本文以組織社會學的制度邏輯觀點，作為探究國內「障礙就業服務場域」變遷，以及其中非營利身心障礙組織回應策略的理論基礎。首先，在場域層次的部分，本研究以職業重建服務系統的建構作為討論的主軸，依據次級資料與深度訪談的分析結果，將制度場域的變遷過程區分為三個主要的階段，分別是：福利服務時期(1980-1995)、制度建構時期(1996-2005)、以及系統轉型時期(2006-2015)。其次，在組織層次的部分，則進一步透過回顧兩家個案對象的發展歷程，說明傳統非營利身心障礙組織面對環境變化時，如何依據自身組織特質而提出相對應的行動策略。最後，本文亦試圖解釋的是，近年來備受關注的「社會企業」概念，是如何自該場域變遷的過程中浮現，其中的非營利組織又是如何實踐與認知所謂社會企業模式的轉型與發展策略。從而期待藉由上述的分析結果，提供國內身心障礙領域社會企業發展的初步觀察框架。 因此，本文在個案研究裡，以「伊甸社會福利基金會」與「喜憨兒社會福利基金會」作為主要的分析對象，結合場域變遷過程的討論，指出兩家成立於不同時期的非營利組織，在投入就業服務的動機層面上，皆為回應身障者社群的社會參與需求，產業化的目標則在於爭取足夠的服務資源以利組織的生存與發展。然而近年來，隨著公部門引進的經營管理邏輯，以及其與就業服務績效之間的連結，都再一次強化了第三部門內部日益激烈的資源競逐關係。故為了維持組織的競爭優勢，「社會企業」的概念模式，繼而成為他們用以回應環境變遷的轉型策略與發展目標。從而，本文最後嘗試說明的是，一種伴隨組織回應行動而浮現的社會發展邏輯，以及其所可能帶來的預期之外的影響後果。

台北市身心障礙領域工作整合型社會企業之浮現，與鑲嵌在身心障礙福利改革脈絡中庇護工場之組織變遷有關。職此，本研究旨從歷史制度論觀點，結合文獻分析法與深度訪談法，探討我國庇護工場、工作整合型社會企業相關政策立法之歷史變革，並研究行動者與身心障礙福利制度之間的交互作用如何形塑台北市非營利身心障礙就業組織制度場域—從庇護工場到現行庇護工場與工作整合型社會企業兩種制度並立的演進歷程，進而理解身心障礙領域工作整合型社會企業的現況挑戰與未來發展圖像。主要的研究發現如下：首先，台北市非營利身心障礙組織創建工作整合型社會企業的外生動因包括，政府補助誘因、身心障礙就業相關法規與政策之瑕疵、沉痾的身心障礙者失業問題、外在財務資源的緊縮、日益盛行的社會企業概念；而內在動因則主要是組織為實踐其理念宗旨與招募合適的經營管理人才兩面向。其次，台北市身心障礙領域工作整合型社會企業成立的關鍵時刻為第三部門組織採納台北市勞動局於2011年所研擬之政策方案；此外，部分由庇護工場所轉型的工作整合型社會企業發生了路徑依賴現象。最後，未來台北市身心障礙領域工作整合型社會企業可發展網絡與協力夥伴關係，並有朝向「四重底線」、作為一般勞動市場而與庇護工場同時並存之發展趨勢。 / The emergence of work integration social enterprises (hereafter WISEs) for the disabled in Taipei is related to the organizational changes of sheltered workshops embedded in the context of the disability welfare reforms. Hence, this dissertation adopts the approach of historical institutionalism and the research methods of secondary literature analysis and in-depth interviews to discuss the historical changes of sheltered workshops and WISEs-related policies and legislation; to explore the interaction between actors and the disability welfare institutions in inducing the process of transformation from “sheltered workshop only” system to one where sheltered workshops and WISEs coexist; and to further discuss the challenges and future scenarios of WISEs for the disabled in Taipei. This study finds that firstly, the exogenous factors of the institutional transformation include: government’s policy incentives, the flaws of disability employment regulations and policies, persistent disabled unemployment issues, the tightening of external financial resources, and the growing popularity of the concept of social enterprise. The ideals of the non-profit organizations and the participation of management experts in these organizations appear to be the endogenous factors. The critical juncture of establishing WISEs for the disabled in Taipei is the implementation of WISE policy by some non-profit organizations in 2011. Path dependence is observed in the transformation of some sheltered workshops into WISEs. Finally, the prospects of WISEs for the disabled in Taipei are building resources network and the collaborative partnership, procuring the “quadruple bottom line”, and coexisting with sheltered workshops simultaneously.

