正常人的語誤中可以取得在心理語言上何為音韻單位的證據，近來有許多針對失語症的病人語誤的研究，發現失語症病人的語誤也可當做測試語言表徵的重要來源資料。 　　本研究針對失語症病人在聲調方面表現，做聲調錯誤頻率分佈、語境影響錯誤、以及錯誤方向種類之分析 然後將整失語症病人聲調表現的分析跟心理語言學語言產出機制作連結。 　　本研究結果顯示，漢語失語症病人聲調表現上第四生錯誤雖然最多，但第四聲在漢語裡原本出現的頻率就最高，所以第四聲不應被認為對失語症病人最為困難。而第三聲雖然在漢語裡出現頻率最低，卻佔了失語症病人聲調錯誤頻率第二高位，因此我們判斷第三聲對失語症病人來說是最為困難的聲調。第二，我們發現漢語失語症病人聲調錯誤受語境影響比正常人低。第三，漢語失語症病人聲調錯誤裡，語境影響語誤之方向性中，錯誤來源在語誤出現前類型較多。第四，我們發現Dell的連續模型(connectionist model)，可以解釋失語症病人在聲調錯誤類型偏好原因。 / Naturally occurring speech errors have been used as evidence for testing the psychological reality of phonological units. A number of researchers start to look at evidence from aphasic speech for testing linguistic representation so the phenomena of aphasia provide tests of the validity of certain aspects of linguistic theory. 　　In this thesis, tone errors made by aphasics were examined and related overall analyses to psycholinguistic models of speech production. In light of the analysis of tone frequency in Mandarin written texts and oral data and tone errors produced by aphasics, relating issues concerning the research questions we put forward were elucidated. First, it seems that tone 4 is the most problematic tone for the aphasics in terms of error rate since tone 4 occurs the most often in errors. However, tone 4 errors intrinsically will occur more that other three tones because of its highest incidence in Mandarin. Thus, tone 4 may not be taken as the most difficult tone for aphasics merely from its high error rate. Second, the results indicated that non-contextual errors constitute most of the aphasic errors. Third, it has been shown that perseveration is a cross-linguistic feature of aphasia. Fourth, Dell’s connectionist model is proved to be able to account for and make predictions about the error patterns found in both aphasic and normal speech.

在過去二到三年之中，能源、金屬、軟性商品等原物料價格漲勢強勁，成為市場上最炙手可熱的商品。然而，原物料價格漲升為全球帶來了通膨隱憂，世界各國紛紛採用各種貨幣政策和財政政策試圖緩解通膨壓力。其中，利率政策即是相當重要的一環。在這樣的背景之下，是否對於能源、貴金屬和利率衍生性商品的設計和定價上產生影響，值得進一步檢視。因此，本論文選擇以中國大陸的原油與黃金連結複合式選擇權，以及利率（HIBOR）連結可贖回每日區間計息等兩種結構性存款作為研究個案，以財務工程的理論模型為中國銀行的金融創新產品作評價與分析。 在原油與黃金連結複合式選擇權部分，分別假設金價和油價服從幾何布朗運動（Geometric Brownian Motion）推導出封閉解，以及Schwartz的一因子均數回歸模型，採蒙地卡羅模擬法模擬標的資產之價格路徑並以之估算商品理論價值和發行機構利潤，之後則就避險參數和商品預期收益率作分析。在利率連結可贖回每日區間計息結構性存款部分，由於具有發行機構可提前贖回的特性，本論文採用LIBOR市場模型（BGM Model）為評價基礎，先利用市場報價資訊計算期初遠期利率及進行參數校準，再以蒙地卡羅模擬法模擬遠期利率路徑，最後以Longstaff and Schwartz（2001）提出的最小平方蒙地卡羅法（LSM）計算商品理論價值和發行機構利潤。 除估算商品理論價值以檢視中國銀行的商品定價合理性之外，本文也針對中國大陸的外匯和利率政策對金融機構在商品設計方面的影響作分析，最後則分別就財務工程與金融創新以及總體政策與金融市場兩方面提出結論與建議，以供各界參酌。 / The prices of physical commodities have risen a lot and led to pressure of inflation for several years. Many countries over the world have tried hard to tackle inflation threat with monetary and fiscal policies. Under this circumstance, the design and pricing of structured products should be affected. Therefore, the oil and gold-linked and interest rate-linked structured deposits launched by Bank of China are selected to be the case study in this thesis. Prices of the underlying assets are assumed to follow Geometric Brownian Motion, and the close-form solution of the oil and gold-linked structured deposit embedded with compound options is derived. Moreover, Schwartz’s One-Factor Mean Reversion Model is adopted to derive the fair value by simulation. In addition to the fair value and issuer’s profit, the expected rate of return, hedge parameters (Greeks) and model difference are presented in this thesis. As for the interest rate-linked Callable Daily Range Accrual Deposit, the thesis presents the steps of pricing by simulation. LIBOR Market Model (BGM Model) is adopted to derive the fair value of Callable Range Deposit with Least Squares Monte Carlo approach. Besides, the design and pricing of structured products are actually influenced by those policies in relation to interest rates and currencies adopted by government of Mainland China. The influence is discussed in the thesis as well. Eventually, the conclusions and suggestions are made with respect to macroeconomic policy and financial market as well as financial innovation.

