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地上權之財產權界定及消滅後地上物清理之法律經濟分析巫智豪 Unknown Date (has links)
在二十世紀七十年代開始,以Richard A. Posner為首,以寇斯定理為主的財產權理論,開展出「法律經濟分析」這一學術思潮,以經濟學觀點,來審視法律制度之良窳。而在九十年代,寇斯獲得諾貝爾獎後,更奠定了經濟學與法學間科際整合之相容性及必要性。然而,在台灣,由於深受德國法律文化之影響,以及近來政治社會的影響,經濟效率永遠無法與公平正義相提並論,而犧牲了法律經濟分析在台灣成長的契機,實為可惜,故本文嘗試以法律經濟分析之核心——寇斯定理來闡述法律制度,希望能多少引導有志之士踏入此門學術領域。
以交易成本為中心之寇斯定理所衍生之財產權理論,乃以人是理性自利為假設前提,而追求整體社會的最大產出,也就是以整體社會產值極大化的角度來看產權界定、保障,故本文乃以此種概念,對民法地上權章相關問題作以下之法律經濟分析:(1)以寇斯定理分析地上權之所以形成、其必要性及產權界定之問題,探討其制度形成之背景及經濟目的,並以交易成本來分析民法地上權章之規定所能達到的效率層面為何;(2)探討地上權法律設計如何保障財產權,研究焦點放在民法第八百三十九、八百四十條以及修正草案對於地上權消滅後地上物處理之規定,應用Calabresi與Melamed所提出之三個基本的財產權保障法則,分析地上權消滅後,地上物之處理,所採取之保障法則為何,及所導致之經濟效果來判斷法律制度設計之良窳。
本研究認為,地上權制度由於因物權法定主義之特性,使得該制度之設立得以省下搜尋及資訊成本,而突顯其必要性,但仍必須與因物權態樣之僵化程度相衡量;而對於地上權消滅後地上物之處理,本文認為設計上忽略了工作物及竹木經濟特性之不同,而予以分別討論。在分析中,發現當工作物具公共財性質時,不管以財產法則或責任法則,都無法解決效率及財產權保障問題,此乃當初財產權界定有誤,必須以特別法或特別規定排除;而關於建築物於消滅後之處理,法律設計上形成了二回合的責任法則,依Ayres及Balkin之觀點,此將會誘導雙方透露出私人訊息,而為法院判斷其真實價格而作為補償額之有效依據,並在第二回合責任法則結束時,以財產法則遏止無效率的相互侵奪繼續下去,因此,民法第八百四十條第一項及第二項之規定,符合了此種觀點,而能達到效率,並符合立法意旨。
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股票群的隨機行走模型與內在結構 - 以1996-1999年美國股票S&P500為例之初步分析 / Random walk model and underlying structure - a primitive study of collections of US stocks over 1996-1999黃鈺峰, Huang, Yu Feng Unknown Date (has links)
我們從計算股價的相關矩陣,然後利用隨機矩陣定理的結果,了解到股票市場並非符合隨機過程的預測,進而得知股票對股票之間具有關聯性,然其長時距下股票價格對數報酬的變化會呈現隨機行走的模式,因此我們對其結果提出二種不同的耦合隨機行走模型,試圖闡釋股票市場間的關聯性可融合到耦合隨機行走模型之中,並藉由均方對數報酬(mean square log-return,MSLR)來探討此事情。
最後,為了瞭解關聯性的關係,並利用其來了解股票市場內部結構的特性,因此我們利用股價的相關矩陣來建構最小展開樹進行分析,發現當時間尺度越大其圖形越密集,中心幾乎為「GE」這家公司,因此其股票市場具有一定的判斷指標。 / By means of calculating the correlation matrix of the price of stock and using the results of random matrix theorems,we learned that the stock market does not match the prediction of stochastic processes and the stock-stock is correlated。However,stock’s price log-return changes under long time scale will appear random walk model. Therefore,we propose two kinds of the different coupled random walk model,that try to explain the correlation between the stock markets can be integrated into the coupled random walk model,and using the mean square log-return( MSLR) to investigate this issue。
Finally,to understand the relationship of correlation matrix and by using it to know the characteristics of the underlying structure of the stock market,we use the correlation matrix of the price to construct the minimum spanning tree for analysis。The results showed that when the time scale is greater, the graphics are more intensive,and the center is almost the same company,"GE", indicating that the stock market has a certain judgment index。