在複數選區的選舉制度以及講求「恩庇依隨」與「回報」的人情關係下，常見台灣的民意代表以服務選民的方式來建立自己的「個人選票」（personal vote），提供服務的民意代表期待接受服務的選民在未來的選舉中，以選票回饋來增加當選的機會。本研究以台灣選民為主要分析單元，輔以對立委的調查資料與投開票記錄，探討民意代表的「選區服務」是否誘發選民投票支持的回饋行為。 研究發現，台灣選民傾向將選票投給他們認為著重服務工作的政黨。另外，曾經接受過民意代表「個案服務」（case work）的選民也傾向將選票回饋給提供服務的民代，而且不受選民自身政黨認同的影響。本研究也發現，第三屆區域立委普遍認為選民服務的工作對他們爭取選票是最有幫助的，其次才是在立法院的問政表現。研究發現立委若是愈重視「選區服務」，則他們連任當選的機率也就愈高，選票也就愈集中在某些村里。整體而言，本研究發現民代的服務工作確實產生了「個人選票」的現象。

新國家主義為政治學研究途徑之新途徑 係針對國家自主性高低與國家能 力強弱 進行動態之研究 舉凡國家內部歷史演變過程 不同政策產出 以及 國際間政治 經濟 文化等各方面之互動影響 均為新國家主義之研究範疇 本論文經由觀察國家偏好轉移趨勢 探究我國實行民主化前後階段之國家 自主性程度與國家能力展現 檢視我國文官考選制度之演進 逐一闡釋並輾 轉剖析新國家主義與我國文官考選制度兩者之間的因果關係 期以宏觀超 然的角度 結合理論與實務 嘗試評估現代國家文官體系發展 進而提出個 人意見 藉以促進我國文官考選制度得以更公正公平 公開 為本論文之研 究重點

本研究目的是從注意力恢復理論的觀點檢驗服務環境中的人際因素如何影響恢復體驗，進而帶給顧客注意力幸福感。人際因素有顧客小群體的人際融洽、其他顧客的相似性、外表及行為適當性、以及服務人員的服務友誼、顧客導向行為與銷售導向行為。本研究執行兩個研究，研究一將會透過量表建構過程發展一個恢復體驗量表，適用於享樂型人身處理或心理刺激處理類型的服務業，並得知恢復體驗的概念內涵與組成要素。研究二將檢驗恢復體驗的前因與後果，以及恢復體驗是否會中介人際因素與注意力幸福感之間的關係。研究一結果指出恢復體驗由內容迷戀、暫時逃離、動機相容、能力相容、活動新奇感與心流六個子構面組成，該量表共以21題衡量，並具有良好的信度、收斂效度、區別效度與外在效度。研究二結果指出服務環境中的人際因素會顯著的影響恢復體驗，而恢復體驗亦會帶來顧客的注意力幸福感，恢復體驗會完全中介人際因素與注意力幸福感之間的關係。根據研究結果討論理論、方法與管理意涵。在服務業情境的恢復體驗概念內涵比大自然情境多了過程迷戀面向，但是少了一致性面向。恢復體驗的前因應不只限於與大自然有關的實體因素而已，因為人際因素亦是恢復體驗重要的前因。恢復體驗與其子構面間的關係應被建模為反映型而非形成型。本研究提供服務業者指南，告知其如何透過人際因素的形塑與管理，帶給顧客注意力幸福感。由於小群體融洽相對於其他人際因素而言對顧客的恢復體驗影響較大，服務業者應將較多資源分配在管理顧客小群體上，並促成其產生小群體融洽。最後，提出研究限制與未來研究方向。 / The purpose of this research is to examine how interpersonal factors in service environment influence restorative experience, which in turn facilitates attention-related well-being of customers from the perspective of attention restoration theory. Interpersonal factors include small groups (i.e., interpersonal rapport), other customers (i.e., similarity, physical appearance, and suitability of behavior), and service providers (i.e., service friendship, customer orientation, and selling orientation). Two studies were conducted. Study 1 developed a scale of restorative experience applicable to hedonic service industry of people-processing or mental stimulus processing types. Also, the conceptual domain and components of restorative experience were discussed. Study 2 examined the antecedents and consequences of restorative experience and whether restorative experience mediates the relationship between interpersonal factors and attention-related well-being. The results of study 1 indicated that restorative experience is comprised of six dimensions- content fascination, escape, motivation compatibility, competence compatibility, novelty of activity, and flow. The new scale is measured using 21 items and has good reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and external validity. The results of study 2 indicated that interpersonal factors in service environment significantly influence restorative experience, which in turn influences attention-related well-being. Restorative experience completely mediates the relationship between interpersonal factors and attention-related well-being. Theoretical, methodological, and managerial implications are discussed. Compared to natural environment, restorative experience in the service environment contains the dimension of process fascination but has no dimension of coherence. Since interpersonal factors facilitate restorative experience, the antecedents of restorative experience should not be confined to natural elements of physical environment as done in the past studies. The relationships between restorative experience and its sub-dimensions should be modeled as reflective, not formative. This research provides guideline for service marketers to manage and harness interpersonal factors and improve attention-related well-being for customers. Since rapport in customer small group has more influence than other interpersonal factors on restorative experience, service marketers should put more resource in managing customer small groups and facilitating rapport among members in customer small group. In the end, limitations and direction of future research are presented.