【中 文 摘 要】 博物館功能主要為「展示、教育、研究、典藏」，其中「展示」為博物館與大眾接觸最直接的方式。在現代科技發展中，「展示」的觀念與形式也有所改變，互動式展示日受重視，虛擬呈現的比例亦逐漸加重。 本研究以「國立海洋生物博物館」之BOT專案「世界水域館」《深海水域》電子展示設計為主題，以實務個案為例，探討自然博物館如何規劃與製作深海水域的生態展演，與如何利用〝虛擬實境〞、〝人工智慧〞與〝即時運算〞等尖端技術，架構出「世界第一」無水水族館的展示模式。 往昔自然生態展示以活體展示為主，即複製生態空間讓水中生物悠遊水族箱內。但為了超越時空，讓全球代表生態皆能集中於特定展示館內，遂有電子展示的觀念與製作，以擬仿物取代真實，創造尚‧布希亞的「超真實」世界。 本研究於製程的影音紀錄與相關人員的訪談中，歸納、整理出發展生態電子展示設計的因素與理想，探討製作上的困難之處，同時也以研究者觀點對展示設計過程提出檢討與建議。 深海水域生態在陸地上展示係屬跨越時空的創舉，本個案不但為台灣首例，在世界上亦為先驅。創新嘗試，成果雖不如預期，但以整個專案的具體呈現而言，實為相關領域之前鋒。本研究認為，整理與探討本個案，對未來電子展示設計與製作皆有參考價值；同時，由本個案所建置的生態電子展示平台，亦為台灣博物館界提供國際化的新思維，對博物館未來的展示設計奠定了新的基礎，創造一個新的開始。 / Abstract The main functions of museums are demonstration/exhibition, education, research and collection/preservation. “Exhibition” provides the most direct link between a museum and the public. As modern science and technology continue to develop, the concepts and formats of “exhibition” have also evolved. Interactive exhibits become more valued, and virtual simulation approaches have also increased in proportion. The focus of this research study is the electronic display design for the Waters of the World – BOT (Build-Operate-Transfer) Project, pioneered by the National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium. This study uses this project as a case study to explore how a Nature museum planned and produced an exhibit of The Deep Sea waters ecology, and with the use of the most advanced technology such as VR (Virtual Reality), AI (Artificial Intelligence), and the “real-time operation,” etc., how the museum built the world’s first protocol for a water-less aquarium. In the past, ecological exhibits mainly constituted real living creatures, by duplicating the ecological environment necessary for underwater creatures to survive in an aquarium. But, in order to go beyond the limitation of space and time, and to facilitate the presentation of global ecology within a specific exhibition space, the electronic display concept and production has thus been introduced. It is to imitate reality and create a world of hyper-reality, as depicted by Jean Baudrillard. Relying on historical video and audio records, and actual interviews with key people on the project, this research study summarized factors and objectives of the original design, and discussed difficulties encountered in the production process. In addition, the study also provided input and recommendations concerning the design process. The exhibition of The Deep Sea waters ecology on land is a pioneering act, second to none. The case is not only a 1st in Taiwan, but also a 1st of its kind in the world. Although the new attempt has not exactly achieved the expected outcomes, it did initiate a pioneering work within ecology demo field. The researcher believes that the case study is a valuable reference for future electronic display design and production. In the meantime, the ecological electronic-platform created by this project provides an international perspective, and establishes a new milestone for further development in the future.

