗下的上智生技創投,與潤泰集團旗下的鑽石生技投資。以籌資來源而言,又分為借款融資關係(負債端)的外部資金,以及股東投資關係(權益端)的自有資金兩種,對於公司經營各有優缺點,亦應取得平衡。唯目前多數為權益端的資金投入,尤其以該產業中風險最高的新藥研發公司為例,仍普遍高達95%以上的股東權益比率。顯示其籌資來源有限,且難以吸引負債端的投資者參與。而這樣的資金來源比例,除不符合企業融資順位理論於公司成長階段的籌資策略與負債權益比率,權益端資金多以短期獲得高利潤為目的,以資金性質亦不適合占資產達95%以上之比例。
以目前負債端籌資管道,新藥研發公司多數利用台灣中小企業信用保證基金直保部或經濟部促進產業創新或研究發展貸款計畫專案申請,唯融資額度上限遠不足以支付藥物開發費用,且非一般負債端直接經由銀行評估取得融資之方式。綜觀國際業態,單一全新藥物開發至上市平均需約USD8億元(約NTD240億元)不等,而台灣公司的研發策略多數為分段發展或老藥新用(藥物重新定位)策略,但仍有高度資金需求。唯銀行、負債端投資者普遍缺乏投入該產業的意願,主要顧慮為具冗長的產品研發週期業態、高度不確定性的產品上市審查、長期臨床試驗伴隨的高額成本。此外,對於資金專注研發之新藥研發公司,亦面臨擔保品不足之問題。而實務上,負債端資金提供者如銀行,對於複雜的生技領域與新藥研發公司業態不甚了解,為降低融資意願的另一主因。
故本研究旨在建立一套適用於新藥研發公司之一般性價值評估方式,解決此雙方認知差異問題,以增加更多元的籌資管道。其中,本文參考其他國家評估方法,選擇其中針對技術型公司、發展久遠的韓國技術信用保證基金KOTEC評估模式,導入台灣微脂體、基亞生物科技、賽德醫藥科技3間新藥研發公司個案作一評估。並於最後研究結論,經由分析比較個案公司間歷年經營狀況,得出公司整體與個別質、量性指標項目量化的相對分數,以台灣微脂體分數157分最高,基亞生技次之。本研究亦參考個案評估狀況,得出該類公司較佳的一般性經營策略結論,發現公司創立早期可先以開發週期短、風險較低的老藥新用開發以代替副業產生短期營收的效用,同時累積本業開發經驗,待時機成熟再轉入全新藥物開發為一攻守兼具的經營模式,以供新藥研發公司參考。此外,本研究屬於探索性研究,僅於評估新藥研發公司分數階段,尚未轉換為公司融資評等。該部分尚待具一定案源量後,以統計模型將評估分數與還款違約率關聯性做一分析,方能計算融資評等。而建立內部評等模型、資訊系統對台灣銀行規模而言,為一額外高昂成本,亦建議可效法韓國由政府主導為可行方式之一。 / The biotechnology industry is one of the six future stars of the industries in Taiwan. The government established Biotechnology Venture Capital (BVC), and the more and more private companies joined the procession of biotech investments, such as the two famous biotech funds, Taiwan Global BioFund (TGB) and Diamond BioFund Inc.. According to sources of funding, we can divided them into two groups: one is the loan of external funds (liability side), and the other is the shareholder investment of internal funds (equity side), both of them have different advantages and disadvantages for the company, and the company should strike a balance between these advantages and disadvantages. However, the majority of the funds are invested from the equity side, especially the new drug development companies, which are the highest risk types in the industry, and most of their equity ratio is higher than 95 %. This information indicates the limited sources of funding, and the difficulty to attract liability side’s investors to participate. That proportion of funding sources doesn’t comply with the company’s financing strategy and debt to equity ratio in the growth stage of the enterprise life cycle in the pecking order theory, and equity side’s funds are not suitable for accounting for more than 95% of assets in balance sheet because most of them want to get high profits in the short-term.