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油ガス田における石油と水の接触面形成に関する水理学的研究本田, 博巳 23 March 2015 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第12922号 / 論工博第4115号 / 新制||工||1625(附属図書館) / 32132 / (主査)教授 松岡 俊文, 教授 細田 尚, 教授 小池 克明 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM
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趨中或極端?選制改革前後立委候選人在兩岸議題的政治立場 / Centripetal and Centrifugal: Legislator Candidates’ Position in the Issue of the Cross-Strait Relations before and after the Electoral Reform蔡幸芳, Tsai, Hsin Fang Unknown Date (has links)
民主國家中選舉是獲得政治職位、聲望或權力的主要途徑之一,有許多因素會影響選舉結果,其中選舉制度是決定在位者與挑戰者去留的關鍵,決定如產生當選者,選舉制度往往會影響候選人的參選動機、競選方式、選民的投票行為,甚至會造成不同類型的政黨政治。本研究主要探究立委選舉從第七屆開始實行單一選區兩票制後,區域立委候選人的政治立場相較於過去在複數選區單記不可讓渡投票制下,是否有所不同或發生改變。本研究以兩岸議題為例,以第五屆及第七屆區域立法委員候選人為分析單位,並依其選舉公報採內容分析法為研究焦點。本研究有幾個研究發現:首先、選制改革有相當程度反映在屆別的差異上,對立委候選人兩岸立場造成影響;其次、雖然新選制下立委候選人提出更多的兩岸政見,但所提出的兩岸政見,新選制相較於舊選制,不但統獨立場趨中,且論述語氣略微和緩,此一發現支持中位選民定理,也就是說,在單一選區相對多數決制之下,立委候選人的兩岸議題不管在方向或是程度上,相較SNTV制度均有往中間靠攏的趨勢,意即新選制下的立委候選人在政見立場方向,是符合理論預期往意識形態光譜中間移動,傾向提出方向趨中且統獨維持現狀或中立的兩岸政見。 / In democratic country, election is the main approach for the politicians to receive position, reputation, and power. Many factors affect the result. Electoral system is one of the key causes to determine who-incumbent and challenger- will win the election. In addition, electoral systems also affect the process of producing winner, the candidates’ motive and campaign, the electorate’s voting behaviors. and even different types of party politics. This paper targets on the district legislators’ behaviors. Do their behaviors change after the electoral reform transiting from SNTV to Single-District Two-Votes System? To be more specific, I focus on the fifth and seventh terms of legislators as the analysis unit, and explore their attitudes or campaign platform on Cross-Strait issue, which are published on the campaign communique. I used the content analysis to analyze the campaign communique. There are several findings implied from this research. First, electoral system indeed affects legislators’ positions on Cross-Strait issues. There is significant difference between the fifth and seventh terms of legislators. Second, comparing with the fifth term, although the seventh term of legislators propose more Cross-Strait-related campaign platform, their attitudes are more moderate. This finding supports the median voter theorem. Under the Single-District System, comparing with SNTV, legislators will stand on moderate position on Cross-Strait issue, no matter on direction or intensity. In conclusion, the findings fit to my expectation that the seventh term of legislators stand on moderate position on the political spectrum. They are incline to propose more neutral campaign platform. They prefer maintaining the status quo to unification or independence.