本篇論文企圖探討史蒂芬‧佛瑞爾斯 ( Stephen Frears ) 的電影《美麗壞東西》( Dirty Pretty Things ) 中的公民權與人權之議題。片中描述從奈及利亞非法入境的奧奎 (Okwe) 與來自土耳其申請政治庇護的桑娜 (Senay) 因其游移的身分，遭逢英國政府監控與資本主義社會剝削，並揭露倫敦城市中非法難民販賣器官以求生存的黑暗面。本篇論文著重分析政治庇護者的矛盾身分如何擾亂民族國家的監視、暴露僅以公民權利保障境內人民的缺失，並主張唯有透過跨種族、階級，與性別的聯合 ( solidarity ) 才能對抗國家機制裡的矛盾與全球資本主義的剝削。論文第二章以德希達 ( Jacques Derrida ) 的制約款待 ( conditional hospitality )，與傅柯 ( Michel Foucault ) 的監視 ( Panopticon ) 概念，探討片中監控 ( surveillance ) 機制的形成。第三章引進布斯克與夏弗 (Alison Brysk and Gershon Shafir ) 提出公民權 (citizenship) 與人權 ( human rights ) 的差距，來揭發片中政治庇護者與外籍勞工在地主國 ( host countries ) 因為缺乏公民權而導致人權被忽視的困境。第四章從傅柯 ( Michel Foucault ) 的反抗 ( resistance ) 與拉克勞 ( Ernesto Laclau ) 與穆芙 ( Chantal Mouffe ) 的激進多元民主 ( radical plural democracy ) 的概念，探討以跨種族、階級，與性別的聯合 ( solidarity ) 來對抗國家制度本身的裂縫與經濟全球化的無情剝削。最後總結在全球化時代，唯有檢視國家制度的缺失，並揚棄封閉排他的意識形態，才能體現種族與文化的差異與多元性，並促進跨界聯合之實現。 / This thesis aims to explore the issue of citizenship and human rights in Stephen Frears’s Dirty Pretty Things. Dirty Pretty Things describes the British government’s surveillance on asylum seekers, such as Okwe, an illegal refugee from Nigeria, and Senay, the Turkish asylum applicant, and unveils illegal refugees’ organ trade in exchange for passports in London. The thesis attempts to decipher how the ambivalent status of asylum seekers disturbs the surveillance of nation-states, exposes the defect of the citizenship gap and argues only through solidarity among different ethnicity, class and gender, could the subordinated fight against deficiencies in the mechanism of nation-states and exploitation of global capitalism. Through the perspectives of Derrida’s conditional hospitality and Foucault’s Panopticon, Chapter Two examines the surveillance of nation-states on asylum seekers in Dirty Pretty Things. In Chapter Three, I adopt Brysk and Shafir’s analysis to explore the citizenship gap between citizenship and human rights in the film, which reflects the difficulty in handling the cases of legal and illegal asylum seekers in nation-states on the basis of citizenship in the era of globalization. In Chapter Four, I will utilize the perceptive of Foucault’s resistance and Laclau and Mouffe’s radical plural democracy to suggest how counter strategies and solidarity could rebel against fissures in nation-states’ apparatuses and reveal a new possibility of alliance beyond borders in the era of globalization. The last chapter concludes by summing up the gaps in the system of nation-states and rejecting any enclosed ideology so as to articulate multiplicities and differences beyond limitations of ethnicity, class and gender across borders in the era of globalization.