Currently, major new drug development companies usually apply for loans from the Direct Guarantee Dept. of the Small & Medium Enterprise Credit Guarantee Fund of Taiwan (Taiwan SMEG) or the Promote Industrial Innovation or R&D Loan Program of Industrial Development Bureau in Taiwan, but the amount of loan is insufficient to cover the costs for the new drug development, and this method is not a general way to obtain liability side’s financing from the bank’s direct evaluation. In the international situation, the progress from development to sale of a single new drug spends about US $800 million (about NT $24 billion) on average. Despite Taiwan's R&D strategies only cover the sectional development progress or the policy of the new usage of old drugs (drug repositioning), there is still a high degree of capital requirement. However, in the present, banks and other liability side’s investors still lack the will to invest in the new drug development companies. These investors concern about several major problems, including the lengthy product development cycle, high uncertainty of the product examination and approval, the high cost of long-term clinical trials in this industry. In addition, these companies are also faced with the problem of lacking collateral, because they invest much money in new drug R&D. On the other hand, liability side’s investors, such as banks, don’t understand the complex field of new drug development companies' business models, and this situation becomes another reason for reducing the financing will.
Therefore, we should establish a general evaluation method applicable to new drug development companies, to solve the problem of cognitive differences between liability side’s investors and the borrowers, and expand the funding sources of these companies. This article refers to the actual evaluation method in other countries, chooses the most suitable and well developed evaluation model --- Korea Technology Finance Corporation (KOTEC)’s evaluation method for the technology-based company, and utilizes the method to evaluate three cases of the new drug development companies in Taiwan, including Taiwan Liposome Co., Medigen Biotechnology Crop., and CytoPharm, Inc.. In conclusion of the study, by analyzing and comparing the three companies’ operating situations in recent years, we can get relative quantified scores from the companies’ overall and individual qualitative, quantitative indicators, and the result is that Taiwan Liposome Co. gets the highest score, 157 points, then Medigen Biotechnology Crop. gets the middle one. This study also refers the case situations, to find a better general business strategy for such companies. We find that new drug development company in the early stage can focus on new usage development of old drugs ,which has advantages of short development cycle and lower risk, to replace the sideline that generates short-term revenue, and accumulate the experience of drug development. When the time is ripe, it can transfer to new drug development. This way is the general suggestion of both offensive and defensive business model for new drug development companies. In addition, this study is an exploratory research, which only focuses on the evaluation stage, and has not converted the result into a corporate financing credit rating. To calculate financing credit ratings, we require a lot of historical cases data to establish a statistical analysis model, and link evaluation scores with repayment default rates. The establishment of an internal rating model or information system incurs high additional costs for the size of the banks in Taiwan, so the recommended one of the possible ways is that we can follow the example led by the South Korea Government.