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生涯自主動機歷程與生涯定向、學習投入之模式驗證-以自我決定理論之觀點 / The development model of autonomy motivation of career: self-determination theory perspective薛凱方, Hsueh, Kai Fang Unknown Date (has links)
自我決定理論是個從環境脈絡、個體心理需求、動機型態來看待個體適應性行為的歷程理論。本研究之研究旨趣即是以自我決定理論之觀點,探討父母支持、教師支持、基本需求滿足、生涯自主動機、生涯定向及學習投入的現況及各變項在性別、年級、學校性質的差異情形,研究者乃根據上述變項提出兩個模式並予以驗證。
本研究以台灣地區北、中、南、東四個地區1120位高中生為對象,研究工具包括:研究者改編之「父母支持量表」、「教師支持量表」、「基本需求滿足量表」、「生涯自主動機量表」、「生涯定向量表」及「學習投入量表」。本研究採用單因子多變量變異數分析與潛在變項模式分析進行研究假設之驗證。
研究結果顯示:
1.現今高中生所知覺的父母支持及教師支持頻率偏高,基本需求滿足程度良好、生涯自主動機程度偏高、生涯定向程度中等、學習投入狀況積極。
2.女高中生比起男高中生,感覺到較高的父母支持、教師支持,並且在聯繫感的需求上獲得較高的滿足;高三學生比起高二學生而言,他們感覺到較高的教師支持,有著較高的生涯自主動機,對於未來生涯的目標也較為明確,高一的學生也比高二的學生感受到較多的教師支持;明星高中的學生比社區高中的學生感受到較高的父母支持,而社區高中的學生比明星高中的學生感受到較高的教師支持。
3.以父母支持、教師支持為自變項、基本需求滿足、生涯自主動機為中介變項,生涯定向為依變項的「生涯自主動機歷程與生涯定向模式」獲得支持。亦即高中生所知覺的父母支持、教師支持會正向影響個體的基本需求滿足程度,基本需求滿足程度會進一步正向影響生涯自主動機,再透過生涯自主動機對生涯定向產生正向影響。
4.以父母支持、教師支持為自變項、基本需求滿足、生涯自主動機、生涯定向為中介變項,學習投入為依變項的「生涯自主動機歷程與生涯定向、學習投入模式」獲得支持。亦即生涯自主動機、生涯定向對學習投入有正向影響,且父母支持及教師支持對學習投入有直接正向影響。
最後,研究者根據研究結果提出建議,以供高中父母、教師、輔導單位、高中生及未來研究者參考。
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兩個組合數學的主題: Hadamard 矩陣的建構及有關森林的研究 / Two Combinatorial Topics: Constructions of Hadamard Matrices and Studies of Forests施耀振, Shih,Yaio-Zhern Unknown Date (has links)
在這篇論文,我們主要探討兩個獨立的組合數學主題:一個是Hadamard矩陣的建構,一個是有關森林的研究。在第一個主題,所得者又分為二,其一,我們從一個已知的Hadamard矩陣,利用Sylvester的方法去建構名為Jm-Hadamard矩陣。從這個矩陣裡,藉由在Sm上適當的排列,可以獲致其他2mm!-1個Hadamard矩陣。另外,我們引進Jm-class的概念, 將之寫成CJm,並探討當n整除n'時,CJn'是否包含於CJn。關於這個問題,我們得到最初的結論是CJ8 CJ4 CJ2。其二,在已知的t個階數分別是4m1,4m2,…,4mt的Hadamard矩陣,希望獲得一個階數是2km1m2… mt的Hadamard矩陣,使得k值愈小愈好。我們可以找到最小指數的上界,這個數稍好於Craigen及de Launey所得到的值。在第二個主題裡,我們致力於三個目標,首先,我們將平面樹上的一些結果,推廣到平面森林上,諸如Shapiro的結果,葉子的偶數、奇數問題,Catalan數與類似數之間的恒等式。其二,我們用了一個很簡潔的方法去證明Chung-Feller定理,也獲致相關的結果及應用。最後,我們以研究數種n-caterpillars的優美標法,作為本文的結束,最特別的是我們可藉用拉丁方陣去建構2n-caterpillars的優美標法。
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上司の自律性支援とコーチングが部下の動機づけに与える影響 : 自己決定理論に着目して / ジョウシ ノ ジリツセイ シエン ト コーチング ガ ブカ ノ ドウキズケ ニ アタエル エイキョウ : ジコ ケッテイ リロン ニ チャクモク シテ久保田 康司, Yasushi Kubota 21 March 2019 (has links)