本論文研究渥雷‧索因卡《死亡與國王的侍衛長》一劇，以及本劇對約魯巴（Yoruba）人孤注一擲抵制西化卻徒勞無功的境遇所做的關注。本劇改編真實歷史，重演一九四五年在奈及利亞奧約（Oyo）城發生的動亂。當時應舉行侍衛長（Horseman）自殺儀式，然而英國殖民者以武力中斷。本劇一方面解釋這個儀式在約魯巴社會的重要性，另一方面揭露侍衛長心不甘情不願了結生命，並斷言活人獻祭這類殘忍的傳統必然要革除，特別是在因英國殖民而致的動盪時刻。 / 論文分為四個章節，依據米哈依爾‧巴赫汀（Mikhail Bakhtin）的時空型（chronotope）理論，探究《死亡與國王的侍衛長》其社會歷史背景與戲劇表演手法。第一章介紹作者和劇本，並回顧評論，以及說明接下來討論的議題和理論架構。第二章分析文本與現實世界相互輝映的關係。艾瑞克‧霍布斯邦（Eric Hobsbawm）在〈發明傳統〉（"Inventing Traditions"）的見解用以闡明傳統是因時制宜的產物。比爾‧阿希克洛夫特（Bill Ashcroft）等三人提出的後殖民典型，有助於瞭解約魯巴人為了阻擋外來影響竭力奮戰，儘管殖民政府的干預相當強勢。第三章詮釋劇中人物的性格特徵，以弗朗茲‧法農（Frantz Fanon）告誡不可畫地自限的觀點為鑑。無法順應社會變異因此冥頑不靈的人，失去了看世界的洞察力。而那些猶豫不決者，為了遵從老一套的價值觀，受煎熬得筋疲力盡。第四章總結本文，認為本劇主張靈活性和果斷力以進行改變。 / This thesis studies Wole Soyinka's Death and the King's Horseman and its concerns for the Yoruba people's desperate but futile resistance to Westernization. Adapted from a real historical event, this play reenacts the disturbance in the Oyo city of Nigeria in 1945, when the ritual of the Horseman's suicide was interrupted by the British colonial force. While the play explains the importance of the ritual in the Yoruba society, it reveals the Horseman's reluctance to end his life and asserts that cruel tradition like human immolation must be reformed especially at the fluctuating moment caused by the British colonization. / Consisting of four chapters, this thesis relies on Mikhail Bakhtin's chronotope to explore the socio-historical context and theatrical representation of Death and the King's Horseman. Chapter one introduces the dramatist and the play, reviews critical opinions, and illustrates the purpose and theoretical framework of the following discussion. Chapter Two, which analyzes the interrelationship between textual and actual worlds, adopts Eric Hobsbawm's "Inventing Traditions" to clarify tradition as produced according to specific circumstances. The postcolonial models proposed by Ashcroft et al helps understand the Yoruba people's struggle for no foreign impact despite powerful intervention by the colonial government. Chapter Three interprets the roles' characterization with the aid of Frantz Fanon's warning of self-confinement. Unable to adjust to social variances, the obstinate people blind their vision of the world, while those procrastinating become dead exhausted by difficult conformity to old values. Chapter Four concludes that this play argues for resilience and resolution to make difference.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(C)(2) 課題番号:07680528 研究代表者:青山 隆彦 研究期間:1995-1996年度

近年來隨著法規與市場逐漸的開放，使得券商可以發行衍生性商品的種類也逐漸增加，而在眾多結構型商品中，不少商品其連結標的包含了多資產與路徑相依條款，可以看成投資一藍子股票且具有多個觀察時間的商品，一方面若連結資產上漲投資人將可得到一定的報酬，另外一方面同時具有下方保護的條款可避免本金嚴重虧損。 而此類商品包含了多資產連結且有路徑相依條款，在評價方面是一個高維度的問題，若使用傳統的蒙地卡羅法來評價，因其收斂速度緩慢常需秏費大量的計算時間，使得蒙地卡羅法在應用上有此缺點，一般來說可以使用對立變數法或控制變數法來改進收斂的速度，另外也可以使用低差異性數列即所謂的準蒙地卡羅法來改進收斂速度，並且準蒙地卡羅法與布朗橋結構或主成份分析法相結合還可加快收斂速度。 本文主要提供二種不同報酬型態的商品，第一個商品為低維度上入局商品，其報酬型態與障礙型選擇類似，第二個商品為連結多資產且路徑相依商品，以此兩商品來探討各種不同方法在不同報酬型態下的收斂速度與準確性，最後文中模擬的結果顯示在所有方法中，使用準蒙地卡羅法結合主成份分析法皆可以得到不錯的收斂速度與準確性。