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衡量臺灣證券市場上槓桿及反向指數股票型基金之績效 / Evaluating the Performance of Leveraged and Inverse Exchange-Traded Funds in Taiwanese Stock Market彭思涵 Unknown Date (has links)
本文以臺灣證交所上市的前九檔槓桿及反向指數股票型基金(LETFs)作為 樣本,根據 Charupat and Miu(2014)研究方法衡量其績效。傳統衡量指數股票 型基金(ETFs)績效的方式,為單純將基金淨值報酬對指數累積報酬做簡單迴 歸,若將此方法應用在衡量 LETFs 之績效上,由於許多影響基金淨值報酬的因素 沒被分離出來,常造成迴歸結果存在嚴重偏誤,或是難以解釋。本文是第一篇研 究國內 LETFs 績效的著作,透過在迴歸式中納入複利效果、融資效果,以更精確 的方式比較分析影響 LETFs 基金淨值報酬的因素,及各 LETFs 之管理績效。本 文實證結果除了證實融資效果確實存在,也證實大部分複利效果及融資效果的理 論性質,最重要的是,顯示出追蹤上証 180 指數的三檔 LETFs 在準確複製報酬槓 桿倍數上比較傑出,而追蹤台灣 50 指數的三檔 LETFs 在基金管理效率方面有比 較優秀的表現。 / Using Leveraged and Inverse Exchange-Traded Funds (LETF) listed in the Taiwan Stock Exchange, this thesis evaluates the performance of these LETFs based on the methodology proposed by Charupat and Miu (2014). The traditional approach of performance evaluation of ETFs is to regress the fund’s net asset value (NAV) returns on the underlying index’s returns. However, such an approach fails to account for important factors, such as compounding and financing effects, that affect the NAV of the LETFs, and unavoidably leads to serious estimation biases. This is the first thesis which evaluates the performance of LETFs listed in the Taiwan Stock Exchange. By considering compounded effect and financing effect in the regression model, the proposed method is more precise and appropriate in disentangling factors that affect the performance of the LETFs. Our empirical evidence shows how compounding effect, financing costs, and management factors influence LETFs’ tracking errors. Most of all, the three LETFs tracking the SSE180 index have the best tracking ability of the underlying asset return, while the LETFs tracking the FTSE TWSE Taiwan 50 index have the best management performance among all LETFs examined in this these.
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中國大陸非營利組織發展之研究:以中國青少年發展基金會為例 / The Non-Profit Organizations of Maimland China: A Case in China Youth Development Foundation傅正良, Fu, Cheng-Liang Unknown Date (has links)
中國大陸自1978年改革開放之後,伴隨著經濟繁榮與社會開放,使得經濟、政治、文化等社會生活各方面都受到前所未有的衝擊,同時也為中國大陸的非營利組織帶來發展的契機,之後非營利組織也如雨後春筍般地迅速發展,雖然目前其發展仍處於初期階段,但其民間性正在不斷地強化;同時,非營利組織在社會福利、慈善救助、助學培訓、醫療保健、文化教育、生態環境等各方面的努力與社會影響,在中國大陸顯然地已成為一股重要的社會力量,而相關的研究與探討也在近幾年來大量地發表。
本文在於探討中國大陸非營利組織發展的產生背景、歷史發展、規模情形、法規制度、與市民社會發展的關係、目前所面臨的問題與困境,以及其未來發展的趨勢。並以中國青少年發展基金會為個案分析,希望透過文獻的分析與實地的訪談,以更加瞭解目前中國大陸非營利組織的發展情形。
而在近年來非營利組織迅速發展的同時,也面臨到一些問題與瓶頸,包括:政社不分、經費不足、人才缺乏、法律不健全等問題。總之,目前中國大陸的非營利組織仍處於轉型之中,且改革開放以來,中國大陸非營利組織發展雖然面臨到前所未有的機遇,但於此同時,也面臨到諸多的問題與挑戰。 / After reform and opening up in 1978, all aspects of mainland China, such as the economy, politics and culture affairs, were in an unprecedented state of shock. Meanwhile, the opportunity was given for the development of the non-profit organizations (NPO) which were growing rapidly in recent years. Though the development is still at the primary stage, the participation of citizens in NPOs is increasing gradually. NPOs have become an important force with their growing influence on the social welfare, kindly supports, healthcare, cultural and education affairs, and environmental protections. Much related research was published in recent years.
The current study uses China Youth Development Foundation as an example to understand the development of NPOs in mainland China. The study focuses on its background, history, current situation, relevant regulations, relationship with the civil society, and future developments. The purpose of this study is to know more about the present development of NPOs in mainland China by methods of interviews and analyses.
As NPOs develop rapidly in recent years, they are also facing some problems, such as their connections with politics, shortage of financial support and personnel, and insufficient regulation establishments. In general, the NPOs of mainland China are still in a period of transition. Since the reform and open market, NPOs have had a great opportunity for their development, but they are also experiencing many problems and challenges.
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