企業における上司の自律性支援とコーチングが部下の外発的動機づけと内発的動機づけにどのように影響を与えるかについて、自己決定理論による説明を試みた。具体的には自律性支援とコーチングが有能感への欲求、自律性への欲求、関係性への欲求という3つの基本的心理欲求を満たすことでより内発的に動機づけられ、基本的心理欲求を満たさないとより外発的に動機づけられるという仮説を構造方程式モデリングによる分析を試みた。 / 博士(政策科学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Policy and Management / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University
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反饋法則下財政政策之總體效果 / The Macroeconomic Impact of Fiscal Policy with Feedback on Debt莊汜沂, Chuang, Szu Yi Unknown Date (has links)
思及當前捉襟見肘的財政窘境,無可避免地,債台高築的臺灣實陷入飲鴆止渴般以債養債之無限迴圈中,導致政府政策效能不彰、社會福利運作生弊亦無可厚非;於『公共債務法』之財政規範下,臺灣業已瀕臨法定舉債門檻,故不論是對短期政府支出之排擠、扭曲性稅率之稽徵抑或對長期經濟成長的斲傷,皆是身為中華民國國民真正惶悚不安之所在。
職是之故,本研究係採用一納入政府財政部門及貨幣當局之擴充『實質景氣循環模型』,藉以Sidrauski(1967)所提出的貨幣效用函數為出發點,將實質餘額引進理論模型,並透過計量操作捕捉實證期間起於西元1971年第一季迄至2007年第四季之政府政策函數,過程中,我們不難發現政府購買性支出及稅率皆存在相當的持續性,且對政府未償公債餘額之高低作出某種程度的反應。亦即,若政府實施公債融通政策,俾使期初公債餘額較高之際,則本期甚或往後各期的政府支出將遭受抑制和排擠,尤有甚者,政府勢必擬以提高未來稅率以茲挹注該債務之還本付息所造成的財政缺口;是以,本研究著眼於引進公債餘額對政府支出及稅率存在反饋作用下,財政政策與貨幣政策之總體效果及各總體變數之動態調整過程的風貌。即便公債發行或賒借為政府提供一財務週轉工具以裨益財政政策保有更靈活之彈性,然據模型所產生的結果顯示,就長期而論,政府必須維持一穩定之未償公債餘額,即公債水準具備『均數復歸』性質,而該財政目標係透過削減未來政府支出、調整扭曲性稅率及鑄幣稅融通政策方得以達成預算平衡,準此,該設定將造成公債融通之減稅政策對經濟體系具有實質效果,『公債融通』管道亦『非中立性政策』,從而傳統『李嘉圖等值定理』於本模型中無法成立。
就政策面層次而言,本研究試圖放寬『反饋法則』與政策係數之設定,以檢視透過不同程度之政府支出、稅率甚至貨幣供給途徑的改變來平衡因增加公債發行所造成的財政赤字,對經濟體系之長短期效果有何迥異處;是文亦藉由衝擊反應函數分別探討於政府支出增加、減稅措施及貨幣擴張之下,政策的傳遞機制與各總體變數之動態性質,顯然地,就高債務比率前提下,當政府戮力於刺激景氣而欲積極實施立竿見影的總體經濟政策之際,卻常因狃於急效而欲速不達,非但政策效果有限,亦可能使體系落入更為不景氣的田地,從而,財政惡化不啻為經濟危機的導火線也就不言而喻。再者,貨幣政策對體系之實質變數具有一定程度的作用,是故,本模型於短期內無法一窺『貨幣中立性』之堂奧,唯長期始得以復見。總括言之,政府亟須奉『健全財政』為圭臬,擬定政策時更得戒慎恐懼,並適切權衡利弊得失,以茲裨益有更具信心的經濟表現。
此外,本研究亦透過『效準』實驗以評估模型『配適度』之良窳,即便於反覆疊代法下,該模擬表現係瑕瑜互見而不盡完美,卻也大抵符合景氣循環之『典型化特徵』;然就實質景氣循環模型所為人詬病之勞動市場一隅而論,引進公債之反饋法則下的財政政策操作,無疑地改善了傳統工時與工資率動輒高度正相關之本質,從而獲致相對較低之理論相關係數,亦朝實證資料所呈現工時與工資率存在幾近零相關甚或低度負相關之表徵更邁進一大步。 / With current financial difficulties beyond government capability, it is inevitable that the already deep-in-debt Taiwan opted for momentary relief by paying debt through debt financing and ended up in an infinite loop, causing spiral-down performances in government policies and faulty operations of social welfare instruments. Taiwan has been on the verge of reaching the statutory upper limit of debt financing according to “The Public Debt Act” regulations and all nationals are becoming anxious about such impacts as crowding out of short-run government spending, levying of distorting taxes, and damages on long-run economic growth.