設二個隨機變數X1 和X2，所可能的發生值分別為{1,…,I}和{1,…,J}。條件機率分配模型為二個I × J 的矩陣A 和B，分別代表在X2 給定的條件下X1的條件機率分配和在X1 給定的條件下X2的條件機率分配。若存在一個聯合機率分配，而且它的二個條件機率分配剛好就是A 和B，則稱A和B相容。我們透過圖形表示法，提出新的二個離散條件機率分配會相容的充分必要條件。另外，我們證明，二個相容的條件機率分配會有唯一的聯合機率分配的充分必要條件為:所對應的圖形是相連的。我們也討論馬可夫鏈與相容性的關係。 / For two discrete random variables X1 and X2 taking values in {1,…,I} and {1,…,J}, respectively, a putative conditional model for the joint distribution of X1 and X2 consists of two I × J matrices representing the conditional distributions of X1 given X2 and of X2 given X1. We say that two conditional distributions (matrices) A and B are compatible if there exists a joint distribution of X1 and X2 whose two conditional distributions are exactly A and B. We present new versions of necessary and sufficient conditions for compatibility of discrete conditional distributions via a graphical representation. Moreover, we show that there is a unique joint distribution for two given compatible conditional distributions if and only if the corresponding graph is connected. Markov chain characterizations are also presented.

二次世界大戰時，美國擊敗日本，使朝鮮半島脫離殖民統治，然而隨後的美蘇冷戰，使得朝鮮半島分裂成南北兩韓，而美國與南韓簽訂條約，成立美韓同盟(U.S.–South Korea Alliance)，成為繼日本之後，美國在亞洲的另一個戰略同盟。冷戰與後冷戰期間，美韓關係雖有波折，但不影響美韓同盟的強度。直到2000年美國小布希就任，其強硬的北韓政策與南韓金大中的陽光政策形成對比，成了美韓關係不協調的開端。而後連任的小布希延續其北韓政策，南韓繼任的盧武鉉將陽光政策擴大實施，推出和平繁榮政策，美韓兩國的北韓政策再度不同調，兩國關係持續跌宕起伏至2008年。本研究試圖以攻勢現實主義分析美國此時期的北韓政策；以新自由制度主義檢視南韓的交往政策，透過理論交鋒研究兩國利益的差異，並檢視外部因素如中國、日本、俄羅斯的影響，進而解釋此時期美韓關係不協調的原因。 / In 1945, the U.S. defeated Japan. The Korean peninsula was liberated from Japanese colonization at the end of World War II. However, the confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union left two Koreas separated by the Demilitarized Zone from the Cold War to the present. In addition, based on the Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States of America and the Republic of Korea, the U.S.–South Korea Alliance was established. During the Cold War and Post Cold War era, the U.S.-South Korea relations faced hard times, but the alliance remained strong. When George W. Bush became the president of the U.S. in the year 2000, his hardline policy toward North Korea collided with South Korea’s Sunshine Policy, which was made by the president Kim Dae-jung. These different policies toward the North caused tensions to the U.S.-South Korea relations. Then the re-elected Bush continued hardline policy against North Korea, but South Korea’s new president—Roh Moo-hyun—decided to inherit the sunshine policy and develop Peace and Prosperity Policy. Washington and Seoul still failed to reach a consensus on how to deal with Pyongyang. The U.S.-South Korea relations continued to fluctuate until 2008. This study tries to analyze the U.S. policy toward North Korea through offensive realism and examine South Korean engagement policy through neoliberal institutionalism from 2000 to 2008. Besides, this thesis also considers exogenous factors such as China, Japan, and Russia, trying to explain the inconstancy of the U.S.-South Korea relations.

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:一般研究(C) 課題番号:60580177 研究代表者:飯田 孝夫 研究期間:1985-1986年度

本篇論文旨在探討，將尚．布希亞所觀察到的擬仿物應用到詹姆斯．喬伊斯的《都柏林人》之可能性。擬仿物是一種自我指涉、和真實脫離關係的符號，且擬仿物的誕生即代表了真實的死亡。擬仿物的論證有助於解釋《都柏林人》中二元對立的瓦解，例如真實∕想像，民族主義∕帝國主義，精神性∕物質性，加害者∕被害者，過去∕現今等。除此之外，其他和布希亞擬像理論相關的概念如墨比絲環迴繞的否定性、退卻的歷史，和內爆，都能闡釋都柏林中意義的蒸發。從＜會議室裡的常春藤日＞中的民主選舉擬仿物，＜賽車之後＞中的民族認同擬仿物，＜阿拉比＞中的商品擬仿物，＜伊芙琳＞中的父權擬仿物，＜一抹微雲＞中的國界擬仿物，到＜死者＞中的歷史擬仿物，喬伊斯的都柏林人在察覺真實的消失之後，感到震驚或無法反應。儘管喬伊斯典型的結局透露出一絲灰暗，將布希亞應用至喬伊斯，確實提供都柏林人從二元對立的結構中獲得自由的機會。