To better understand the debt’s impacts, this research uses the “Real Business Cycle Model” extended by taking government treasury agency and monetary institution into account. Starting with Money In Utility Function (MIUF) as proposed by Sidrauski (1967) to introduce real money balance into the theoretical model and, in the process of econometric manipulation, to detect empirical governmental policy functions in the period between the first quarter, 1971 and the fourth quarter, 2007, it is not hard to discover that there are considerable persistence in both government purchases and tax rates, with manifestation of certain degree of responses to the total amount of outstanding bonds the government has yet to pay. In other words, a governmental bond financing policy designed to render high initial bonds outstanding tends to cause suppression and crowding out of government spending in current and even later periods. Furthermore, the government is bound to plan on raising taxes in the future in order to cut financial deficit gap caused by paying back the principles and interests of the debt. Therefore, this study focuses on presenting the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policies and monetary policies, as well as the dynamic adjustment processes of macroeconomic variables based on the impact of feedback effect of bonds outstanding on government spending and tax rates. Even thought public bonds issuance or debt financing serves as a governmental fiscal instrument for financial turnover to ensure flexibility of fiscal policies, our model shows that the government should, from a long-run perspective, maintain a stable amount of bonds outstanding. Put in a different way, the level of bonds outstanding shows “mean-reverting” characteristics which rely on future government spending cut, distorting tax adjustment and seigniorage financing policy to achieve balance of budget. As a result, such setup would cause the bond-financing backed tax deduction policies to create practical effects on economies and, as the bond financing instruments are “Non-Neutrality” policies, would render the “Ricardian Equivalence Theorem” invalid in our model.
In the policy aspect, this study tries to relax both “feedback rules” and setup of policy parameters for investigating the differences between long-run and short-run effects on the economy by different degrees of changes in government spending, tax rates and even money supply channels which are used to balance the fiscal deficit caused by increased bond issuance. This article also studies, through the impulse response function, the policy propagation mechanism and the dynamics of key macroeconomic variables under the situation of government spending increase, tax deduction and monetary expansion. It is obvious that the government, in the case of high debt ratios and when making all endeavors to spur economy by implementing macroeconomic policies aimed for instant results, is accustomed to seeking quick fixes only to achieve very limited effects, sometimes even to drive the economy into further recession. It is therefore evident that fiscal degradation could lead to economic disaster. Moreover, as the monetary policies have certain degrees of influence on real variables of the economy, this model will not be able to clearly analyze the “neutrality of money” in such a short period of time. The effect will only reveal in the long run. In summary, the government should keep “sound finance” as the highest guiding principle and be extremely cautious in formulating policies in order to weigh all pros and cons discreetly, thus help to achieve a benefiting economic performance that generates more confidence.
Furthermore, this study assesses “goodness of fit” of the model through a “calibration” experiment. Although the simulation results show, under recursive method, intermingled good and poor occasions that are beyond satisfaction, they generally agree with the “typical characteristics” of business cycles. However, in the aspect of long-criticized labor market of the real business cycle model, the fiscal policy operation under feedback rules with introduction of public debts for sure has greatly improved on the conventional intrinsic property of high correlation between labor hours and real wage rates, by delivering a relatively low theoretical correlation coefficient, which is a big step towards the empirical results of almost zero or even weakly negative correlation between labor hours and real wage rates.
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